Download - VIETNAM From 1800’s till 1940 France ruled Indochina Became known as French Indochina Vietnam Cambodia Laos

VIETNAM

From 1800’s till 1940 France ruled Indochina

Became known as French Indochina VietnamCambodia Laos

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Opposition fled to ChinaRegrouped under leadership of Ho

Chi Minh

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1940 Japan took control of Indochina

After war France and Ho Chi Minh fought for control of Vietnam

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1950 United States entered conflict in Vietnam

Monetary aid 15 million dollars

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Domino Theory

VIETNAMIf one falls the rest will fallRelate to Cold War If Vietnam fell next Cambodia ThailandLaos Indonesia ??Australia??

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France was not successful in fighting guerilla war

Final battle at Dien Bien Phu

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Geneva Accord

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Divided Vietnam 17th parallelCommunist North Ho Chi MinhAnti-Communist South Ngo Dinh Diem

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In 2 years National Elections were to be held

United States believed that 80% would vote for Ho Chi Minh

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United States supported cancellation of elections

Supported Diem

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Diem was corrupt and abusive leaderDevout Catholic minority in a largely

Buddhist countryPersecuted any of the old Vietminh

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1957 communist opposition to Diem formed

National Liberation FrontBecame known as Vietcong

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Ho Chi Minh supported the Vietcong with supplies

Used the Ho Chi Minh Trail

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Kennedy and VietnamDemocrats were accused of being

“soft on Communism”

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Kennedy supported Diem’s government with money and 16,000 “advisors”

Problem for KennedyDiem was oppressive to majority

religion of Buddhism

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Buddhist monks protested by public suicides

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Setting themselves on fire to protest imprisonment of Monks and destruction of Temples by Diem

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1963 Vietnam was becoming very unstable Diem refused to listen to United States to ease up on persecutions

Diem had to goMilitary coupKennedy approved

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Coup was successful Diem refused to leave He was killed against Kennedy’s

wishes

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November 1, 1963

VIETNAM WAR EXPANDS

Some say Kennedy was going to get out of Vietnam

Debatable as to whether he could have left

He thought it was “their war”

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JohnsonAppeasement not an option in

VietnamJohnson view if Vietnam fell United

States would be ineffective elsewhere

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August 2, 1964

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North Vietnamese patrol boat Fired a torpedo on American

Destroyer Maddox

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August 4, 1964 Maddox reported to being fired on

again Bad weather and low visibility Crew reported not seeing or

hearing gunfire

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Johnson retaliated by Bombing North Vietnam

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Johnson went to Congress for additional powers

http://oak.lbjlib.utexas.edu/website/images/pic-9A-3-63.gif

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RESOLUTION STATED “President will be able to use all

measures to repel any armed attack against the United States”

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August 7, 1964Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passedGave Johnson and future

presidents the ability to escalate

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Conflict in Vietnam without a formal Declaration of War

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Johnson had wanted to be able to escalate war just waiting for an event to push the resolution through

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February 1965Johnson imitated“Operation Rolling Thunder”

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1st sustained bombingOf North Vietnam

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By June of 1965 troop strength in Vietnam was 50,000 troops

The war was now Americanized

VIETNAM AND AMERICAESCALATION IN THE WAR


• Initially war was popular 61% of American people supported the war• Johnson was reluctant to send

additional troops to Vietnam


• Containment and Domino Theory was still number 1 Foreign Policy of the United States


• Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense


• Dean Rusk Secretary of State


• Argued to sent more troops to Vietnam• Not unanimous


• George Ball • Was against military build up


• McNamara and Rusk along with commander of the Vietnam troops General William Westmoreland


• Convinced Johnson to escalate troop strength • By end of 1965 • American troop strength was • 180,000 troops


• Westmoreland believed that South Vietnam Army could not stand up to Vietcong• As escalation continued it

became an American War


• By 1967 500,000 American troops were in Vietnam


• THE WAR• Not a conventional war• Guerilla warfare• Jungle fighting


• Tactics of Vietcong • Hit and Run tactics• Mines• Booby traps


• Friends by day enemy by night• Vietcong had a sophisticated

tunnel systems


• Tunnels included• Kitchens• Sleep quarters• Medical facilities• False tunnels


• Able to hide and limited the effects of American bombing


• Provided easy escape • Tunnels were sustainable and

hard to locate • Distinct advantage to Vietcong


• World War I and World War II • Both had major battles• Vietnam had some but majority

were • Quick strikes hit and run


• United States military and government believed that U.S. military forces could wear down the North Vietnamese and they would quit


• Just the opposite as Vietcong or North Vietnamese casualties rose Their will became stronger


• McNamara was astonished that the North Vietnamese could withstand the onslaught of the American military


• Westmoreland stated U S was winning the military battles• For the United States it was a

military conflict to the Vietnamese it was a battle for survival


• North Vietnam would pay any price for victory


• Battle for Hearts and Minds of Vietnam people• Get the South Vietnamese

villagers to side with U.S. • Guerillas would have no place to

hide


• Military struggle vs. fight for survival• Also united States step up

bombing


• Napalm gasoline based bomb that set fire to jungle• To expose Tunnels and reduce

foliage• Agent Orange


• Agent Orange was used to destroy the jungle and expose troops• It was effective but later soldiers

developed cancer


• Quagmire• Despite military victories • Search and destroy missions• War waged on with no end in

sight


• Morale in ranks of soldiers became evident• Frustration of fighting for in a war

that some thought had no cause for America


• Alcohol, drugs, became a problem• Some soldiers would shoot their

own officers rather than follow orders


• The effects of fighting a conventional war against a non conventional enemy


• North Vietnam was receiving aid from Russia and China


• Vietnam was the Cold War philosophy • United States and Russia fighting

a war against each other but not firing a shot directly at each other


• Ho Chi Minh believed that they could outlast the United States once the American people got fed up with casualties on the U.S. side


Crossroads for Vietnam

1968

1968

• McNamara resigned in 1967• Confused • Infiltration reduced• Casualties high • But no progress

1968

• Johnson caught in the middle• Doves = Withdraw• Hawks = Not doing enough


• TET OFFENISIVE• JANUARY 31. 1968 • First day of the Vietnamese New

Year


• North Vietnam launched a massive and coordinated attack on South Vietnam major cities• Attacks were brutal and quick


• Hue (South Vietnam city) was overrun by Vietcong• North Vietnamese were

relentless rounded up supporters of South Vietnam were murdered by the Vietcong


• Saigon was attacked • Initial victories by North

Vietnamese including American Embassy


• United States forces repelled attack regain Embassy• North Vietnamese casualties

were astronomical


• A major factor in the Tet offensive was• TELEVISION• The battle and the war was

brought home to America’s living room


• Instant results of war to America• Casualties mounted


• One event stood out • A South Vietnam officer took a North

Vietnamese solider into the street put a pistol to his head and shot him• It was caught by a photographer


http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/imagefolder/knifedtet.jpg

South Vietnamese sources state that Lém commanded a Viet Cong death squad, which on that day had murdered South Vietnamese National Police officers, or in their stead, the police officers' families; these sources said that Lém was captured near the site of a ditch holding as many as thirty-four bound and shot bodies of police and their relatives, some of whom were the families of General Nguyễn's deputy and close friend, and six of whom were Nguyễn's godchildren. Photographer Adams confirmed the South Vietnamese account, although he was only present for the execution. Lém's widow confirmed that her husband was a member of the Viet Cong and she did not see him after the Tet Offensive began. Shortly after the execution, a South Vietnamese official who had not been present said that Lém was only a political operative. [6]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_squad


• Also North Vietnamese were brutal • Tortured American POWS


• The Tet offensive was a military victory for the United States• A psychological victory for the

North Vietnamese


• The brutality of the war and the beginning of the feeling there was no way out of the war from the Tet offensive


•BUT


• It was a political defeat for Johnson • It became the political turning

point of the war


• Fighting the war became a two front war for Johnson• The war in Vietnam was a

quagmire with no victory in sight


• And the war or protests against the war at home• Protest and turmoil will boil over

in 1968

1968• HIPPIES - ANTI WAR

1968

• Hawks Doves

1968• Hawks not war mongers but

supported all out military victory in Vietnam• Doves supported ending the war and

getting out of Vietnam quickly

1968

• New Left• Demanded Changes• Old Left 1930’s pushed

towards Communism

1968

• Students for a Democratic Society• Tom Hayden• Corporations and

Government Institutions

1968

• Taken over the society

http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificaviet/peacesymbol.jpg

1968

• Campus Activism• Protested dress code

mandatory ROTC

1968

• 1965 first organized march on Washington• 20,000 • Johnson changed deferment

policy

1968

• Students must be good academic standards to continue deferment

1968

• SDS preached disobedience• Disrupting Selective Service

System

1968• Four reasons students felt the

war was unjust• 1. Civil War• 2. South Vietnam government

was just as oppressive as the North

1968

• 3. United States could not police the entire world• 4. Morally unjust

1968

• Protests songs became popular• Phil Ochs Peter Paul Mary• Bob Dylan• Joan Baez Barry McGuire

1968

• Protest to resistance• Options• Refuse to serve• Flee to Canada

1968

• 1967 another peace demonstration • 75,000 in Washington

Compare and Contrast the differences between protest in Vietnam and Iraq

1968

• Pro Vietnam war• America Love it or leave it

1968• Eugene McCarthy

1968

•McCarthy defeated President Johnson in the New Hampshire primary• Johnson told the nation

1968““I will not seek I will not I will not seek I will not accept the nomination of accept the nomination of my party for another my party for another term as your president”term as your president”

1968

• Democratic Party looked for another candidate• Robert F Kennedy declined to

run

1968

• George McGovern

1968

• “On to Chicago”

19681968

RFK Funeral Train

Some truly believe that the Nations hopes were again ended by an assassins bullet

• My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life, to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it

• As he said many times, in many parts of this nation, to those he touched and who sought to touch him: • “Some men see things as they are

and say why. I dream things that never were and say why not.”

1968 Democratic Convention

1968• Gestapo tactics." Photo by Gary Settle,

August 28, 1968.Mayor Richard J. Daley and son Richard M. Daley jeer Sen. Abraham Ribicoff at the Democratic National Convention as he criticizes Chicago "Gestapo" tactics. Images © Chicago Sun-Times

1968

• Election of 1968

•Domino Theory

•GULF OF TONKIN

•HO CHI MINH

1968

• NEW PRESIDENT• Richard M. Nixon

End of War and Legacy


• Vietnamization of war•Withdrawal of American forces

/ Escalation


• Talks began with North Vietnamese • Requirement of withdrawal • All North Vietnamese troops

must leave South Vietnam

End of War and Legacy• August 1969 first reduction of

troops• 25,000• Over next three years troop

strength will be down to 25,000


• Goal of Nixon’s Peace• “Peace with Honor”•Maintain U.S. dignity • Henry Kissinger National

Security Advisor


• Peace talks continued •Massive bombing on the North

continued•Major targets were supply

routes


• Frustrations and emotions build up• Village of My Lai•March 16,1968


• Lt William Calley


• 200 to 300 civilians killed by Charlie Company• Vietcong stronghold• Frustration build up


• Unable to find enemy


• Numerous members of Charlie Company were killed or wounded in the area • Again frustrations build up


• Company was on a search and destroy mission• Came upon village• Calley ordered to enter village

firing


• Ron Ridenhour Vietnam Veteran


• Spoke to Congress about the massacre• He received first hand details

from members of Charlie Company


• American public knew of massacre by Seymour Hersh


• Military investigation charged Lt Calley charged with murder in September 1969• Two months before the story by

Hersh was published


•Military commission investigated the incident • Findings lack of leadership

discipline and moral

End of War and Legacy•More and more seasoned

veterans rotated out of Vietnam or retired•Many were killed in action• Questioned the draft

inequalities


• Epilogue• Calley was convicted claimed

he was only following orders from Captain Ernest Melinda

End of War and Legacy• Another damaging event • Pentagon Papers• Released• Stating that Johnson always

was in favor of escalating war


• He had no intention of ever leaving Vietnam until victory• Congress was angry• Repelled the Gulf of Tonkin

Resolution


• Nixon disregarded and continued to escalate the war•March 1972• Vietcong launched the Easter


• Invasion of Cambodia• Secret invasion • Nixon never asked Congress


• Nixon wanted to wipe out Vietcong bases in Cambodia


• Plan did not work • Vietcong went deeper into

Cambodia


• Reaction to invasion• Congress repealed Gulf of

Tonkin Resolution• Demonstrations on College

Campuses


• Kent State and Jackson State• two violent protests


• Kent State• Protested the invasion of

Cambodia• National Guard Troops fired on

Students


• 4 students were killed• Jackson State 2 students were

killed protesting Kent State

End Of War


• 1972 peace talks began• They were not successful • President Thieu of South

Vietnam wanted U S to do more


• January 27, 1973 final treaty signed• 500 prisoners of U S were

released from POW camps• “Hanoi Hilton”


• Fighting still in Vietnam• 1975 Congress refused funding

to war• North Vietnamese launched

attack on South Vietnam

End of War and Legacy•Without U S support the South

fell• April 30, 1975 Saigon fell to

the Communists•War was now over• Gerald Ford is president

End of War and Legacy• Aftermath• Congress passed the War

Powers Act• President must inform

Congress 2 days of using • U S troops


• Troops must withdraw 60 days after Congress refuses funding


• Veterans returning home• No hero welcome• 500,000 veterans suffered

from psychological problems after war


• It took until 1982 for the war memorial to be built

End of War and Legacy• United States Causalities of

Vietnam

•58,193 KIA •153,303 WIA •1,948 MIA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_Action

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_Action


• South Vietnamese Army casualties•250,000 KIA/MIA • 1,169,763 WIA


• 2,000,000 to 4,000,000 killed civilians killed in North and South


• North Vietnamese Army• 1.1 million according to

History Channel


• Cambodia fell to a communist group Khmer Rouge• Pol Pot


• Pol Pot eliminated over one million Cambodians to rid country of Western influence


• This concludes the study on the war in Vietnam

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Download - VIETNAM From 1800’s till 1940 France ruled Indochina Became known as French Indochina Vietnam Cambodia Laos

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