Download - Unit 9, Lesson 2 - The Lithosphere
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The LithosphereUnit 9, Lesson 9.2
By Margielene D. Judan
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Lesson Outline• The Lithosphere• Rocks• Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks• Minerals• Properties of Minerals• The Soil
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The Lithosphere• Solid portion of the earth• Lithosphere = crust + upper
mantle• Composed of rocks and minerals
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Petrology• The science that deals with the study of the formation, composition, and classification of rocks.
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Rocks• A solid aggregate (group) of:
1. Single mineral 2. Group of minerals
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Classification of Rocks• Rocks differ in color• Color is determined by the type of mineral that composes the rock.
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Classification of Rocks• Rocks differ in texture,
determined by the time it takes for them to crystallize.• Aphanitic – smooth
and very fine crystals• Phaneritic – rough
and large crystals• Porphyritic – large
and small crystals combined
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Classification of Rocks• Igneous• Sedimentary•Metamorphic
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Igneous Rocks• Formation: cooling
and solidification of magma or lava• Classified into 2 types:• Intrusive – cools very
slowly beneath the surface and is created by magma.• Extrusive – cools very
fast on the surface and is created by lava.
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Lava vs. Magma•Magma – composed of molten rock and is stored in the Earth's crust• Lava – magma that reaches the surface of our planet through a volcano vent
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Igneous RocksExamples: •Granite – main component of continental crust• Scoria – volcanic rock w/ many holes (forms whe gases escape and the magma solidifies)•Obsidian – appears as chunk of synthetic glass• Basalt – denser than granite; forms in ocean floor
Scoria
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Sedimentary Rocks• Formation: small particles (sediments) that have been compacted and cemented together • Lithification – process of forming a sedimentary rock• Cementing materials – lime, iron oxide, silica• Result of weathering and erosion• Sediments – small particles of weathered rocks
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Sedimentary Rocks• Sediments and their Sedimentary Rock Equivalent
Sediments Sedimentary RockSand Sandstone
Gravel ConglomerateClay, mud Shale
Shells and skeletons LimestonePeat (plant remains) Lignite (soft coal)
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Metamorphic Rocks• Formation: extreme heat at pressure in the earth’s interior•Underwent chemical change•More crystalline, harder and denser• Igneous rock + heat + pressure = metamorphic rock• Sedimentary rock + heat + pressure = metamorphic rock
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Metamorphic Rocks• Sedimentary Rock and Their Metamorphic Equivalent
Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic RockConglomerate/Breccia Gneiss
Conglomerate GneissShale Slate
Limestone MarbleLignite Hard coal (Anthracite)
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Petrogenic or rock cycle• By James Hutton• Rocks can change from one type to another
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Minerals• They compose rocks•Naturally formed elements and inorganic compounds whose atoms and molecules are bound together in a definite orderly arrangement to form crystals•Minerals can be composed of:1. Single elements – gold, carbon, silver, copper2. Compounds – oxides, sulfides, carbonates,
silicates, phosphates
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Mineralogy• Study of minerals
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Properties of Minerals• Color• Streak• Luster• Crystal form• Cleavage• Fracture• Specific Gravity (SG)•Hardness
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Special Properties of Minerals•Magnetism• Electrical properties•Malleability•Ductility• Radioactivity
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Color•Most obvious property• Ex. sulfur (yellow), malachite (green)•Unreliable because:1. Most minerals are colorless 2. Most minerals have the same color3. Impurities can alter color4. Chemical weathering can tarnish
the color
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Color3. Impurities can alter
color
Ex. corundum is colorless.With traces of chromium, it becomes red (Ruby)With traces of titanium and iron, it becomes blue (Sapphire)
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Streak• Color of mineral
in “powdered form” or when rubbed in an unglazed ceramic tile• More reliable
because same minerals have the same streak, even they differ in color.
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Luster• Property to reflect or refract light• Metallic metals – shine when exposed
to light• Nonmetallic – do not shine
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Crystal form• Atomic structure of the mineral• Atoms are arranged in definite geometric patterns•Amorphous minerals – atoms do not form a distinct pattern
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Crystal form• Basic Types:1. Cubic 2. Tetragonal 3. Orthorhombic4. Monoclinic5. Triclinic6. Hexagonal(Descriptions in the next slide)
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Cleavage and Fracture• Reveal the surface
of the mineral• Cleavage – natural
tendency to break along definite seams of weak bonding; even, planar and smooth breaking• Fracture – uneven,
nonplanar and irregular breaking
basal
prismatic
rhombohedral
prismatic
octahedral – cleavage in 4 directions
Types of Cleavage
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Types of Cleavage
Basal (1 cleavage)
Prismatic (2 cleavages)
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Types of Cleavage
Rhombohedral (3 cleavages, not 900)
Cubic(3 cleavages, 900)
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Types of Cleavage
Octahedral(4 cleavages)
Dodecahedral(6 cleavages)
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CleavageCleavage Type Examples
Basal Mica, GraphitePrismatic Feldspar
Rhombohedral CalciteCubic Halite, Table Salt
Octahedral FluoriteDodecahedral Pyrite
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Types of Fracture
Fibrous – splintery/threadlike
Conchoidal – smooth, clam-like curves Hackly – sharp, irregular, jagged
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Fracture
Fracture Type ExamplesConchoidal Obsidian, Quartz
Fibrous Asbestos, Satin Spar GypsumHackly Garnet
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Cleavage
Cleavage
Fracture Cleavage (poor)
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Specific Gravity• Tells how many times denser a given mineral is than an equal volume of water.
Gold has a specific gravity of 20.0. Therefore, 1 mL of gold is “20 times” heavier than 1 mL of water.
Diamond has a specific gravity of 3.5. Therefore, 1 mL of diamond is “3.5 times” heavier than 1 mL of water.
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Hardness• Resistance to scratch•Mohs’ scale – test for hardness by Frederick Mohs
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Mohs’ Scale of Hardness (Memorize)
Hardness
Mineral
1 Talc2 Gypsum3 Calcite4 Fluorite5 Apatite6 Orthoclase/
Feldspar7 Quartz8 Topaz9 Corundum10 Diamond
• 1 being the softest and 10 the hardest•Diamond (10) can scratch all the other minerals.• If a mineral can scratch fluorite (4) but not apatite (5), it has a hardness of 4.5. The same applies to other cases.
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Magnetism• Ability to attract other minerals• Ex. magnetite
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Electrical properties• Some minerals can become electrically charged when rubbed
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Malleability• Ability of the mineral to be hammered into any desired shapes•Gold – most malleable metal
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Ductility• Ability of the mineral to be drawn into very fine wires
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Radioactivity• Ability of the some minerals to emit radiation• Ex. radium, thorium, uranium, cobalt
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The Soil• The result of the process of
the gradual breakdown of rocks (due to erosion and weathering)• Vital to life on the planet• Four constituents: 1. Mineral matter – sand silt
and clay2. Organic matter – from
decomposed plants and animals
3. Air4. water
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Sources• Science Links 7