University of PisaComputer Science Department
System Administration
Stefano Bistarelli
University of PisaComputer Science [email protected]://www.di.unipi.it/~bista/
Annalina Fabrizio
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Outline
lun mar mer gio ven sab dom
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 lab 12 lab 13 14
15 lab 16 17 18 lab 19 lab 20 21
22 lab 23selfstudy 24 25lab 26 lab 27 28
29 lab 30 selfstudy 31
2001
Gennaio
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Outline
lun mar mer gio ven sab dom
1 2 lab 3 4
5 lab 6 7 Ripasso in
aula / Selfstudy 8 lab 9l ab 10 11
12 Exam 13 Exam 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28
2001
Febbraio
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Prima Settimana
9IntroduzioneInstallazione win2KInstallazione Linux
Riferimenti:-Lucidi-Cap 1,2,15 libro-RH inst.guide
10W2KActive DirectoryUtenti e gruppi
LinuxUtentiBackup
11 lab
-Linux utente1
12 lab
-Linux utente2
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Seconda settimana
15 lab
-Creare disco boot ms-dos con dentro FDISK, FORMAT, etc.-Fare fdisk, fdisk/mbr-installazione win2K-Gestione licenze-Disco di ripristino-Backup, restore-Scheduling di backup nonno-padre-figlio-Uso di comandi NET-Install. XwinRiferimenti-cap. 1,2,3,15 libro
16 17 18 lab
Inst Linux,Creare multi bootBackup linux,Inserimento utenti linux
Inserimento utenti W2k
19 lab
W2kFile system
LinuxFS
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Classification of Systems
Small sites: have 1 - 10 machines, all running the same OS. only about 20 users. There is only one administrator.
Medium sites: have up to 100 machines, and may be running up to 3 different
OSs. usually has about 100 users. more than one administrator, either specializing in different OSs
or sharing general system administrator duties. Large sites:
have over 100 computers, multiple operating systems over 100 users. a hierarchy of administration, with the lead or senior System
Administrator responsible for all of the systems and assigning duties to one or more assistant administrators.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
System Administration Skills: Novice System Administrator (1/2)
Required skills: Strong inter-personal and communication skills: is capable
of explaining simple procedures in writing or verbally; has good phone skills.
Familiar with Unix and its commands/utilities at the user level. Can edit files using more than one editor. Know shell commands.
Can perform standard file processing tasks; find, move, remove, redirection.
Required background: Two years of college or equivalent post-high school
education or experience.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
System Administration Skills: Novice System Administrator (2/2)
Desirable: A degree or certificat in computer science or related field. Previous experience in customer support, computer
operations, system administration, or another related area. Motivated to advance in the profession.
Appropriate Responsibilities: Perform routine tasks under the direct supervision of a
more experienced administrator. Be the front-line interface for users; accepting problem
reports and passing them to the appropriate system administrators.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
System Administration Skills: Junior System Administrator (1/2)
Required skills: Strong inter-personal and communication skills: capable of
training users in applications and Unix fundamentals. Able to write basic system and user documentation.
High skill level with most Unix commands and utilities. Familiar with most basic system administration tools and tasks
(can cleanly boot and shutdown the system, add and remove user accounts, use backup programs, perform fsck and maintain system database files (groups, hosts, aliases, etc.)).
Fundamental understanding of the functioning of the Unix operating system: for example understands job control, hard and soft linking.
Required background: One to three years of system administration experience.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
System Administration Skills: Junior System Administrator (2/2)
Desirable: Degree in CS or a related field. Familiarity with networked/ distributed computing environments
(can use the route command, add a workstation to a network, or mount a remote filesystem.).
Ability to write functional scripts in an administrative language (shell, Perl, Tk).
Some programming experience in an applicable language like C. Appropriate Responsibilities:
Administer a small site alone, or assist in the administration of a larger site.
Work under the general supervision of a more senior system administrator or computer systems manager.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
System Administration Skills: Intermediate/Advanced SysAdm (1/2)
Required skills: Has strong inter-personal and communication skills: capable of
training users in complex topics, making presentations to internal groups. Able to write intricate system and user documentation. Capable of writing and explaining purchase justifications.
Independent problem solving; self-directed, self-starting. Very comfortable with most aspects of the Unix operating system:
paging/swapping, inter-process communication, devices and device driver fundamentals, file system concepts like inode and superblock.
Familiar with fundamental networking/distributed computing environments and concepts. Can configure NFS and NIS, use nslookup or research to check information in the DNS.
Ability to write detailed scripts in at least one, preferably two administrative lnaguages, (shell scripts, Perl, Tk).
Ability to perform at least minimal debugging and modification of C programs.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
System Administration Skills: Intermediate/Advanced SysAdm (2/2)
Required background: Three to five years of system administration experience.
Desirable: At least a BS in Computer Science or a related field. Significant programming background in any applicable language.
Appropriate Responsibilities: Receive general instructions for new duties from supervisor. Administers a mid-size site alone, or assists in administration of a
larger site. Initiates some new responsibilities and helps plan for the future of
the site and network. Manages novice system administrators or operators. Evaluates and/or recommends purchases; has strong influence on
the purchasing process.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
System Administration Skills: Senior System Administrator (1/2)
Required skills: Strong inter-personal and communication skills; capable of writing
proposals and papers, acting as a vendor liaison, making presentations to customer/client audiences or making professional presentations, work closely with upper management.
Ability to solve problems quickly and completely. Ability to identify tasks which should be automated and then write
tools to automate them. Solid understanding of the Unix based operations system:
understands paging and swapping, interprocess communication, devices and device drivers, can perform system analysis and tuning.
Ability to program in at least one, preferably two administrative languages, (shell, Perl, Tk) and port C programs from one platform to another, write small C programs.
Solid understanding of networking/distributed computing environments, understanding the principals of routing, client/server programming, and the design of consistent network-wide filesystems.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
System Administration Skills: Senior System Administrator (2/2)
Required background: More than 5 years of previous system administration experience.
Desirable: A degree in CS or a related field. Advanced degree preferred. Extensive programming experience in an applicable language. Publications within the field of system administration.
Appropriate Responsibilities: Design/implement complex local and wide-area networks of
machines. Manages a large site or network. Works under general direction of senior management. Establishes/recommends policies and procedures for system use and
services. Provides the technical lead and/or supervision for system
administrators, system programmers, or others. Has purchasing authority and responsibility for purchase
justification.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Finally, some important thoughts for system Administrators:
1. Never do something you can't undo. 2. Always check the backups, never assume they are working.
Make sure you can restore from them, too. 3. Write down what you did, even if you know you will never
forget it, you will. 4. If you do it more than once, write a script. 5. Get to know your users before there is a problem, then when
there is, they will know who you are and maybe have a little understanding.
6. Remember you are performing a service for your users, you don't own the system, you just get to play with it.
7. Check your backups. 8. Never stop learning, there is always something you should
know to make your job easier and your system more stable and secure.
9. Check your backups, again.
University of PisaComputer Science Department
history
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Unix history (1/4)
1969 Ken Thompson (at Bell Labs): first version of unix on a DEC PDP-7.
1970 Thompson and Dennis Ritchie ported it to a DEC PDP-11/20. the first C compiler ( a language in which one could write a portable
OS.
1973 Ritchie and Thompson rewrote the UNIX kernel in C. 1974-1977 UNIX source code was free to Universities.
1978 UNIX, 7th edition, released. Portable to various hardware architechures. ATT announces that they would be charging license fees for UNIX source (version 7 forms the basis for all the Unix versions currently available).
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Unix history (2/4)
1979 ATT's announcement of its intention to commercialize UNIX. University of California at Berkeley create its own variant: BSD UNIX.
The most influencial BSD versions are 4.2 (1983) and 4.3 (1987). The DARPA sponsored development of the Internet was on BSD UNIX. Most of the early commercial vendors of UNIX (Sun (SunOS), DEC
(Ultrix), etc.) were largely based on BSD UNIX.
1983 ATT released the commercial UNIX System V. BSD version 4.2
released. 1987 ATT UNIX System V release 3. This is the release that various
major hardware vendors (HP (HP-UX) and IBM (AIX). BSD v 4.3 was released.
ATT and Sun jointly agreed to cooperate on UNIX development to merge/unify System V and BSD.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Unix history (3/4)
1990 ATT issues System V release 4 as a new standard unifying UNIX variants. This was the result of Sun and ATT's cooperation.
However, other vendors (especially DEC, HP, IBM) united to creat the Open Software Foundation, OSF. The quip that OSF really stands for Oppose Sun Forever has some truth.
1991 OSF-1 released. This was also the year that freely distributable Unix clones such as Linux and FreeBSD started.
1992 Sun develops its Solaris OS: a System V release 4.
1993 X Window, the client/server-based graphical user developed at MIT,was ported in a freely distributable form to Intel hardware
(XFree86).
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Unix history (4/4)
1995 Linux, a unix clone written by Linus Torvalds, is being actively developed by a growing Internet-based community of hackers.
The source code is freely available. Ports for Intel, Alpha, Sparc and MIPS hardware. Due to its development and use, documentation for Linux, even when
for the user just running Linux on their own machine, has much that is of interest to the Unix system administrator.
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Win2000 history
1985 MS-Net per DOS3.10 (file server and print server)
1988 LAN Manager per OS/2
1993 MS Win NT 3.1 stesso numero di versione di window e LAN Manager
1994 Win NT 3.5
1995 Win NT 3.51 + IIS 1.0
1996 Win NT 4.0 (TCP/IP, DNS, IIS 2.0)
???? Win NT 5 ????
2000 Window 2K Server
University of PisaComputer Science Department
Progettazione installazione server
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Progettazione installazione server: che scelta HW?
Disco SCSI 1GByte per sistema NTFS Applicativi Dati utente
NIC (eth 10/100 Mbps) Stessa scheda su tutti i
PC 256 Mbyte RAM Backup Ups Raid
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Tools a portata di mano (win2k)
Cd win2k Dischetto avvio dos (con driver per ntfs) Dischetto per ripristino Nastro per backup
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Istallazione (2 ore)
Boot con floppy dos, fdisk, fdisk /mbr Boot con cd (10 min) Partizioni: (10 min)
¼ del disco = partizione ntfs Reboot e inst. Grafica (15 min) Regional setting
Modifica tastiera e euro/italia Personalize your sw
Nome istallatore Licensing Computer name and adm password Data e ora Copia dei file (1 ora)
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Installazione cont.
Gestione licenze Settagio ruolo server Aggiunta nomi per altri server
1 DC Gli altri tutti server applicativi
Creazione disco di ripristino Backup (e restore)
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
tipi di backup di win2k
per ogni file "bit di archiviazione" 1=file modificato 0= non modificato (posto a 0 dal backup)
backup normale: copia tutti i file (i bit tutti a 0)
backup mediante copia: copia tutti i file (ma non cambia bit)
backup incrementale: copia solo file modificati da ultimo backup (copia i file con
bit a 1 e azzera i bit dei file copiati) backup differenziale
(copia i file con bit a 1 ma non li azzera) backup quotidiano
(copia file mutati in un determinato giorno, bit immutato)
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Schema Nonno-padre-figlio
a fine mese backup normale (per 12 mesi) ogni venerdi backup normale settimanale
(per 5 settimane=1mese) lun,mart,merc,giov backup incrementale
totale di 12+5+4=21 nastri
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Installazione Linux!
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Installazione Linux (1 ora?)
Creazione disco boot RAWRITE IMG
Installazione Language setting: english Keyboard configuration Mouse configuration Install type=custom Manual partitioning : fdisk Lilo:
creare boot disk Lilo su /dev/hda2
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Installazione Linux (1 ora?)
Installazione Timezone (not use UTC) Creazione 10 account (per 2 lab successivi) Package (tutto) Xconfiguration
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Dati HW (com msd) e da window.
Prendere nota per ogni periferica IRQ, I/O, memoria scheda audio Dischi: numero, ide/scsi, cilindri, settori, facce? Ram istallata? cd-rom (ide/scsi)? Scsi adapter? Nic? Mouse (ps2/serial, 2/3 bottoni)? schede video (modello, quantità RAM)? Monitor (vertical, orizontal refresh rate)? Controlla HCL
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Proprietà del sistema (1/2)
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Proprietà del sistema (2/2)
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Linux!
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Selezione della Lingua
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Configurazione tastiera
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Configurazione mouse
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Tipo di istallazione
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Partizionamento
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Configurazione della rete
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Regional settings
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Inserimento account
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
packages
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
X Configuration (1/2)
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
X Configuration (2/2)
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
The end!
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Installing ….
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Laboratorio win2k: 3 ore
installare tutte le macchine, (occorrono 10 cd e 20 floppy) Prima verificare interrupt schede di rete e segnarle su
foglietto. Partizioni: cancellare tutto l’esistente, riservare ¼ per
win2k (almeno 1.5 Gbyte) Setup: selezionare boot da cdrom Aggiungere: Tastiera italiana, codifica italia + euro,
Lasciare standard americani Settare fascia oraria gmt+1 Nome utente: nome istallatore, nome società vuoti Nome macchina= gia’ assegnati a lezione Password= nomemachinapsw Indirizzi di rete come a lezione (dovrebbe fare in
automatico)
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Laboratorio: 3 ore
Modificare licenza per 10 utenti Settare accesso al dominio corsopescia
(utente unico per ora: studente, password studentepsw)
Creare dischi di ripristino (occorrono 10 dischetti)
Backup e restore (vari esempi) Creazione backup schedulato
Tramite utilità bachup-scheduling Comando backup a linea di comando Comando at
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Laboratorio(extended): 2 ore
Comandi NET Installazione xwin su tutte le macchine
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Win: inst (cap 1,2,15) backup–Linux:inst (RH ig) Win: regsitro, AD, utenti (cap 4,5,7) Booting/shutdown (fotocopie libro salomon, fotocopie
libro, RH rg) Linux: utenti, superuser, backup (fotocopie libro, RH
rg) FS, device, disk (cap 8,9 - fotocopie libro, RH rg) Processi, printing (fotocopie salomon,cap 10-
fotocopie libro, RH rg) Processi periodici (??, Linux:quota - fotocopie libro, RH
rg) Monitoring (cap 17,20 - - fotocopie libro, RH rg)
dr. Stefano Bistarelli: System AdministrationUniversity of PisaComputer Science Department
Linux 1 : Rute Linux 2: Win: inst (cap 1,2,15) backup–Linux:inst (RH ig) Win: regsitro, AD, utenti (cap 4,5,7) Booting/shutdown (fotocopie libro salomon, fotocopie
libro, RH rg) Linux: utenti, superuser, backup (fotocopie libro, RH rg) FS, device, disk (cap 8,9 - fotocopie libro, RH rg) Processi, printing (fotocopie salomon,cap 10- fotocopie
libro, RH rg) Processi periodici (??, Linux:quota - fotocopie libro, RH
rg) Monitoring (cap 17,20 - - fotocopie libro, RH rg)