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UV/H2O2 Process Modeling for Design and Mechanistic Studies
Presented at
Developments in Drinking Water
Treatment Modeling
Delft TU
June 22-23, 2006
John C. Crittenden, Ke LiArizona State University Main Campus
Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
David HandMichigan Technological University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
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“All models are wrong but
some are useful.”-- George E.P. Box
“Let’s develop some useful models
and make good use of them.”
-- How models can help
-- an optimistic modeler
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Environmental Technologies Design Option Tool
(ETDOT)
•A compilation of self-contained simulation software for
use in assessing and implementing effective treatment
strategies for gaseous, aqueous, organic, and solid
waste by-product streams. ETDOT provides simulation
software necessary in determining whether prevention
or treatment is preferred during the design phase.
•May be used to evaluate source reduction versus
end-of-pipe treatment, integrate treatment into the
manufacturing process, evaluate waste segregation
versus central treatment, and select and size the
most effective environmental technologies.
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Environmental Technologies Design Option Tool(> 100 man years invested)
ETDOT TM
(available)
http://www.cpas.mtu.edu/etdot
AdDesignSTM
Fixed bed adsorber performance; contains extensive adsorber, adsorbent, and isotherm databases
AdOx TMAdvanced oxidation processes (AOPs); contains second order rate constant database
ASAP TM Packed tower, surface, and bubble aeration systems
StEPP TM Provides physical property data for chemicals
Biofilter TM Biofiltration including gas, liquid and biofilm phases
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ETDOT TM
http://www.cpas.mtu.edu/etdot
MC-DIST TM Distillation columns
AdRecover TMFixed-bed adsorber performance for the recovery of organic compounds from gaseous by-product streams
FaVOr TM Fate of VOCs in wastewater treatment facilities
IonX TM Ion exchange separation systems
CatReac TM Catalytic and separative reactor systems
MPS TM Membrane process performance
Environmental Technologies Design Option Tool
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AdOxTM
UV/H2O2 Process Design Aid
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Photolysis of H2O2:
•Initiation: H2O2 / HO2- + hv 2HO =0.5 @254nm
•Propagation:
H2O2 / HO2- + HO H2O / OH- + HO2
H2O2 + HO2 / O2
- HO + H2O / OH- + O2
•Termination:
HO + HO H2O2
HO + HO2 / O2
- H2O / OH- + O2
HO2 + HO2
/ O2- H2O2 / HO2
- + O2
Design Aid -- chemistry
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• Reactions of organic compound R:
R + hv Products
R+ HO Products
• Inorganic Scavengers:HO + CO3
2- / HCO3- CO3
-+OH- / H2O
HO + HPO42- HPO4
- + OH-
Reduced Metal ions + HO
• NOM
NOM + hv
HO + NOM
Design Aid -- chemistry
Rate laws can be written for all the elementarysteps to describe the kinetics of the system.
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Electrical Energy per Order (EE/O)
The electrical energy (in kilowatt hours)
required to reduce the concentration of a
pollutant by one order of magnitude for 1000
U.S. gallons of water.
i
f
LampSize(kW) x 1000EE/O(flow)
CFlowRate(gpm) 60(min/hr) log
C
i
f
LampSize(kW) Time(min) 3785(L / gal)EE /O(Batch)
CVolume(L) 60(min/hr) log
C
UV/H2O2 Process – process efficiency
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i
f
UVDoseEE/O
Clog
C
UV/H2O2 Process – process efficiency
For a plug flow reactor or batch reactor! In general, a larger
EEO will be required for commericial reactors because plug
flow connect be achieved for large removals (> 99%).
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HOCg1) Carbonate/bicarbonate species2) NOM3) pH4) Reduced metal ions (iron and manganese)5) Background light absorbance6) Reactivity of the parent compound with HO•
Many factors affect UV/H2O2 by either interfering UV light and scavenging the hydroxyl radical.
UV/ H2O2 Process -- Factors affect performance
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HOCg
Carbonate Species
HO + CO32- CO3
-+OH- K =3.9 x 108 M-1S-1
HO + HCO3- CO3
-+ H2O K = 8.5 x 106 M-1S-1
2 2
3 3 3 3
R RR
R R HCO HCO CO CO
k CQ
k C k C k C
QR = target organics (R) reaction rate with hydroxyl radical
divided by the total reaction rate of hydroxyl radical with both
R and carbonate/bicarbonate, (equals the reduction in
reaction due to the presence of alkalinity), dimensionless
UV/ H2O2 Process -- Factors affect performance
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NOM
R RR
NOM DOC R R
k CQ
k C k C
2) Absorption of UV light
1) Quenching HO•
k 3~5 x 108 L/s-mole NOM carbon
2 2 2 2
H O H O2 2 2 2
H O H O
NOM NOM
ε CFraction
ε C +ε C
NOM = 0.013 to 0.107 L/mg DOC-cm
L cmSUVA 254 100
mg cm m
UV/ H2O2 Process -- Factors affect performance
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HOCg
Reduced metal ions (iron and manganese)
kFe(II) = 2.3 x10 8 M-1s-1
kMn(II) 1.4 x 10 8 M-1s-1
R RR
R R Fe Fe(II) Mn Mn(II)
k CQ
k C k C k C
pH affect
1) the concentration of HCO3- and CO3
2- as discussed above.
2) the concentration of HO2- (e.g., H2O2 has a pKa of 11.6,
absorbs 10X UV light as compared to H2O2), which is important
in the UV/ H2O2 processes.
3) the charge on the organic compounds if they are weak acids or
bases.
UV/ H2O2 Process -- Factors affect performance
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HOCg
Relative rates of 0.100 mg/L TCE destruction (QTCE) for
various pH values and alkalinities
Relative
rate QTCE
(%)
pH CT,CO3
(mM)
HCO3-
(mM)
CO32-
(mM)
10.9 7.0 1 0.997 0.003
5.78 7.0 2 1.994 0.006
2.98 7.0 4 3.988 0.012
2.00 7.0 6 5.982 0.018
1.51 7.0 8 7.976 0.024
5.55 8.0 2 1.990 0.010
3.04 9.0 2 1.904 0.096
0.754 10.0 2 1.333 0.667
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UV/ H2O2 Process -- Factors affect performance
To assess the feasibility of UV/H2O2 processes,
the following parameters should be measured :
(1)alkalinity,
(2) pH,
(3) COD,
(4) TOC,
(5)Fe(II),
(6)Mn(II), and
(7) light transmission.
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Design Aid
• Once these parameters are known, models can be used to help planning pilot study to answer the questions:
– Is UV/H2O2 a feasible technology
– How to evaluate the effect of pretreatment options
– How much energy is required
– What is the optimum H2O2 dosage
– What are the optimum hydraulic parameters
– How the efficiency would change if raw water quality changes
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Governing equations for different reactors
Design Aid – reactor type
VR
Ce
Q,
Cin V
R
Ce
Q, Ce
Q,
Cin VR
Cn
VR
C1
Q,
C1
Q,
Cn-1
Q,
CnVR
Cn-1
Q, Cn-
2
Q, Cn-
1
n-CMFR:
Completely Mixed Flow Reactor(CMFR)
Completely Mixed Batch Reactor(CMBR)
dCa
dt(C
aoC
ara
1
) (Governing Equation)
d Ca
d tra
(Governing Equation)
VR
Ce
Q,
Cin V
R
Ce
Q, Ce
Q,
Cin VR
Cn
VR
C1
Q,
C1
Q,
Cn-1
Q,
CnVR
Cn-1
Q, Cn-
2
Q, Cn-
1
n-CMFR:
Completely Mixed Flow Reactor(CMFR)
Completely Mixed Batch Reactor(CMBR)
dCa
dt(C
aoC
ara
1
) (Governing Equation)
d Ca
d tra
(Governing Equation)
VR
Ce
Q,
Cin V
R
Ce
Q, Ce
Q,
Cin VR
Cn
VR
C1
Q,
C1
Q,
Cn-1
Q,
CnVR
Cn-1
Q, Cn-
2
Q, Cn-
1
n-CMFR:
Completely Mixed Flow Reactor(CMFR)
Completely Mixed Batch Reactor(CMBR)
dCa
dt(C
aoC
ara
1
) (Governing Equation)
d Ca
d tra
(Governing Equation)
CMBR
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Light Sources
Design Aid – Light Source
Low Pressure UV
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Photolysis of a single chromophore system
Design Aid – photolysis
dI = 2.303 IC
dx
Quantum yield denoted as , is the number of reactions divided by the number of photons absorbed by the molecule.
R
a
r Reaction Rate =
Excitation Rate(photon absorption)I
2.303 Cx
R a R or I 2.303 C I e
For a single wavelength, single chromophore system at a point in space
For a multi-wavelengths, multi-chromophores system over the entire reactor.
n
i,j i
i=1
k -2.303 C b
i,j j 0,j j
j 1
r = - I f 1 e
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• Modeling Different Reactor Configurations
Design Aid Model
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• Modeling Multi-wavelengths (up to 100) Light Sources
Design Aid Model
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• Dye Study Analysis for Actual Mixing Conditions
Design Aid Model
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Database of Hydroxyl-Radical Rate Constants (650 of commonly encountered contaminants)
Design Aid Model
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Case Study -- Removal of MtBE and tBA
from Drinking Water Source
(Note HiPOx is not feasible because of
bromate formation and we will have to
remove residual hydrogen peroxide)
Treatment Objectives
State Regulation
Primary MCL for MtBE: 13 µg/L
Secondary MCL for MtBE: 5 µg/L
Public Acceptance
Effluent MtBE Goal < 1 µg/L (with a target of 0.2 µg/L)
Effluent tBA Goal < 1 µg/L
MtBE and tBA levels:
a combined Influent MtBE = 500 µg/L, tBA = 50 µg/L
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Raw Water Quality
Parameter
units value Parameter units Value
Conductivity mmho/cm 1435 Aluminum mg/L 0.005
TDS mg/L 940 Potassium mg/L 11.4
Alkalinity mg/L
CaCO3
313 Iron mg/L 0.44
Calcium mg/L 138 Manganese mg/L 0.089
Hardness mg/L 533 Fluoride mg/L 0.29
Chloride mg/L 138 Bromide mg/L 0.9
Nitrate mg/L NO3- 0.9 pH unitless 7.56
Sulfate mg/L 272 MTBE μg/L 300
Sodium mg/L 107 TOC mg/L 1.35
Magnesium mg/L 54 TBA μg/L 30
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Raw Water Quality
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Diagram of Pretreatment ProcessIo
n E
xch
an
ge w
ith
Sea W
ate
r
(+D
ea
lka
lizati
on
)
Courtesy of R.
Trussell
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Diagram of Pretreatment ProcessP
elle
t S
oft
en
ing
( N
o D
ea
lka
lizati
on
)
Courtesy of R.
Trussell
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Diagram of Pretreatment ProcessL
ime S
oft
en
ing
+
Rev
ers
e O
sm
os
is
Courtesy of R.
Trussell
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Water Quality after Pretreatment
AlternativeTOC
(mg/L)
Alkalinity
(mg/L as CaCO3)pH
Ferrous Iron
(mg/L)
Raw Water 1.4 318 7.6 0.44
Ion Exchange with Sea
Water
(+dealkalization)
1.4 0 4.75 0
Pellet Softening 1.4 203 9.1 0
Reverse Osmosis
(no dealk)0.07 54.1 7.0 0
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Low Pressure UV/H2O2 System (LPUV)
Lamp ConfigurationLPUV System
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Low Pressure UV/H2O2 System (LPUV)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Theta
F(T
he
ta)
experimental
NTIS=24
Cumulative Exit Age Distribution, F(), versus Normalized Time for tracer
study data of 3 LPUV chambers in series and the fitting with 24 Tanks-In-
Series model. 8 Tanks-In-Series was decided to be appropriate for
modeling each LPUV Chamber.
Fth
eta
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Low Pressure UV/H2O2 System (LPUV)
The AOP modeling approach
involved determining the
appropriate number of chambers
in a single train (Q=1,750 gpm) to
meet the treatment objective for
both MtBE and tBA. The following
design parameters are evaluated:
1. The number of chambers required
at a H2O2 dosage that does not
result in chlorate problem.
2. Optimum H2O2 dosage.
3. The number of chambers required
for each pretreatment option.
4. H2O2 residual with the above
designs.
7000
gpm
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Medium Pressure UV/H2O2 System (MPUV)
Lamp ConfigurationMPUV System
Four tanks-in-series was estimated to be appropriate to simulate
the mixing conditions in the MPUV system based on the geometry
of the reactor.
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Medium Pressure UV/H2O2 System (MPUV)
The AOP modeling approach
involved determining the
appropriate number of parallel
trains consisting of one or two
reactors in each train (that is,
determine Q for each parallel train)
to meet the treatment objective for
both MtBE and tBA. The following
design parameters are evaluated:
1. The number of trains and the
number of reactors in each train
required at a H2O2 dosage that
does not result in chlorate problem
for each pretreatment option.
2. Optimum H2O2 dosage.
3. H2O2 residual with the above
designs.
7000
gpm
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Design of LPUV System with
Different Pretreatment Options
Pretreatment
Process
H2O2
(mg/L)
EE/O
(kWh-
kgal/order)
Effluent
Concentrati
on (µg/L)
No. of
reactors
per
train
No. of
parallel
trains
In outMtBE tBA
MtBE tBA
Low Pressure UV System
None (raw) 25 13 1.1 4.4 0.5 5.7 9 4
Ion Exchange
with Sea Water
(+dealkalization)
Pellet+Dealk,
10 6.9 0.77 3.0 0.6 5.8 6 4
Pellet 70 35 1.4 5.3 0.4 5.4 11 4
RO 7.0 4.9 0.15 0.49 1.3 5.7 1 4
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Design of MPUV System with
Different Pretreatment Options
Medium Pressure UV System
None (Raw) 30 15 7.3 23 1.3 5.2 2 8
Ion Exchange
with Sea Water
(+dealkalization)
Pellet+Dealk,
10 6.6 4.6 15 1.4 5.8 2 5
Pellet 50 19 8.3 27 1.4 5.9 2 9
RO 4 1.9 0.99 2.8 2.1 5.0 1 2
Pretreatment
Process
H2O2
(mg/L)
EE/O
(kWh-
kgal/order)
Effluent
Concentrati
on (µg/L)
No. of
reactors
per train
No.
of
Paral
lel
trains
In outMtBE tBA
MtBE tBA
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The effluent concentration for the treatment of raw water
using different number of LPUV chambers with H2O2
dosage of 16 mg/L
Note: The unit for the H2O2 residual is mg/L, while the units for the MtBE and
tBA effluent concentration are ug/L.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
number of chambers
Eff
lue
nt
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
H2O2 Residual (mg/L)
MTBE (ug/L)
TBA (ug/L)
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0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
5 25 45 65 85 105
H2O2 Dosage (mg/L)
H2
O2
Re
sid
ua
l c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(mg
/L)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
Eff
lue
nt
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
ug
/L)
H2O2 Residual
MTBE
TBA
Optimum H2O2 dosage using 36 LPUV chambers
with Pellet pretreatment
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Impact of dosage on treatment effect and residual using 28
LPUV chambers for ion exchange/ or pellet treatment and
dealkalization pretreatment
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
9 10 11 12 13 14 15H2O2 Dosage (mg/L)
H2
O2
Re
sid
ua
l (m
g/L
)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
EE
O (
kW
h/k
ga
l-o
rde
r)
H2O2 residual
EE/O (MTBE)
EE/O (TBA)
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Impact of dosage on treatment effect and residual using 5 trains
of 2 MPUV reactor in series for ion exchange and dealkalization
pretreatment
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
5 10 15
H2O2 Dosage (mg/L)
H2
O2
Re
sid
ua
l (m
g/L
)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
EE
O (
kW
h/k
ga
l-o
rde
r)
residual
EE/O (MTBE)
EE/O (TBA)
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UV/H2O2 Process Mechanism Study
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Compound Observed by-products
Acetonea 1. acetic, pyruvic, and oxalic acids, pyruvaldehyde
2. formic and glyoxylic acids, hydroxyacetone, formaldehyde
Methyl
tertiary
butyl etherb
1. acetone, acetic acid, formaldehyde, tert-butyl formate
(TBF), pyruvic acid, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), 2-methoxy-2-
methyl propionaldehyde (MMP), formic, methyl acetate
2. hydroxy- iso-butyraldehyde, hydroxyacetone,
pyruvaldehyde and hydroxy- iso-butyric, oxalic acid
Dioxanec 1. 1,2-ethanediol diformate, formic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic
acid formaldehyde1,2-ethanediol monoformate
2. methoxyacetic acid glyoxal,
3. Acetaldehyde
TCEd 1. formic acid, oxalic acid
2. dichloroacetic acid, mono-chloroacetic acid.
1.Major by-products (yield 10 to 30 mole %) ; 2.Minor by-products (yield 2
to 5 mole %); 3.Very Minor By-product (yield <1 mole %).
UV/H2O2 Process – byproducts
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Models for Mechanism Study-- Conventional Modeling Approach
collect kinetic data from experiments
propose hypotheses of a set of pathways
construct kinetic law models that contain a set
of ordinary differential equations with
corresponding kinetic parameters
adjust the parameters and model to
interpret the experiments
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Byproducts in TCE Destructionby courtesy of Dr. Mihaela Stefan
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time / min
[Ch
lori
de
Io
n]
/ m
M
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
[In
term
ed
iate
s]
/ m
M
Chloride
Oxalic Acid
DCA
Formic Acid
MCA
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Proposed Mechanism
ClHC=CCl2
ClCH(OH)-CCl2
HO
hv *Cl
Cl2HC-CCl2
ClH2CCOOH
ClHC-COOH
HO
O2
HC(O)Cl
CO2
OHC-COOH
HCl +CO
O2
OHC-CCl2+HCl
O2
OHC-CCl2+HCl
OHC-CCl2+HCl C(O)Cl2
CHO HCOOH
CO2+HCl
HCOOHOHC-CClO+Cl
OHC-COOH
H2O
HO
CO2+H++H2O
H2O2
HCOOH
CO2
H2O
HO
HOOC-COOH
HO
CO2+CO2+H+
Cl2HCCOOH
Cl2C-COOH
HO
O2
C(O)Cl2
CO2
HOOC-C(O)Cl
HOOC-COOHHOOC-COOH
Cl2CHCHO
HCCCl
ClCCCl
H2O
HO
HO
Cl2CHCOOH
CO2 + Cl
CO2 + Cl
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• the complex radical reactions between hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and formyl radical
• TCE direct photolysis and reactions with OH • and Cl•
• the formation and destruction of main byproducts and intermediates, such as di-chloroacetic acid (DCA), mono-chloroacetic acid (MCA), oxalic acid and formic acid
• Intermediate byproducts those are not detected: glyoxylic acid and phosgene
• scavenging of hydroxyl radical by bicarbonate species
The model contains 34 differential equations for 8 molecules and 6 radicals, including:
TCE UV/H2O2 Modeling
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• the UV irradiation ranging from 200nm to 300nmin an interval of 1nm
• the molar extinction coefficients of TCE, H2O2 and4 types of main byproducts are measured andsimulated in an interval of 1nm from 200 to 300nm
• the pH change of the system
• the dissociation of 8 orgainc/inorganic acids
• 22 literature reported rate constants are used in the model
The model is a kinetic model and considers:
TCE UV/H2O2 Modeling
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0.E+00
2.E-03
4.E-03
6.E-03
8.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (min)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mo
l/L
)
exp
mod
0.E+00
2.E-04
4.E-04
6.E-04
8.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-03
0 10 20 30 40
Time (min)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mo
l/L
)mod
exp
0.E+00
1.E-06
2.E-06
3.E-06
4.E-06
5.E-06
6.E-06
7.E-06
8.E-06
9.E-06
0 10 20 30 40
Time (min)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mo
l/L
)
exp
mod
0.E+00
2.E-06
4.E-06
6.E-06
8.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-05
0 10 20 30 40
Time (min)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mo
l/L
)
mod
exp
Comparison of Modeled and Experimental Concentration Profile of
(a) TCE (b) H2O2 (c) DCA (d) MCA
(a)
(d)(c)
(b)
TCE UV/H2O2 Modeling
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Comparison of Modeled and Experimental Concentration Profile of
(a) Formic Acid (b) Oxalic Acid (c) pH
0.E+00
1.E-05
2.E-05
3.E-05
4.E-05
5.E-05
6.E-05
7.E-05
8.E-05
9.E-05
1.E-04
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (min)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mo
l/L
)
exp
mod
(b)
0.E+00
5.E-05
1.E-04
2.E-04
2.E-04
3.E-04
3.E-04
4.E-04
4.E-04
5.E-04
0 10 20 30
Time (min)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mo
l/L
)
exp
mod
(a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 10 20 30 40
Time (min)
pH
exp
mod
(c)
TCE UV/H2O2 Modeling
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Models for Mechanism Study-- Complexity Modeling Approach
H
H
H
H
H
H
HH
H
F
FF
FF
F
F
Patterns
Reaction to emergent
patterns
Interaction between
agents
Emerging patterns
MACRO
MICRO
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Graph Theory Approach (Euclid 1735) –Mathematic Abstraction
HCHC
HCCH
CH2 +
O
S
CCl2 HCCH
C
SHCCH
H2C
O
Cl
ClC
C
CC
S
C
C
CC
C
SC
G1
Patterns
G2
G3 G4
Transformation
Reaction rule
Diels-Alder reaction
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Representation of an Atom• graph: A graph consists of two sets: a set of
nodes or vertices), and a set of edges that connect those nodes. Figure below is an example of graph.
• Chemical structures are intrinsically
graphs.
node
edge
Name ID Valence Weight
Array of Bond Types
Pointer to the Parent
Pointer Array to the
Children
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A Tree
Sub-tree
or Pattern
Representation of a Molecule
Root
A Chemical Tree
Leaf
Cl H
CH
H
OCl
H
C
H
H
CH
HClC
Cl HO
H
C
C
H
H
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Abstraction:OH + R-H R + H2O
Reaction Rules Included
Double Bond Addition:OH + R1=R2 R1(OH)-R2
O2 Addition:
R + O2 R-OO
Peroxyl Radical Reaction: HO2/O2
- Elimination,
Bimolecular Decay
Oxyl Radical Reaction: b-scission, 1,2-H shift
Hydrolysis: Carbonyl-chloride, b-Halogen
Others: HCl elimination of germinal chlorohydrin radical,Chlorine radical reaction
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Reactant Graph
Reaction Rules
Products Graph
Take Unique Products as New Reactants
Computer
Pathway
Generator
Linear Notation
Logic
Match Patterns
Products Analysis
Reactant/Product relationships
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Complexity Setting
Complexity Reaction Rules Application
0 Major elementary
reactions and strict
exclusion rules
Direct Kinetic
Modeling
1 Minor elementary
reactions
More complex
kinetic modeling
2 No exclusion and bi-
radical reactions
All possible
reactions
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Generated Results at Different Complexity
Complexity 1 2 3
species reaction species reaction species reaction
TCE 35 49 41 76 87 384
Methane 11 16 24 63 57 180
Ethane 25 78 136 3367 827 35641
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Example: Generated Pathways for TCE
• 49 reactions illustrate the destruction pathways for TCE and the formation and decay of byproducts including: DCA, Formic acid, Oxalic acid, phosgene, etc.
• 15 more byproducts/intermediates than proposed which forms reasonable elementary routes.
• MCA was not predicted since it was produced via photolysis mechanism
With the lowest complexity, the generated pathways for TCE destruction in H2O2/UV process contains:
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Details of TCE pathway accounts for the formation and decay of
formic, glyoxylic, oxalic acids and phosgene. Cl2C=CHCl
Cl2CCH(OH)Cl Cl2C
CHCl2
Cl2C-CHO
-HCl
HO
Cl
OO-Cl2C-CHO
OCl2C-CHO
O2
Cl(O)C-CHO
+ Cl
HOOCCHOCO2 + HCl
H2OH2O
CHO +C(O)Cl2
H2O
HC(OH)2
O2
OOCH(OH)2
HCOOH + HO2
HCOOH
H2O2
O2
OOCCl2CHCl2
OCCl2CHCl2
O2
+OCHCl2
Cl2CHC(O)Cl C(O)Cl2 + CHCl2
- Cl
Cl2CHCOOH
O2
OOCHCl2
C(O)Cl2
+(OH)CHCl2
C(O)Cl2
+H2O2
C(OH)Cl2HC(O)Cl
CO + HCl OOC(OH)Cl2
CCl2COOH
OOCCl2COOH
C(O)Cl2 +HO2
OCCl2COOH
C(O)Cl2+ COOH ClC(O)COOH
HOOCCOOHO2
OOCOOH
CO2 + HO2
H2O
HOOCCOOH
HO
CO2 + CO2
HO
CO2 H2O2O2
CO2 + O2
CO2 + HO
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Li, K., M. I. Stefan, J. C. Crittenden, “UV Photolysis of
Trichloroethylene (TCE): Product Study and Kinetic
Modeling”, ES&T, 2004, 38, 6685-6693.
Crittenden, J.C.; Hu, S.; Hand, W. D.; Green, A. S. A kinetic
model for H2O2/UV process in a completely mixed match
reactor. Wat. Res. 1999, 33(10), 2315-2328.
Li, K., M. I. Stefan, J. C. Crittenden, “Trichloroethylene
(TCE) Degradation by UV/H2O2 Advanced Oxidation
Process: Product Study and Kinetic Modeling”, ES&T, 2006,
in revision.Li, K., J. C. Crittenden, T. N. Rogers, Zh. Zhang “Pathway
Elucidation for Hydroxyl Radical Induced Chain Reaction
Mechanisms in Aqueous Phase Advanced Oxidation
Processes ”, ES&T, in preparation.
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Water Treatment Book -Theory Reduced to Practice
Montgomery-Watson-Harza invested $ 1 million, 1948 Pages
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Water Treatment Book -Theory
Reduced to Practice
Montgomery-Watson-Harza
invested $ 1 million, 1948
Pages
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CONCLUSIONS
• With known mechanism and basic water chemistry information, models at different levels can be built to help interpret and plan treatability studies for AOPs and investigate pretreatment options that my be needed.
• Complexity modeling can use the current understanding on the basic elementary reactions to generate reaction pathways for different contaminants.
• It can provide information about the important pathways leading to toxic byproducts. However, good strategy is required to reduce the redundancy and screen the pathways for the purpose of kinetic modeling.
• More experimental study is necessary before the complexity model is able to include the UV photolysis mechanism.
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Thank you so much for your
attention!