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Vaccination
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immunity
adaptive
natural
active
passive
artificial
active
passiveinnate
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NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
•Active:•Acquired through contact with
microorganisms (infection). •Provides long term protection.•Passive:•Antibodies pass from mother to fetus
across placenta or in breast milk (IgG)•Provides immediate short term protection
(few months)
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ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
•Active:•Antigens introduced through vaccination.• Provides long term protection.•Passive:• Induced by the transfer of antibodies•Referred to as: Immune serum
globulins(ISG), immune globulins (IG) or gamma globulins• Provides immediate short term protection
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It was recognized long ago that individuals who survived smallpox, plague, and cholera rarely contracted the disease again.
Vaccine:
Is a nonpathogenic immunogen that, when inoculated into a host, induces protective immunity against a specific pathogen. A vaccine is antigenic but not pathogenic.
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•The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from vaccinia virus (smallpox of the cow) developed by Edward Jenner in 1798• Rabies vaccine (developed by Louis Pasteur in 1880).
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Properties of Vaccines:
Induce effective protection without significant danger of disease or severe side effects.
Induce long-standing protection . Must be able to stimulate cellular and
Humoral (Neutralizing Abs) immunity against specific pathogen. Neutralizing antibodies to minimize reinfection.
Inexpensive, and easy to produce. Stable for storage, transport, and use
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N
Types of Vaccines: Active vaccine:
Microbes, or microbial antigens (capsular proteins, toxins,…..) administrated to produce humoral and\or cellular immune response. long or permanent protection. Passive vaccine:
Protection transferred from another person or animal. Temporary protection that wanes with time.
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Control of vaccination procedure:
Factors that should be considered in immunization procedure:o Pathogenic dose.o Form of vaccine.o Site of administration.o Individuals age.o Individuals immunity.
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Types of vaccines
Live vaccines Attenuated Vaccine Killed \Inactivated Vaccines Toxoid Vaccine Subunit Vaccine
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Live vaccineso Made from living infectious agents without any amendment. not pathogenic but immunogenic. o Example: small pox vaccine, made of live vaccinia cow-pox virus (not variola virus) which gives cross immunity for variola.
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Attenuated Vaccine: living microbes but have their virulence weakened by heat or chemicals so the immune response is similar to natural infection. Should not be given to
immunocompromised.Example:
Viruses: oral Polio vaccine (Sabine), Bacterial: BCG.
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Killed \Inactivated Vaccines:
dead or inactivated microbes by physical or chemical treatment. Lost it’s virulence but still immunogenic.
Example:
Viral: hepatitis A.
Bacterial: pertussis.
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Toxoid Vaccine:
Detoxified (inactivated) bacterial toxins by formalin or heat .
Example: Diphtheria and Tetanus.
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Subunit Vaccine:
Bacterial:
Capsular material: H.influenzae type b, Pneumococci, Meningococci.
Viral:
capsid: surface antigen of Hepatitis B virus Recombinant Vaccine:
Genetically modified microbes with low virulence (pathogenic genes are removed) . HBV vaccine.
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Adjuvants (aid):
-Bacterial components or other substances (chemical), suspended in oil that administrated together with vaccines to increase the effectiveness of immunization.
Examples:
- The pertussis component of DTP vaccine.
- Aluminum phosphate or hydroxide.
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Conjugate Vaccineo Conjugation is the process of linking
polysaccharide antigen to a protein carrier in order to provoke stronger immune response.
oThese vaccines are protective even in children under two years of age.oH.influenzae, N.meningitidis, S.pneumoniae.
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Carrierprotein
Polysaccharide linked to carrier
protein
Conjugate vaccineBacteria
Polysaccharide
Conjugation
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Immunization schedule in KSA.
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Examples of VaccinesPolio: attenuated; Sabine: administrated orally. Inactivated; Salk: administrated Intramuscular.
DTP (DTaP): Intramuscular.
-Diphtheria: toxoid
-Tetanus: toxoid.
-Pertussis: killed. acellular pertussis: subunit
MMR: Live attenuated Subcutaneous.
-Measles. -Mumps. -Rubella.
Hepatitis B: Recombinant IM.
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SUCCESFULL VACCINATION PROJECTS
• SMALLPOX Vaccination WHO ( 1967 - 1977 )Last naturally acquired case SOMALIA 19771978 last death Global eradication 1979
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Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan
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