Download - Unit III 1800-1832
Unit III1800-1832
Part 3
Forces Holding the Union Together
No Foreign Entanglements Common Language and Institutions Unified Geography Nationalism from War of 1812 Rapid Westward Expansion Economic unity: New England found
markets and raw materials in the U.S.
Economic Nationalism Two big economic nationalists:
Clay Calhoun
The BUS The charter of the first BUS ran out
in 1811 and was not renewed
Resulting problems: State banks were inconsistent Often lacked capital Many were shady
A Second BUS Was chartered by Congress in 1816 A 20-year charter Was much like the first BUS but this
one had more capital $1 million was spent on the charter 20% owned by the federal
government 80% owned by private individuals
The Second BUS Madison signed the BUS into law in
1816 and it was approved by a Republican congress
What does this say about constructionism?
The Bonus Bill Calhoun (SC) suggested that the
money gained from the charter of the Second BUS be used for federal transportation projects
Almost everyone in the United States agreed that what the U.S needed was internal improvements
BUT Madison vetoed the Bonus Bill He said he did not think it was
constitutional and asked Congress to amend the Constitution so that spending federal funds on internal improvements WOULD be legal!
Congress just waited until Monroe was elected and went ahead…
Consider… With respect to the federal Constitution,
the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of the Federalists.
To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate during the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison?
First Paragraph… Background: Discuss the original
argument regarding constructionism during the Washington Administration.
Thesis: Answer the question…ALL of it in your own words and include the time period.
THEN tell what issues you will discuss to prove your thesis.
Body Paragraphs One paragraph per issue that you
mentioned in the last sentence of your first paragraph
Try to give equal time to EACH party.
A conclusion if you have time.
Organize Your Thoughts 1801-----------------1809
1809-----------------1817 ( Jefferson)
(Madison)___________________________________________
_Republicans: Cumberland Road
Second BUS Louisiana Purchase
Bonus Bill___________________________________________
_Federalists: Louisiana Purchase (War of
1812) (Essex Junto) Hartford
Convention (Embargo Act, etc)
The Tariff During the war Americans could not
buy British products so we ended up making our own
Also, it was the only thing Americans could invest during the war as farm prices were falling and shipping was virtually non-existent
The Tariff of 1816 Was a 20% duty on the value of the
goods
The Vote:
New England 17-10 For Middle States 44-10 For The West 4-0 For The South 23-34 Against
Election of 1816 One Party Democratic
Republicans
Monroe 183 v Rufus King 34
John Quincy Adams…Sec. of State John C. Calhoun….Sec of War
Monroe will be reelected in 1820 with only one opposing vote
The Era of Good Feelings Political differences seemed to
disappear Much nationalistic legislation
(internal improvements)
Cumberland Road completed in 1818
When Ohio entered the union (1803) money from the land sales was dedicated to road building
Internal Improvements 1790-1820 The Turnpike Era Pennsylvania: The Lancaster Pike
Steamboats: Fulton’s Clermont (1807) on the Hudson River
By 1850 there were 800 steamboats on the Mississippi
Some problems: lasted only 3-6 years…bursting boilers, fires, sandbars, ice, etc.
The Erie Canal The greatest engineering feat in the
Western Hemisphere Built by NY 1817-1825 From Albany to Buffalo Lowered the cost of shipping a ton of
goods from $100 to $8 Canal building craze in Ohio and
Penn Linked the Northeast with the
Northwest
Railroads Began in 1828 with the Baltimore
and Ohio line Was completed in 1852
The BIG RR building in the 1850’s Most work done by Chinese Most big lines completed 1869 but
did continue
Nationalism and John Marshall
Cases expanded the authority of the Court
Cases expanded the authority of Congress
Cases weakened the power of the States
Clearly…Marshall was still a Federalist
He favored a strong central government
Expansion of the Powers of the Court
Marbury v Madison (1803)…Judicial Review
U.S. v Peters (1809)…established the Court’s authority over STATE LEGISLATURES
Martin v Hunters Lessee (1816) confirmed the Court’s right to overrule a state court
Cohens v Virginia (1821) Again Court’s authority over state courts
Cases expanding the powers of Congress
McCulloch v Maryland (1819) Federal agencies cannot be taxed by states
Gibbons v Ogden (1824) only the federal government has control of interstate commerce
Cases weakening the States
Fletcher v Peck (1810) state laws are invalid if in conflict with the Constitution
Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819) contracts cannot be impaired by states
Martin v Mott (1827) a state may not withhold its militia from military service
Marshall and the Indians Although it LOOKED like Marshall
was intent on defending the Indians, all three of these cases either expanded the power of the Federal government OR weakened the powers of the states
Marshall and the Indians Johnson v McIntosh (1823)
established that only the federal government could take or buy Indian land
Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831) Indians had a “special relationship” with the Federal Government and COULD sue states in Federal Courts (Amendment 11: a citizen may not sue states in federal courts)
Worchester v Georgia 1832
Indians were NOT subject to state laws
Foreign Affairs Treaties were needed with England
and Spain to resolve border issues
John Quincy Adams (Sec of State) will take the lead:
The Rush –Bagot Agreement (1817) The Convention of 1818 The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
The Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817
The first example of mutual naval disarmament in history
The U. S. and Britain were each limited to ONE 100-ton (first class) ship on Lake Champlain, the same on Lake Ontario and TWO each for the rest of the Great Lakes
Also demilitarized the border (BUT border not set)
Convention of 1818 Established the 49th // (parallel) as
the boundary between the U.S. Louisiana Purchase and Canada
NOTE: It did not include the area between Lake-in-the-Woods and Lake Superior
Did not extend to the Pacific…only to the Rockies
Spain Friction with the U.S. over Florida
and the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase
In 1818 the Andrew Jackson and troops seized St. Mark’s and Pensacola in Florida
Jackson also executed two British officers there for inciting the natives
International Incident! Big protests from Spain and Britain
Jackson claimed that he had Monroe’s approval
Monroe denied this
It was up to J.Q. Adams to fix it
Bad Blood Adams apologized to the Brits and
tried to sooth the Spanish by suggesting a treaty
Jackson was furious with how Adams handled it and will never get over Monroe’s lack of support or Adam’s apology to Spain and Britain
The Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
The U.S. got Florida and paid $5 million in claims of U.S. citizens against Spain
Also set the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific
U.S. gave up claims to Texas Spain gave up claims to Oregon
Was also called the Transcontinental Treaty
The Monroe Doctrine Several South American nations
fought for and won independence from Spain
The U.S. and Britain had trade relationship with these weak newly-independent countries
These new nations were threatened by the Quadruple Alliance
The Quadruple Alliance Russia, Prussia, Austria, France
Claimed the right to intervene into the affairs of other countries to make the world safe for monarchy and suppress liberal revolutions
The U.S. and Britain were worried about the trade that they had with the South American
countries
The British Wanted to issue a joint statement
warning the Quadruple Alliance to stay away
BUT the U.S. did not want increased British presence in the Western Hemisphere so we issued our own statement: The Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine
Hands off South American Republics (warning to Quadruple Alliance)
No new colonization in the Western Hemisphere (warning to Russia due to presence in Oregon)
Existing European colonies in Western Hemisphere were in no danger from the United States
The U.S. would not intervene in purely European affairs (like the Greek Revolution)
Economic NationalismThe Quadruple Alliance feared
Britain…not the U.S. so they stayed away
Although the U.S. DID protect the South American republics, we were concerned about our trade
Economic problems 1/3 of all land in the West was bought on
credit
The Europeans bought a great deal from U.S. farmers
Farmers bought as much land as they could (much on credit)
Then the Napoleonic Wars ended (1815) No more exports, farm prices dropped
and NO BUS
When the 2nd BUS was chartered
They began to regulate other banks once again
Some were shady, insolvent, had to close
BUS tightened credit, called in loans = bank failures and misery Many farmers lost everything Many people blamed their economic
problems on the BUS…not the shady banks
The Land Act of 1820 Abolished buying land on credit and
lowered the price of land to $1.25 an acre…minimum purchase 80 acres
Relief Act: allowed farmers to turn unpaid for land back in to government