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URBANISING INDONESIA: TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
ACHMAD NURMANDIDEP OF GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS AND ADMINISTRATION
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA
OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION2. CONCEPT DEFINITION3. URBANISATION OF INDONESIA IN FACT4. IMPACT OF GOV POLICY ON
URBANISATION5. PATTERN OF URBANISATION6. NEW FINDINGS
Urbanisation
• Definition:• urbanization can represent the level of urban
relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing (wikipedia, org)
• Component of urbanisation• a. Migration• B. Natural • C.Reclassificaton
Urbanising
a. to make (a predominantly rural area or country) more industrialized and urbanb. to cause the migration of an increasing proportion of (rural dwellers) into cities urbanization , urbanisation n (www.freedictionary.com)
URBAN POPULATION (UP) AND JAKARTA POPULATION (JP) (BPS)
1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100
10
20
30
40
50
60
UP=A PERCENT OF TOTAL POPULATIONJP= A PERCENT OF TOTAL URBAN POP-ULATION
1961-1971
1971-1980
1980-1985
1990-1995
2000-2005
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
Components of Contributor to The Growth of Urban Population
Natural Increasing of Existing Urban Population
Migration and Reclassification
YearPerc
enta
ge o
f Urb
an P
opul
atio
n G
row
th
1999 20020
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Human Poverty Indeks by Province and District, 1999 and 2000 Indonesia
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
North Sumatera
West Sumatera
Riau
Jambi
South Sumatera
Bengkulu
Lampung
Bangka Belitung Islands
Riau Islands
Capital City Special Province Jakarta
West Java
Central Java
Special Province Yogyakarta
East Java
Banten
Bali
Southeast West Nusa
Southeast East Nusa
West Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
North Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
Southeast Sulawesi
Gorontalo
West Sulawesi
Maluku
North Maluku
West Irian Jaya
Papua
Year
Hum
an P
over
ty In
deks
Table 3.8 Percentage of Urban Population By Province, 2000-2025
Province 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Table 3.8 Percentage of Urban Population By Province, 2000-2025
Province 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM 23,6 28,8 34,3 39,7 44,9 49,9 NORTH SUMATERA 42,4 46,1 50,1 54,4 58,8 63,5 WEST SUMATERA 29 34,3 39,8 45,3 50,6 55,6 RIAU 43,7 50,4 56,6 62,1 66,9 71,1 JAMBI 28,3 32,4 36,5 40,6 44,5 48,4 SOUTH SUMATERA 34,4 38,7 42,9 47 50,9 54,6 BENGKULU 29,4 35,2 41 46,5 51,7 56,5 LAMPUNG 21 27 33,3 39,8 46,2 52,2 BANGKA BELITUNG ISLANDS 43 47,8 52,2 56,5 60,3 63,9 SPECIAL CAPITAL CITY JAKARTA 100 100 100 100 100 100 WEST JAVA 50,3 58,8 66,2 72,4 77,4 81,4 CENTRAL JAVA 40,4 48,6 56,2 63,1 68,9 73,8 SPECIAL PROVINCE YOGYAKARTA 57,6 64,3 70,2 75,2 79,3 82,8 EAST JAVA 40,9 48,9 56,5 63,1 68,9 73,7 BANTEN 52,2 60,2 67,2 73 77,7 81,5 B A L I 49,7 57,7 64,7 70,7 75,6 79,6 SOUTHEAST WEST NUSA 34,8 41,9 48,8 55,2 61 66 SOUTHEAST EAST NUSA 15,4 18 20,7 23,5 26,4 29,3 WEST KALIMANTAN 24,9 27,8 31,1 34,8 39 43,7 CENTRAL KALIMANTAN 27,5 34 40,7 47,2 53,3 58,8 SOUTH KALIMANTAN 36,2 41,5 46,7 51,6 56,3 60,6 EAST KALIMANTAN 57,7 62,2 66,2 69,9 73,1 75,9 NORTH SULAWESI 36,6 43,4 49,8 55,7 61,1 65,7 CENTRAL SULAWESI 19,3 21 22,9 24,9 27,3 29,9 SOUTH SULAWESI 29,4 32,2 35,3 38,8 42,6 46,7 SOUTHEAST SULAWESI 20,8 23 25,6 28,5 31,8 35,5 GORONTALO 25,4 31,3 37 42,8 48,2 53,2 M A L U K U 25,3 26,1 26,9 27,9 28,8 29,9 NORTH MALUKU 28,9 29,7 30,6 31,5 32,5 33,6 PAPUA 22,2 22,8 23,5 24,3 25,1 26
GOVERNMENT POLICY?a.to make ( a predominantly rural area or country) more industrialized and urbanb. to cause the migration of an increasing proportion
a. Economic Policyb. Infrastructure Development Policy
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
*)
2010
**)
-500000000
0
500000000
1000000000
1500000000
2000000000
2500000000
Gross Regional Domestic Product at 2000 Constant Basic Prices by Province, 2004-2010 (Million Rupiah)
-1
Sumatera
Jawa
Jawa & Bali
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Nusa Tenggara, Maluku & Papua
Jumlah 33 Provinsi
Year
GD
P C
onst
ant P
rices
Growth of GRDP
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
*)
2010
**)0.00
1000000000.00
2000000000.00
3000000000.00
4000000000.00
5000000000.00
6000000000.00
Gross Regional Domestic Product At Current Market Prices By Province, 2004 - 2010 (Million Rupiah)
Sumatera
Jawa
Jawa & Bali
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Nusa Tenggara, Maluku & Papua
Jumlah 33 ProvinsiYear
GR
DP
at C
urre
nt M
arke
t Pric
es
Long-run Equilibrium (Blane Dlewis, 2010)
Working population
(1%)
Urban population
(1%)
Urban Primacy(1%)
Economic Growth
2,8%
0.2%
3%
Economic GrowthDinamics (Blane Dlewis, 2010)
Working population
(1%)
Urban population
(1%)
Urban Primacy(1%)
Economic Growth
0.2%
0.7%
0.6%
PROPORTION OF PDRB (SOURCE:SAKERNAS 2010)
City-out Java12%
City in Java30%
Regency out Java30%
Regency in Java28%
Chart Title
MIGRATION TO JAKARTA(litbang Kompas:source Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil DKI Jakarta)
2008 jan 2008sept 2008oct 2009jan 2009sep 2009oct 2010sept 2010oct 2010april0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
In-migrationOut-migration
Change of Economic Activity in Jabodetabek (Puteri Rosalina, 2011)
1993 2009
primary secondary tertiary primary secondary Tertiary
Jakarta 0.28 35.8 64 0.32 26.7 73
Bogor Reg 20.9 49.4 29.8 6.1 68.6 25.3
Bogor City 0.37 36.8 62.9 0.3 38.4 61.4
Depok City
4.02 48.5 47.5 2.8 49.9 47.2
Tangerang Reg
14 59.3 26.7 10.4 71.7 17.9
Tangerang city
1.18 47.5 51.3 0.16 51.9 47.9
South Tangerang Reg
1.2 30.9 67.9 0.99 28.5 70.5
Bekasi Reg 9.6 60.9 29.4 3.2 81.7 15.1
Bekasi City 1.2 55.7 43.2 0.9 50.9 48.2
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT POLICY Respondents evaluated the overall level of competence and quality of logistics services (e.g. transport operators, customs brokers), on a rating ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high).
Scores are averaged across all respondents.This page includes a historical data chart, news and forecats for Logistics performance index: Competence and quality of logistics services (1=low
to 5=high) in Indonesia.
Indonesia Position2010, logictic performance index of Indonesia at 75 rank amongts 155
countries, decrease from rank 43 in 2009. Singapura’rank is 2, China (13), Malaysia
(29), Thailand (35), Filipina (44), dan Vietnam (53).
Sumatera Jawa Bali&NT Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku Papua
88 93 88
64 67
43
22
75 10
9 9
14
16
5 2 2
27 24
43
62
State Road Condition (2006)Good minor damaged heavy damaged
Southea
st Sulaw
esi
South Kali
mantan
Bangk
a Belit
ung isla
nd
Centra
l Sulaw
esi
West Su
lawesi
Maluku
East N
usa Ten
ggara
Papua
Nort Sulaw
esi
Centra
l Kalim
antan
Riau isl
and
West Nusa
Tengg
ara
East K
aliman
tanBan
ten
South Su
lawesi
Nort Sumate
ra
West Ja
wa0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
Number of buildings slum's area in indonesia by province in 2008
number of Buildings
Moving average (number of Buildings)
MORE THAN 80% OF MANUFACTURE INDUSTRY LOCATED IN JAVA AND 13% IN AND 7% IN OTHER ISLANDOUTER JAVA EXPORT PRIMARY PRODUCT TO JAVA ISLAND AND IMPORT SECONDARY PRODUCT FROM JAVA ISLANDPRODUCTION PROCESS IN OUTER JAVA DEPEND ON INPUT FROM JAVA ISLANDSPILLOVER EEFECT OF OUTER JAVA ECONOMY ON JAVA ECONOMY IS HIGHER THAN OUTER JAVA ECONOMY EFFECT ON JAVA ISLAND (Winda, UNAS,2011)
EXPLANATORY MODEL URBANISATION IN INDONESIA
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
POLICYURBAN CENTERJAVA-CENTERED DEVELOPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
URBANISATIONMIGRATION
RECLASSIFICATION