Download - vhf broadcast antennas
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Valentino Trainotti, IEEE Life Fellow, BTS-DL
Walter Gustavo Fano, IEEE Senior Member
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
BROADCAST
ANTENNAS
Secretaría de Investigación y Doctorado
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BROADCAST
ANTENNAS
• IEEE BROADCAST
TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY
SUPPORT IS GREATLY
APPRECIATED MAKING THIS
SEMINAR POSSIBLE
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BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• OUTLINE
• 1. FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
• 2. HF, VHF AND UHF
ANTENNAS
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• E Electric Field Intensity [V/m]
• H Magnetic Field Intensity [A/m]
• P Radiated Power Density [W/m2]
• U Radiation Intensity [W/Rad2]
• WT Total Radiated Power [W]
• D Directivity [times o dBi]
• G Gain [times o dBi]
• Za Antenna Impedance [Ω]
• RR Radiation Resistance [Ω]
• Ta Antenna Noise Temperature [ºK]
• Z0 Transmission Line Characteristic Impedance [Ω]
Some Magnitudes
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Some Magnitudes • Z00 Free Space Impedance [Ω]
• ε0 Free Space Permittivity [F/m]
• μ0 Free Space Permeability [H/m]
• c Free Space Velocity [m/s]]
• σ Conductivity [S/m]
• ρ Resistivity [ Ω m]
• f Frequency [ Hz]
• λ Wavelength [m]
• γ Propagation Constant [1/m]
• α Attenuation Constant [Nep/m]
• β Space Phase Constant [Rad/m]
• ω Time Phase Constant [Rad/S]
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• A) Radiation Pattern
• B) Directivity
• C) Gain
• D) Efficiency
• E) Effective Height
• F) Área, Aperture or Surface
• G) Impedance
• H) Temperature
• I) Power Handling
• J) Bandwith
• K) Polarization
Antenna Parameters
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Antenna Radiation Patterns
• Antenna Radiation Pattern is a representation of the Radiated Energy in Space.
• It can be:
• Absolute
• Relative:
» Polar
» Rectangular
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Antenna Radiation Patterns
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Polar Radiation Pattern
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Antenna Rectangular Radiation Pattern
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Antenna Directivity
IEEE STD 149-1979
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Antenna Gain
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Antenna Efficiency
• a) Transmitting Case:
• Antenna Efficiency is the ratio between
the antenna radiated power WT to the
antenna input power Win
– = WT / Win
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Antenna Efficiency
Transmitting case Rrad=Rr = Radiation Resistance [Ω]
Rp= Loss Resistance [Ω]
It depends on the conductors and
dielectrics in the antenna circuit.
Mismatching or Transmission Line
Losses are not included.
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Antenna Efficiency
• b) Receiving Case:
• Antenna Efficiency is the ratio between the received power WR to the maximum received power WRM of the same ideal antenna perfectly matched and resonant.
– = WR / WRM
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Antenna Area or Aperture
• Several Areas can be defined:
• Effective Areas
• Reradiating or Scattering Area
• Loss Area
• Collective Area
• Physical Area
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Antenna Area or Aperture
• a) Antenna Effective Area:
• Is the ratio between the received or
available load power WR to the incident
wave power density Pi on the receiving
antenna
• AeR = WR / Pi
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Antenna Area
• b) Antenna Reradiated or Scattering
Area:
• Is the ratio between the reradiated
power WS to the incident wave power
density Pi on the receiving antenna
• As = Ws / Pi
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Antenna Area
• c) Antenna Loss Area:
• Is the ratio between the loss power WP
to the incident wave power density Pi
on the receiving antenna
• AP = WP / Pi
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Antenna Area or Aperture
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Antenna Area or Aperture
• All areas have been obtained in a
theoretical case or with no losses.
• In real cases, these areas will be of a
lower value according to the antenna
losses
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Effective length or height
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Friis Equation
• ANTENNA POWER DENSITY IN SPACE
• Pi = WT DT / 4π r2
• ANTENNA RECEIVED POWER
• WR = Pi AeR
• WR = WT DT AeR / 4π r2
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Friis Equation
• TRANSMITTING ANTENNA EFFECTIVE AREA
• AeT = λ2 DT / 4 π
• Area Friis Equation (Power Relationship)
WT / WR = (λ r)2 / AeT AeR
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Friis Equation
• Directivity Friis Equation (Power
Relationship)
WT / WR = (4π / λ )2 (1/ DT DR)
AFS = (4π r/ λ )2
Free Space Nondissipative Loss
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Site Attenuation
• IS THE POWER RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTED POWER WT AND THE AVAILABLE RECEIVED POWER WR
• A = WT / WR
• A = A FS / DT DR
• A (dB)= A FS(dB) – [ DT(dBi)+ DR(dBi)]
• A FS (dB) - A (dB)= [ DT(dBi)+ DR(dBi)]
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Antenna Impedance
• Is the Impedance on the Antenna
• Feeding Points.
• Is a Function of the Antenna
Geometry, Close Objects or Other
Antennas and of course on the
Operation Frequency
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Antenna Polarization Wave Polarization depends on the Antenna Electric Field Vector
Orientation
Transverse Plane
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Antenna Polarization Generally Polarization is ellíptic. Linear Polarization
and Circular Polarization are Particular Cases.
Transverse Plane
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Antenna Polarization
Transmitting Antenna Polarization in a given Direction is the
Transmitting Wave Polarization
(IEEE STD 145-1983).
Many Antennas are Identical and have the same Polarization
Properties in Transmission and Reception.
For Receiving Antennas the Polarization definition
is the Polarization of an Incident Plane Wave from
a given direction producing maximum available power
on the Antenna Terminals (IEEE 145-1983).
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Polarization Ratio
Antenna Polarization
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Antenna Polarization
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Antenna Polarización
Polarization Polarization Ratio Axial Ratio
Linear
Vertical
ρL = ∞
ρD = 1
ρC = 1
R = ∞
R = ∞ dB
Linear
Horizontal
ρL = 0
ρD = 1
ρC = 1
R = ∞
R = ∞ dB
Right Circular
ρL = 1
ρD = 1
ρC = ∞
R = 1
R = 0 dB
Left Circular
ρL = 1
ρD = 1
ρC = 0
R = -1
R = 0 dB
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AntennaPolarization Polarization Loss
Antenna Wave dB
Horizontal Horizontal 0
Horizontal Vertical 20
Horizontal Circular 3
Vertical Vertical 0
Vertical Horizontal 20
Vertical Circular 3
Circular Horizontal 3
Circular Vertical 3
Left Circular Left Circular 0
Left Circular Right Circular 25
Right Circular Right Circular 0
Right Circular Left Circular 25
Slant 45 Horizontal 3
Slant 45 Vertical 3
Slant 45 Circular 3
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Antenna Bandwidth
• Maximum Permissible VSWR:
• Standard Communications……………….1.5
• Wide Band Communications…………......2.0
• Wide Band Military Communications…...3.0
• LF and MF Transmitting Broadcastings...1.2
• FM and TV Transmitting Broadcastings...1.1
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Antenna Bandwidth
• TRANSMISSION LINE TYPES:
• a) Open Wire ………600 < Z0 < 150 Ω
• b) Quasi-Coaxial….....50 < Z0 < 300 Ω
c) Coaxial….................50 < Z0 < 100 Ω
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Transmission lines
Open wires
Coaxial
[ ] a[1+(B/D)2]0.5
2B
Z0 = 120 ln(D/a)
Z0= 60 ln
Z0 = 60 ln(r2/r1)
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Antenna Link
Radio Link between two Short Dipoles
(Free Space)
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Antenna Link
• Radio Link between two Short Dipoles
• in Free Space
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FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH
E [V/m] o [dBmV/m]
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH
H [A/m] o [dBmA/m]
POWER DENSITY
P [w/m2] o [dBpw/m2]
[1 w/m2]= 0.1 [mw/cm2]
Example: 100 w/m2 = 10 mw/cm2
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FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS
ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY
D [C/m2]
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
B [Web/m2] = [T]
CORRENT DENSITY
J [A/m2]
ELECTRIC VOLUMETRIC CHARGE DENSITY
r [C/m3]
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FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS
WAVE IN FREE SPACE (DRY AIR)
PROPAGATION VELOCITY c = 3*108 [m/s]
INTRINSEC IMPEDANCE Z00 = E/H = 377 [W]
ELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY e0 = 8.854*10-12 [F/m]
MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY m0 = 4p*10-7 [H/m]
ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY s = 0 [S/m]
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ELEMENTARY RADIATORS
IDEAL REFERENCE ANTENNA WITH
UNIFORM RADIATION IN EVERY SPACE
DIRECTION, (FREE SPACE)
GAIN = DIRECTIVITY
EFFICIENCY = 1
D= 0 dBi D= 1
ISOTROPIC SOURCE
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ELEMENTARY RADIATORS
IDEAL REFERENCE ANTENNA WITH
UNIFORM RADIATION IN EVERY SPACE
DIRECTION, (OVER PERFECT GROUND
PLANE)
GAIN = DIRECTIVITY
EFFICIENCY = 1
D= 3 dBi D= 2
HEMISPHERIC SOURCE
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ELEMENTARY RADIATORS
IDEAL REFERENCE ANTENNA IN FREE
SPACE H/a=∞
GAIN = DIRECTIVITY
EFFICIENCY = 1
D= 2.15dBi D= 1.64
THEORETICAL HALF WAVE
DIPOLE
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ELEMENTARY RADIATORS
IDEAL REFERENCE ANTENNA (OVER
PERFECT GROUND PLANE)
GAIN = DIRECTIVITY
EFFICIENCY = 1
D= 4.77 dBi D= 3
THEORETICAL ELEMENTARY
VERTICAL MONOPOLE (ITU)
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RADIOELECTRIC SPECTRUM
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BROADCAST RADIOELECTRIC
SPECTRUM
• LF (AM)…………………150-290 kHz
• MF (AM).……………….535-1705 kHz
• HF (AM)………………..2.30-26.1 MHz
• VHF (LOW TV)………..54-72 MHz
• VHF (LOW TV)………..76-88 MHz
• VHF (FM)……………….87.5-108 MHz
• VHF (HIGH TV)………..174-216 MHz
• UHF (TV)……………….470-806 MHz
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BROADCASTING WORLD
REGIONS
REGION 1...EUROPE AFRICA
REGION 2….AMERICAS
REGION 3…ASIA OCEANIA
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WAVE PROPAGATION
IONOSPHERE
GROUND
WAVES
IONOSPHERIC
DIRECTED
REFLECTED
SURFACE WAVE
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WAVE PROPAGATION
ELECTRIC FIELD EQUATION
IONOSPHERIC
DIRECTED
REFLECTED
SURFACE
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DIRECT WAVE
dir
rj
0
r
eEE
dir
REFLECTED WAVE Δ
ref
rj
0 Γer
eEE
ref
SPACE WAVE = DIRECT + REFLECTED
dir
rj
Δ
ref
rj
0r
eΓe
r
eEE
dirref
SPACE WAVE
WAVE PROPAGATION
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Δ
rj
0
su ΓAe1r
eEE
SURFACE WAVE
10
Ar
2EE 0
su 0
WAVE PROPAGATION
SUPERFACE WAVE FOR PLANE EARTH
0hh rT SPACE WAVE
(NULL)
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1
0 AAr
2EE
WAVE PROPAGATION
SURFACE WAVE FOR SPHERICAL EARTH
H2
r
rA
1 eA
rH: RADIO HORIZON DISTANCE
(MHz)f
80r
1/3H
A2≈0.1 TO 0.2
A1= DIFFRACTION O SHADOW FACTOR
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n
1i i
Δ-jβj
i0
r
eeAEE
ii
IONOSPHERIC WAVE
IONOSPHERIC WAVE NOCTURNAL EFFECT
SELECTIVE
FADING
WAVE PROPAGATION
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FROM THE EQUATION THREE WAVES
ARE SEEN:
SURFACE WAVE
SPACE WAVE
IONOSPHERIC OR SKY WAVE
WAVE PROPAGATION
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WAVE PROPAGATION
NO ATTENUATED FIELD AT THE UNIT DISTANCE
Ar
2EE 0
su
r
DWt30E su
1A
SURFACE WAVE
r = 1km
Esu = 173.2 mV/m ISOTROPIC SOURCE
D = 1
WT = 1 kW (104.77 dBmV/m)
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BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• HF ANTENNAS
• FM ANTENNAS
• TV ANTENNAS
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HF BROADCAST BANDS
• 120 m (2300-2498 kHz)
• 90 m (3200-3400 kHz)
• 75 m (3900-4000 kHz)
• 60 m (4750-4995 kHz)
• 49 m (5950-6200 kHz)
• 39 m (7100-7300 kHz)
• 31 m (9500-9900 kHz)
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HF BROADCAST BANDS
• 25 m (11650-11975 kHz)
• 22 m (13600-13800 kHz)
• 19 m (15510-15600 kHz)
• 16 m (17550-17900 kHz)
• 13 m (21450-21850 kHz)
• 11 m (25670-26100 kHz)
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HF BROADCAST BANDS
SUNSPOTS
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HF BROADCAST BANDS
SUNSPOTS
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HF BROADCAST BANDS
SUNSPOTS
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IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
Critical
Frequencies
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Virtual height
Ionospheric absorption
index Ai0
(vertical incidence)
fH = Gyrofrequency
f0E = E critical freq.
f0F = F critical freq.
Ai0 = 20 log(E0/E1)
E0 = Theoretical field
E1 = Measured field
IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
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IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
• CRITICAL FREQUENCY:
Maximum Frequency to be reflected by a
Ionospheric Layer for Vertical Incidence.
• CRITICAL ANGLE:
Maximum Elevation Angle permitting
Ionospheric Reflexion.
• TAKE OFF ANGLE:
Depends on the layer height and the distance
on the earth surface.
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IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
• MAXIMUM USEFUL FREQUENCY:
Depends on the critical frequency and on
the take off angle (Cosecant Law).
It does not depends on the radiated
power.
• MINIMUM USEFUL FREQUENCY:
It depends on the ionospheric absortion.
It depends on the radiated power.
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IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
Distance r
as a function
of take off angle
for E and F layer
![Page 69: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
• EXAMPLE:
• Link distance r = 1000 km
• Take off angle α = 30º
• Critical Frequency f0 = 4 MHz
• MUF = f0*cosec α = 8 MHz
• OWF = 0.85 MUF = 6.8 MHz
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IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
• EXAMPLE:
• Link distance r = 2000 km
• Take off angle α = 20º
• Critical Frequency f0 = 4 MHz
• MUF = f0*cosec α = 12 MHz
• OWF = 0.85 MUF = 10 MHz
![Page 71: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
• f0 = 4 MHz
• f = f0
• No Silence Zone
![Page 72: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
• f0 = 5 MHz
• f > f0
• Silence Zone
![Page 73: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
• f0 = 6 MHz
• f > f0
• Silence Zone
![Page 74: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
FORECAST
MUF = Maximum
Useful Frequency
OWF = Optimum
Working Frequency
LUF = Lowest Useful
Frequency
![Page 75: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Dipole
![Page 76: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
λ/2 Dipole over real ground HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 77: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Dipole λ/2
over ground
Radiation Patterns
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 78: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Yagi-Uda
Antenna
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 79: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Yagi-Uda Antenna
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 80: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Rombic Antenna
L = Length
D = Width
H = Height
![Page 81: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
VSWR and Gain
of
HF Rhombic
Antenna
L = 100 m
D = 60 m
H = 18 m
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
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HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Rhombic Antenna
Typical Radiation
Pattern at 49 m
Band
α = 40º
GT = 12.4 dBi
L = 2λ
D = 1.2λ
H = 0.36λ
![Page 83: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Rhombic Antenna
Typical Radiation
Pattern at 31 m
Band
α = 25º
GT = 16.2 dBi
L = 3.3λ
D = 2λ
H = 0.6λ
![Page 84: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Rhombic Antenna
Typical Radiation
Pattern at 25 m
Band
α = 20º
GT = 16.9 dBi
L = 4λ
D = 2.4λ
H = 0.72λ
![Page 85: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Rhombic Antenna
Typical Radiation
Pattern at 17 m
Band
α = 14º
GT = 18.6 dBi
L = 5.33λ
D = 3.2λ
H = 0.96λ
![Page 86: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Rhombic Antenna
Take off angle as
a function of
frequency
![Page 87: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Log-Periodic Antenna
![Page 88: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Log-Periodic Antenna
Radiation pattern 31 m Band
f = 9.5 MHz
τ = 0.92
Take off angle
α = 25º
αm = 10º
αM = 38º
DT = 12.7 dBi
![Page 89: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Log-Periodic Antenna
2-30 MHz – Take off angle
0
20
40
60
80
2 10 20 30
f (MHz)
α
![Page 90: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF High Power Log-Periodic Antenna
2-30 MHz – Standing wave ratio
1
2
3
2 10 20 30
f (MHz)
VSWR
![Page 91: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
HF Directional Antenna
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 92: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF Dipole
Curtain Array
![Page 93: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HRS 2.4.h
HF Dipole
Curtain Array
![Page 94: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF Dipole
Curtain Array
HRRS 2.2.0,5
f0 = 10 MHz
![Page 95: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF Dipole
Curtain Array
31 m
HRRS 2.2.0,5
f0 = 10 MHz
Reflecting screen
60 x 45 m
![Page 96: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HRRS 2.2.0,5
f0 = 10 MHz Reflecting screen
60 x 45 m
HF Dipole
Curtain Array
25 m
![Page 97: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HRRS 2.2.0,5
f0 = 10 MHz Reflecting screen
60 x 45 m
SLEW EFFECT
HF Dipole
Curtain Array
25 m
![Page 98: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Portugal
Deutsche
Welle
Rotatable
Shortwave
Antenna
(THALES)
![Page 99: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Portugal
Deutsche
Welle
Rotatable
Shortwave
Antenna
(THALES)
![Page 100: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Libya
Rotatable
Shortwave
Antenna
(THALES)
![Page 101: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Libya
Rotatable
Shortwave
Antenna
(THALES)
![Page 102: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Rotatable
Shortwave
Antenna
(THALES)
VSWR as a
function of
frequency
![Page 103: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Horizontal radiation pattern
Rotatable Shortwave Antenna - Thales
![Page 104: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Vertical radiation pattern
Rotatable Shortwave Antenna - Thales
![Page 105: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Libya
300 Ohm
Balanced SW
Feed Lines
500kW
![Page 106: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF VERTICAL
DIPOLE
ARRAY
f = 26 MHz
(11 m BAND)
![Page 107: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF
VERTICAL
DIPOLE
ARRAY
H0 = 30 m
n = 2
GAIN
f = 26 MHz
(11 m BAND)
![Page 108: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF
VERTICAL
DIPOLE
ARRAY
H0 = 30 m
n = 2
GAIN
f = 26 MHz
(11 m BAND)
![Page 109: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF VERTICAL
DIPOLE
ARRAY
H0 = 30 m
n = 2
WT = 1kW
NEAR FIELD
z = 1.5 m
f = 26 MHz
(11 m BAND)
![Page 110: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF VERTICAL
DIPOLE
ARRAY
H0 = 30 m
n = 2
WT = 1kW
NEAR FIELD
z = 10 m
f = 26 MHz
(11 m BAND)
![Page 111: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
HF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
HF VERTICAL
DIPOLE
ARRAY
H0 = 30 m
n = 2
WT = 1kW
NEAR FIELD
z = 30 m
f = 26 MHz
(11 m BAND)
![Page 112: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
• DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN
• RADIATION PATTERN
• POLARIZATION
• POWER HANDLING
• BANDWIDTH
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
REQUIREMENTS
![Page 113: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• NEAR FIELD
• FAR FIELD
• RADIATED POWER
• RADIATION LEVEL
• IEEE STANDARD C95-1
• TRANSMISSION LINES
![Page 114: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• FM and TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• Polarization:
Traditionally Horizontal Polarized (HP)
In the early 60´s Circular (CP) and
Elliptical Polarization (EP) was
introduced.
HP is Standard in US but CP and EP may
be used if HP component is higher.
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• Propagation:
Almost no difference between day and night in the service area due to the spectrum employed (50-800 MHz).
This is valid for free Space Attenuation (AFS) and other factors as Refraction, Reflection, Depolarization, Diffraction, Absorption, Scattering, Fresnel Zone Clearance, Grazing and Brewster Angle.
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• Propagation:
• Free Space Propagation Loss
• AFS = (4 π r / λ )2
• AFS(dB) = 21.98 + 20 log r(m) – 20 log λ(m)
• AFS(dB) = 32.44 + 20 log r(km) + 20 log f (MHz)
• FCC Chart of Coverage is FCC 50/50 curves
• Receiving Antenna at 9 m over ground.
• Raising the Receiving Antenna from 1.5 m to 9 m signal increase is around 10 dB.
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• Propagation:
• ERP Effective Radiated Power is
referred to a Theoretical Half Wave
Dipole [DT = 1.64 ( 2.15 dBi)]
• EIRP Effective Isotropically Radiated
Power is referred to an Isotropic
Source
• [DT = 1 (0 dBi)]
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• FM Required Signal Strength
• Rural Areas E=0.05 mV/m (34 dBμV/m)
• Suburban E=1.00 mV/m (60 dBμV/m)
• Urban E=3.16 mV/m (70 dBμV/m)
• High Pop. E= 25 mV/m (88 dBμV/m)
• Blanketing E=577 mV/m (115 dBμV/m)
• These levels must be achieved at 9 m AG
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• FM Antenna Element:
• Cylindrical Dipole (HP)
• Turnstile Cylindrical Dipole (HP)
• Ring (HP)
• “V” Dipole (HP)
• Twist Ring (EP)
• Ring Stub (EP)
• Shunt Fed Slanted Dipole (CP)
• Series Fed Slanted Dipole (CP)
![Page 120: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• FM Antenna Element:
• Flat Panel Cylindrical Dipole (HP or VP)
• Flat Panel Crossed Dipole (CP)
• Flat Panel Wide Band Dipole (HP or VP)
• Cavity Backed Crossed Dipole (CP)
![Page 121: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
TURNSTILE ANTENNA (Dr. G. H. BROWN 1936)
Cylindrical Dipole Antenna
Horizontal Plane Omnidirectional
![Page 122: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Cylindrical Dipole Antenna
Horizontal Plane Quasi -Omnidirectional VERTICAL POLARIZATION
![Page 123: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
“V” Dipole
Element
![Page 124: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Ring
Element
![Page 125: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Linear Horizontal Polarization
Quasi –Omnidirectional Dipolar Element
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Elliptical
Polarization
Twist Ring Element
Horizontal Plane
Quasi -Omnidirectional
![Page 127: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Elliptical
Polarization
Ring Stub Element
Horizontal Plane
Quasi -Omnidirectional
![Page 128: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Circular
Polarization
Ring Stub Element
Horizontal Plane
Quasi -Omnidirectional
![Page 129: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Circular Polarization
Shunt Fed Slanted
Dipole
Two Half Wave
Dipole Desplazed 90º
In Space
(Penetrator)
![Page 130: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Element of Two Dipole
Antennas
90º between them in
Space
Circular Polarization
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Element of Two Dipole
Antennas
90º between them in
Space
Rotatiller
Circular Polarization
![Page 132: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Flat Panel Cylindrical Dipole
Dipole Detail
Dipole
Reflector
Directional Linear Polarization
![Page 133: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Flat Panel Crossed Dipole
Directional Circular
Polarization
![Page 134: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Flat Panel Wide Band Dipole
![Page 135: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS Flat Panel Wide Band Dipole
![Page 136: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Flat Panel Wide
Band Dipole
![Page 137: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Cavity Backed Dual Dipole
Directional Circular
Polarization
![Page 138: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM Antenna Array Installation
![Page 139: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS FM Antenna Array Installation
Alabama 600 m Height Tower
Supporting Tower Guys
![Page 140: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM Antenna Array Feed
![Page 141: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM Antenna Array Branch Feed System
![Page 142: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM Antenna Array Branch Feed System
![Page 143: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST
ANTENNAS
![Page 144: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 145: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS
VHF DIRECTIONAL ARRAY FOR FM or TV
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
VERTICAL
ARRAYS
OR
HORIZONTAL
ARRAYS
![Page 146: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
ELECTRICO FIELD EQUATION
......EEEEE 4321
senθ
θcos2
π cos
2
δ θcos
2
βdsen
2
δ θcos
2
βdsen
n 0
n
EE
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
n EQUAL CURRENT IN EACH ELEMERT
d TIME RELATIVE PHASE BETWEEN ELEMENTS
n HALF WAVE VERTICAL DIPOLE ARRAY IN
THE VERTICAL PLANE
![Page 147: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
4 VERTICAL DIPOLE RADIATION PATTERN
d = 0º
Erel [dB]
q
![Page 148: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
4 VERTICAL DIPOLE RADIATION PATTERN
d = 0º
Erel [dB]
q
![Page 149: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
4 VERTICAL DIPOLE RADIATION PATTERN
d = 10º
Erel [dB]
q
-2º
![Page 150: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
4 VERTICAL DIPOLE RADIATION PATTERN
d = -10º
Erel [dB]
q
+2º
![Page 151: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
8 VERTICAL DIPOLE RADIATION PATTERN
d = 0º
Erel [dB]
q
![Page 152: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
8 VERTICAL DIPOLE RADIATION PATTERN
d = 0º
Erel [dB]
q
![Page 153: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
8 VERTICAL DIPOLE RADIATION PATTERN
d = 20º
Erel [dB]
q
-4º
![Page 154: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
8 VERTICAL DIPOLE RADIACION PATTERN
d = -20º
Erel [dB]
q
+4º
![Page 155: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
![Page 156: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
![Page 157: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
GAIN IN FREE
SPACE
![Page 158: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 37 m
Wt = 1 kW
GAIN OVER
PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
![Page 159: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 37 m
Wt = 1 kW
GAIN OVER
PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
![Page 160: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 37 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR E FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 1.5 m
![Page 161: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 37 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR POWER
DENSITY OVER
PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 1.5 m
![Page 162: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 37 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR E FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 10 m
![Page 163: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 37 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR E FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 37 m
![Page 164: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 100 m
Wt = 1 kW
GAIN OVER
PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
![Page 165: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 100 m
Wt = 1 kW
GAIN OVER
PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
![Page 166: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 100 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR E FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 1.5 m
![Page 167: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 100 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR POWER
DENSITY OVER
PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 1.5 m
![Page 168: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 100 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR E FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 10 m
![Page 169: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 100 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR E FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 100 m
![Page 170: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 300 m
Wt = 1 kW
GAIN OVER
PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
![Page 171: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 300 m
Wt = 1 kW
GAIN OVER
PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
![Page 172: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 300 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR E FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 1.5 m
![Page 173: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 300 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR POWER
DENSITY OVER
PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 1.5 m
![Page 174: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 300 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR E FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 10 m
![Page 175: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM “V” DIPOLE
ANTENNA
ARRAY
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
f = 100 MHz
H0 = 300 m
Wt = 1 kW
NEAR E FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
d = 0.7 λ
z = 300 m
![Page 176: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
![Page 177: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
GAIN
FREE SPACE
![Page 178: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
GAIN
FREE SPACE
f = 100 MHz
FBR = 5.63 dB
![Page 179: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 11.14 dBi
FBR = 7.56 dB
![Page 180: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 11.14 dBi
FBR = 7.56 dB
![Page 181: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 182: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
POWER
DENSITY
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 183: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 10 m
![Page 184: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 30 m
![Page 185: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 18.8 dBi
FBR = 7.6 dB
![Page 186: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 18.8 dBi
FBR = 7.6 dB
![Page 187: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 188: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
POWER
DENSITY
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 189: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 10 m
![Page 190: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 100 m
![Page 191: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 18.8 dBi
FBR = 7.6 dB
![Page 192: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 18.8 dBi
FBR = 7.6 dB
![Page 193: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 194: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
POWER
DENSITY
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 195: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 10 m
![Page 196: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
VERTICALLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 300 m
![Page 197: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
![Page 198: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
GAIN
FREE SPACE
![Page 199: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED IN
FREE SPACE
DIRECTIVITY AS
A FUNCTION OF
ELEMENT
NUMBER
f = 100 MHz
d = 0.7 λ
![Page 200: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 16 dBi
![Page 201: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 16 dBi
![Page 202: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 203: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
POWER
DENSITY
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 204: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 10 m
![Page 205: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 30 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 30 m
![Page 206: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 16 dBi
![Page 207: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 16 dBi
![Page 208: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 209: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
POWER
DENSITY
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 210: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 100 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 10 m
![Page 211: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 100 m
![Page 212: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 16 dBi
![Page 213: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
GAIN
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
DTM = 16 dBi
![Page 214: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 215: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
POWER
DENSITY
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 1.5 m
![Page 216: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 10 m
![Page 217: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM DIPOLE
ANTENNA
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED
H = 300 m
NEAR FIELD
OVER PERFECT
GROUND
n = 8
WT = 1 kW
z = 300 m
![Page 218: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM OR TV
PANEL DIPOLE
ANTENNA
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
Lp = 0.667 λ
S = 0.25 λ
![Page 219: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM OR TV PANEL
DIPOLE ANTENNA
ONE ELEMENT
RADIATION
PATTERN
F = 200 MHz
DTM = 6.78 dBi
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
Lp = 0.667 λ
S = 0.25 λ
![Page 220: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM OR TV PANEL
DIPOLE ANTENNA
TWO ELEMENT
RADIATION
PATTERN
F = 200 MHz
DTM = 4.40 dBi
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
Lp = 0.667 λ
S = 0.25 λ
![Page 221: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM OR TV PANEL
DIPOLE ANTENNA
THREE ELEMENT
RADIATION
PATTERN
F = 200 MHz
DTM = 3.95 dBi
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
Lp = 0.667 λ
S = 0.25 λ
![Page 222: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM OR TV PANEL
DIPOLE ANTENNA
FOUR ELEMENT
RADIATION
PATTERN
F = 200 MHz
DTM = 2 dBi
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
Lp = 0.667 λ
S = 0.25 λ
![Page 223: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM OR TV PANEL
DIPOLE ANTENNA
ONE ELEMENT
TWO BAY
RADIATION
PATTERN
F = 200 MHz
DTM = 9.4 dBi
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
d = 0. 5 λ
Lp = 0.667 λ
S = 0.25 λ
![Page 224: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM OR TV PANEL
DIPOLE ANTENNA
ONE ELEMENT
FOUR BAY
RADIATION
PATTERN
F = 200 MHz
DTM = 12.2 dBi
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
d = 0. 5 λ
Lp = 0.667 λ
S = 0.25 λ
![Page 225: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM OR TV PANEL
DIPOLE ANTENNA
ONE ELEMENT
EIGHT BAY
RADIATION
PATTERN
F = 200 MHz
DTM = 15.2 dBi
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
d = 0. 5 λ
Lp = 0.667 λ
S = 0.25 λ
![Page 226: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM OR TV ONE
ELEMENT PANEL
DIPOLE ANTENNA
DIRECTIVITY AS A
FUNCTION OF
BAY NUMBER
FREE SPACE
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED
F = 200 MHz
d = 0. 5 λ
Lp = 0.667 λ
S = 0.25 λ
![Page 227: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/227.jpg)
TERRESTRIAL PROFILE VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
20 40 100 60 80 0
100
100
80
60
40
20
0
120
140
160
h[m]
r [km]
Rh
Spherical
Earth
Diffraction
![Page 228: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/228.jpg)
GRAZING ANGLE VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
1 100
r [km]
10
Y[degree] 10
1
0.1 ht
ht [m]
50
100
150
200
![Page 229: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/229.jpg)
8 VERTICAL DIPOLE ARRAY E [dBmV/m]
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
r [km]
N=8
d=0.7l
Wt=20kW
f=102MHz
ht=150m
hr=6m
FREE SPACE
SPHERICAL EARTH
20 40 100 60 80 0
PLANAR EARTH
FCC 50/50
100
80
60
40
20
0
![Page 230: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/230.jpg)
8 VERTICAL DIPOLE ARRAY E [dBmV/m]
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
r [km]
N=8
d=0.7l
WT=20kW
f=102MHz
ht=150m
hr=1.5m
1 10
FREE SPACE
SPHERIC EARTH
20 40 100 60 80 0
FCC 50/50
100
80
60
40
20
0
![Page 231: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/231.jpg)
8 VERTICAL DIPOLE ARRAY VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
N=8
d=0.7l
WT=20kW
f=102MHz
ht=150m
hr=6m
STATION SERVICE
AREA
![Page 232: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/232.jpg)
8 VERTICAL DIPOLE ARRAY VHF AND UHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
N=8
d=0.7l
WT=20kW
f=102MHz
ht=150m
hr=6m
AM/FM SERVICE
AREA
COMPARISON
IN BUENOS
AIRES
![Page 233: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/233.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
TURNSTILE ANTENNA (Dr. G. H. BROWN 1936)
HORIZONTAL PLANE OMNIDIRECTIONAL
HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION
![Page 234: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/234.jpg)
FM RADIATORS (VHF= 88-108MHz)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM ARRAY FM ARRAY
WITH
REFLECTOR
![Page 235: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/235.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL
ARRAY
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
ARRAY OF TWO
VERTICAL DIPOLES
VERTICAL
POLARIZATION
![Page 236: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/236.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAY
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
CIRCULAR
POLARIZACION
ARRAY OF THREE
BAYS OF TWO
SHUNT SLANTED
DIPOLES 90º IN
SPACE
(PENETRATOR)
![Page 237: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/237.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
ELLIPTICAL
POLARIZATION
TWO TWIST
RING ARRAY
![Page 238: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/238.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
CIRCULAR
POLARIZATION
ELEMENT OF TWO SERIES
FED SLANTED DIPOLES OF
90º IN SPACE
![Page 239: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/239.jpg)
DIRECCIONAL ARRAYS VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
TWO CROSSED
HALF WAVE DIPOLES
WITH REFLECTOR
REFLECTOR
CIRCULAR POLARIZATION
![Page 240: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/240.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
ARRAY OF FOUR BAYS
HALF WAVE CROSSED
DIPOLES WITH
REFLECTOR
CIRCULAR POLARIZATION
REFLECTOR
![Page 241: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/241.jpg)
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
CIRCULAR
POLARIZATION
ARRAY OF HIGH
POWER CROSSED
HALF WAVE DIPOLES
ON THE EMPIRE
STATE BUILDING
NEW YORK
(RF OFF)
![Page 242: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/242.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• FM IBOC Antenna Operation (Digital Trans.)
• Three methods are possible:
a) Single Transmitter with A and D combined
and feed them to a commom Antenna.
b) Separated A and D Transmitter Signals combined in
the Transmitter Building and fed to a common
Antenna.
c) Separated A and D Transmitters each feeding
signals through separated Transmission Lines and
Antennas
![Page 243: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/243.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
FM IBOC ANALOG/DIGITAL TRANS.
![Page 244: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/244.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS FM IBOC ANALOG/DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
Two
Interleaved
FM Antennas
![Page 245: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/245.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
• FM Multistation Operation
• Two systems are possible:
• a) Branched Combiner (Tee or Star)
• b) Balanced Combiner (Quadrature Hybrid)
![Page 246: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/246.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 247: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/247.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS FM Branched Combiner
![Page 248: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/248.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 249: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/249.jpg)
VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS FM Balanced Combiner
![Page 250: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/250.jpg)
VHF and UHF BROADCAST
ANTENNAS
• TV Antenna Element
• Panel Dipole (HP) Directional
• Panel Crossed Dipole (CP) Directional
• Batwing (Superturnstile) HP Omni
• Batterfly (HP) Directional
• Travelling Wave Slot : • Resonant (HP)
• Non Resonant (HP)
![Page 251: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/251.jpg)
TV Directional
Antenna
Elements
VHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 252: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/252.jpg)
TV DIRECCIONAL ELEMENT VHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Flat Panel
Dipole
Low VHF TV
Antenna
![Page 253: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/253.jpg)
TV DIRECCIONAL ELEMENT VHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
SUPER TURNSTILE
ANTENNA ELEMENT
(BATWINGS)
POLARIZACION
HORIZONTAL
MASTERS 1946
![Page 254: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/254.jpg)
VHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 255: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/255.jpg)
TV DIRECTIONAL
ARRAYS
VHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
SUPER TURNSTILE
ANTENNA
HORIZONTAL
POLARIZATION
![Page 256: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/256.jpg)
VHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
LOW BAND 54-88 MHZ (# 2 A 6) HIGH BAND 174-216 MHZ (# 7 A 13)
![Page 257: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/257.jpg)
VHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 258: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/258.jpg)
UHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 259: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/259.jpg)
TV Slotted
Antenna
Elements
VHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 260: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/260.jpg)
UHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 261: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/261.jpg)
UHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 262: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/262.jpg)
UHF TV BROADCAST ANTENNAS
![Page 263: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/263.jpg)
FM and TV Transmission Lines
COAXIAL TRANSMISSION LINE
![Page 264: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/264.jpg)
FM and TV Transmission Lines
RIGID COAXIAL TRANSMISSION LINE
![Page 265: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/265.jpg)
FM and TV Transmission Lines
SIZE Maximum
Frequency VP / c
ATT / WT
50 MHz
ATT / WT
200 MHz
ATT / WT
500 MHz
1 5/8 2.7 0.92 0.44/27 0.90/13 1.45/8
3 1.64 0.93 0.29/58 0.60/28 1.0/17
6 1/8 0.86 0.97 0.13/24
4
0.27/12
0 0.45/75
9 0.65 0.97 0.11/87
8
0.23/42
2
0.41/25
2
Air Coaxial Line
![Page 266: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/266.jpg)
FM and TV Transmission Lines
SIZE Maximum
Frequency VP / c
ATT / WT
50 MHz
ATT / WT
200 MHz
ATT / WT
500 MHz
7/8 5.0 0.89 0.79/12 1.62/6 2.61/4
6 ¼ 3.3 0.89 0.57/19 1.19/9 1.94/6
1 5/8 2.5 0.89 0.45/25 0.93/12 1.53/7
2 1/4 2.2 0.89 0.39/30 0.83/14 1.39/8
Foam Coaxial Line
![Page 267: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/267.jpg)
FM and TV Transmission Lines
Braodcast Semifexible Air Coaxial Lines
![Page 268: vhf broadcast antennas](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012407/58970bbd1a28abe3618c4c90/html5/thumbnails/268.jpg)
BROADCAST ANTENNAS
Braodcast Semifexible Air Coaxial Lines
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS MAXIMUM ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
IEEE/ANSI STANDARD C95-1
BAND Emax Hmax Pmax
CONTROLLED
NON CONTROLLED
50-300 61.4 155.8 0.163 104.2 1.0 130.0
BAND Emax Hmax Pmax
MHz V/m dBmV/m A/m dBmA/m mW/cm2 dBpW/m2
50-300 27.5 148.8 0.073 97.2 0.2 123.0
MHz V/m dBmV/m A/m dBmA/m mW/cm2 dBpW/m2
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
CROSSED
DIPOLES
4 VERTICAL DIPOLE ARRAY
r [m]
Variation : 1/r
IEEE C95-1
E [dBmV/m] MAXIMUM RADIATION
N=4
d=0.52l
Wt=20kW
f=100MHz
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
CROSSED
DIPOLES
4 VERTICAL DIPOLE ARRAY
r [m]
Variation : 1/r
IEEE C95-1
H [dBmA/m] MAXIMUM RADIATION
N=4
d=0.52l
Wt=20kW
f=100MHz
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS
CROSSED
DIPOLES
4 VERTICAL DIPOLE ARRAY
r [m]
N=4
d=0.52l
WT=20kW
f=100MHz
Variation : 1/r2
IEEE C95-1
P [dBpW/m2] MAXIMUM RADIATION
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VHF BROADCAST ANTENNAS 8 VERTICAL DIPOLE ARRAY
ht [m]
N=8
d=0.7l
f=100MHz
IEEE C95-1
P[mW/cm2]
RADIATION
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
P = 0.2 mW/cm2
110
120
130
E [dBmV/m]
EIRP
20 30 100 50 70 200
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BROADCAST
ANTENNAS