UNIT 8A & 8B
AP Psychology
Motivation a need or desire that energizes
and directs behavior Instinct
complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
MOTIVATION
Drive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological need creates
an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
MOTIVATION
Drive-reducingbehaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive(hunger, thirst)
Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry around a particular level Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
MOTIVATION
begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst
Glucose the form of sugar that
circulates in the blood provides the major source of
energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel
hunger
MOTIVATION: HUNGER
The Brain in Our Gut
Set Point the point at which an individual’s
“weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy
expenditure
MOTIVATION:HUNGER
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
MOTIVATION:HUNGER
Fat: What No One is Telling You
MOTIVATION:HUNGER
Sex a physiologically based motive, like
hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values
Sexual Response Cycle the four stages of sexual responding
described by Masters and Johnson excitement plateau orgasm resolution
SEXUAL MOTIVATION
FORCES AFFECTING SEXUAL MOTIVATION
Sexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction
toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
SEXUAL MOTIVATION
Flow a completely, involved, focused state of
consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills
Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology the application of psychological
concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
MOTIVATION:AT WORK
What Motivates Us
Personnel Psychology sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses
on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
Organizational Psychology sub-field of I-O psychology that
examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
MOTIVATION:AT WORK
360-degree feedback
MOTIVATION:AT WORK
Achievement Motivationa desire for significant accomplishmentfor mastery of things, people, or ideas
for attaining a high standard
MOTIVATION:AT WORK
Task Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets
standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Social Leadership group-oriented leadership that builds
teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
MOTIVATION:AT WORK
Theory X assumes that workers are basically lazy,
error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
workers should be directed from above Theory Y
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity
MOTIVATION:AT WORK
Emotiona response of the whole organismphysiological arousalexpressive behaviorsconscious experience
EMOTION
Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION
Fear(emotion)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological
responses subjective
experience of emotion
CANNON-BARDTHEORY OF EMOTION
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Fear(emotion)
To experience emotion one must: be physically
aroused cognitively
label the arousal
SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION
Cognitivelabel
“I’m afraid”
Fear(emotion)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
The brain’s shortcut for emotions
COGNITION AND EMOTION
TWO DIMENSIONS OF EMOTION
Positivevalence
Negativevalence
Higharousal
Lowarousal
pleasantrelaxation joy
sadnessfear
anger
Polygraph machine commonly used in
attempts to detect lies measures several of the
physiological responses accompanying emotion perspiration cardiovascular breathing changes
EMOTION:LIE DETECTORS
Is 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually
guilty test all employees 285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees (including 999 innocents)
50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)
EMOTION--LIE DETECTORS
EXPERIENCED EMOTION
Infants’ naturally occurring emotions
EXPERIENCED EMOTION
Catharsis emotional release catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful
when already in a good mood
EXPERIENCED EMOTION
Subjective Well-Beingself-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
used along with measures of objective well-beingphysical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life
EXPERIENCED EMOTION
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon tendency to form judgments relative to
a “neutral” level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income
defined by our prior experience Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
EXPERIENCED EMOTION
HAPPINESS IS...
Researchers Have Found ThatHappy People Tend to
Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfyingmarriage
Have work and leisure that engagetheir skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
However, Happiness Seems Not MuchRelated to Other Factors, Such as
Age
Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness
Stress the process by
which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
STRESS AND ILLNESS
STRESS APPRAISAL
Stressful event(tough math test)
Threat(“Yikes! This isbeyond me!”)
Challenge(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal Response
General Adaptation Syndrome Selye’s
concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages
STRESS AND ILLNESS
Stressresistance
Phase 1Alarm
reaction(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2Resistance(cope with stressor)
Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)
The body’s resistance to stress canlast only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressoroccurs
Behavioral Medicine interdisciplinary field that integrates
behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
Health Psychology subfield of psychology that provides
psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
STRESS AND HEALTH
Catastrophic Events earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes death of a loved one, divorce, loss of
job, promotion Daily Hassles
rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS
Coronary Heart Diseaseclogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries
STRESS AND THE HEART
Type A Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
easygoing, relaxed people
STRESS AND THE HEART
Psychophysiological Illness “mind-body” illness any stress-related physical illness
some forms of hypertension some headaches
distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
STRESS AND DISEASE
Negative emotions and health-related consequences
STRESS AND DISEASE
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressorsand negative
emotions
Release of stresshormones
Heartdisease
Immunesuppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
Biofeedback system for
electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state blood pressure muscle tension
PROMOTING HEALTH
Life events
Tendency toward
Health Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge Threat
Personality typeEasy going
NondepressedOptimistic
HostileDepressedPessimistic
Personal habitsNonsmoking
Regular exerciseGood nutrition
SmokingSedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring Lacking
The religion factor is mulitidimensional
PROMOTING HEALTH
Religiousinvolvement
Healthybehaviors
(less smoking,drinking)
Social support(faith
communities,marriage)
Positiveemotions
(less stress,anxiety)
Better health(less immune systemsuppression, stress
hormones, and suicide)
Complementary and Alternative Medicine unproven health care treatments
not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies
PROMOTING HEALTH