Download - Viking methodology
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1Monday, May 20, 13
Viking Accessibility:The Warrior's Approach to Hands-on Testing
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3Monday, May 20, 13
Goals and Objectives
• Understand accessibility testing techniques
• Understand common challenges by content type
• Gain hands-on knowledge
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4Monday, May 20, 13
Resources
http://examples.simplyaccessible.com/vikinghandson/
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5Monday, May 20, 13
Review - Understanding Disability
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6Monday, May 20, 13
Visual Impairment
• Blindness
• Partially Sighted
• Low Vision
• Colorblindness
What types of challenges will they have on the web?
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7Monday, May 20, 13
Hearing Impairment
• Deafness (one/ both ears)
• Hard of hearing
• High/ low frequency hearing loss
What types of challenges will they have on the web?
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8Monday, May 20, 13
Motor Impairment
• Loss of limbs, digits
• Palsy disorders
• Repetitive stress injuries
• Arthritis
• Spinal cord injuries
• more
What types of challenges will they have on the web?
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9Monday, May 20, 13
Cognitive Impairment
• Autism
• Brain injury
• Parkinson’s
• Dyslexia
• Alzheimer’s
• more
What types of challenges will they have on the web?
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10Monday, May 20, 13
Speech Impairment
• Stuttering
• Muteness
• Dysarthria (resulting from motor control disorders)
• Articulation & phonemic disorders
What types of challenges will they have on the web?
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11Monday, May 20, 13
Principles of Accessibility
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P erceivableO perableU nderstandableR obust
Focuses on user needs, not technology.
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13Monday, May 20, 13
Assistive Technologies
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14Monday, May 20, 13
Screen Readers
• Intercept what is sent to standard output
• Object info & content rendered in text to speech
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Screen Readers
15Monday, May 20, 13
User needs:
• Keyboard access
• Text alternatives
• Headings
• Logical/ sequential ordering
• Proper labels
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Screen Magnification
• Enlarges on screen content
• Different magnification modes
• Contrast Modes
• Cursor, pointer enhancement
http://flickr.com/photos/justinstravels/322408478/
16Monday, May 20, 13
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Screen Magnification
http://flickr.com/photos/justinstravels/322408478/
17Monday, May 20, 13
User needs:
• Text alternatives
• Resizable layouts
• Flexible content
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18Monday, May 20, 13
Voice Recognition
Accepts user commands to activate controls and interact with system
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Voice Recognition
19Monday, May 20, 13
User Needs:
• Device independence
• Accurate text alternatives
• Accurate labels
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20Monday, May 20, 13
Hardware
As diverse as the array of possible disabilities and severities thereof
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• Body Level One
Body Level Two
Body Level Three
21Monday, May 20, 13
Often Combined
http://flickr.com/photos/kazuhito/132436943/
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simplyaccessible.comKarl Groves | @karlgroves
22Monday, May 20, 13
Approaches to Testing
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23Monday, May 20, 13
Automated Testing
What is it? Use of tool to access web document and subject it to predetermined heuristic checks
• Plugins/ Toolbars
• Desktop Apps
• Web Apps
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Automated Testing
24Monday, May 20, 13
Pros:
• Unprecedented efficiency (cost per issue)
• Some issues don’t require humans
Cons:
• Incomplete coverage
• False positives
• Subjectivity in a11y
• DOM testing
• User interaction
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25Monday, May 20, 13
Manual Testing
What is it? Use of hands-on techniques to inspect for potential failures, possibly by emulating disabled user scenarios
• Code inspection
• Hardware manipulation
• Software/ Settings manipulation
• AT Testing
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Manual Testing
26Monday, May 20, 13
Pros:
• Accuracy
• Reliability
• Judgment
Cons:
• Time
• Reliant on tester’s skill
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27Monday, May 20, 13
Use Case Testing
What is it? Analysis of system behavior by subjecting it to scenarios that touch on functional requirements - in this case doing so with assistive technologies
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Use Case Testing
28Monday, May 20, 13
Pros:
• Can happen concurrently with other testing
• Gives glimpse of real-world issues faced by PWD
Cons:
• Time
• Tester must know the AT
• Success with one AT !== success with all
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29Monday, May 20, 13
Usability Testing
What is it? Observation of test participants using core user tasks, measuring efficiency, accuracy, recall, emotional response.
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Usability Testing
30Monday, May 20, 13
Pros:
Most closely represents user’s actual experience
Cons:
• Expensive
• Time-Consuming
• Results may be skewed by high impact issues
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31Monday, May 20, 13
Tools
“It’s a poor mechanic who blames his tools” - Old Man Brian
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Tools
32Monday, May 20, 13
Free:
• Browser Toolbars/ Plugins
• Online evaluators
Non-Free:
• Enterprise testing suites
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33Monday, May 20, 13
Browser Toolbars/ Plugins
Examples:
• WAVE
• Favelets Bar
• Web Accessibility Toolbar
• Web Developer Plugin
• Fangs
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35Monday, May 20, 13
Accessibility Evaluation Toolbar
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36Monday, May 20, 13
Web Developer Toolbar
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37Monday, May 20, 13
Favelets Bar
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38Monday, May 20, 13
Fangs
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39Monday, May 20, 13
Online Evaluators
Examples:
• aChecker
• FAE
• Cynthia Says
• WAVE
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40Monday, May 20, 13
WAVE
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41Monday, May 20, 13
FAE
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42Monday, May 20, 13
aChecker
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43Monday, May 20, 13
Enterprise Tools
• AMP - SSB BART Group
• Compliance Sheriff - HiSoftware
• Worldspace - Deque
• Rational Studio - IBM
• Compliance Guardian - AvePoint
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44Monday, May 20, 13
Viking Methodology
“Failure to plan is planning to fail” - Zig Ziglar
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45Monday, May 20, 13
Principles
• Utility
• Accuracy
• Efficiency
• Reliability
• Repeatability
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46Monday, May 20, 13
Driving Factors
• Modern websites are not composed of static content
• Certain types of issues occur more often than others
• Certain types of content have more issues than others
• Certain types of issues are more impactful than others
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47Monday, May 20, 13
Audits vs. QA
Audits:
• Should maximize utility
• Focus on UI component types
• Priority given to high use, high risk features and components
QA:
• A11y should be part of QA process
• Deliver fast, accurate results & guidance
• Focus only on in-scope work (i.e. user stories & features under dev)
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48Monday, May 20, 13
Testing Web Content
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49Monday, May 20, 13
Markup and A11y
• All content must be marked up using the most appropriate elements & attributes for the job
• All scripted controls must operate like the native controls which they mimic
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Markup and A11y
50Monday, May 20, 13
Page Structure:
What is it?
How are users impacted?
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Markup and A11y
51Monday, May 20, 13
Page Structure Requirements:
• Valid, semantic markup
• Page titles: unique, terse, clear, informative
How do we test this?
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52Monday, May 20, 13
Page Structure
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53Monday, May 20, 13
Keyboard Access/ Focus Control
Keyboard Access, Focus Control:
What is it?
How are users impacted?
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Keyboard Access/ Focus Control
54Monday, May 20, 13
Keyboard Access, Focus Control Requirements:
• Focus order matches expected interaction order
• Items that should get focus do; Items that should not get focus don’t
How do we test this?
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55Monday, May 20, 13
Keyboard Access and Focus Control
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56Monday, May 20, 13
CSS
Cascading Stylesheets:
What is it?
How are users impacted?
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CSS
57Monday, May 20, 13
• Content must remain readable and operable
• Visual indications must also be represented programmatically
• Color contrast
How do we test this?
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58Monday, May 20, 13
CSS
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59Monday, May 20, 13
Forms
Forms:
What are they?
How are users impacted?
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Forms
60Monday, May 20, 13
Forms Requirements:
• All fields labeled tersely, clearly
• Constraints identified
• All fields operable via keyboard
• Errors prevented
• Error recovery facilitated
How do we test this?
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Forms61Monday, May 20, 13
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62Monday, May 20, 13
Frames
Frames:
What are they?
How are users impacted?
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Frames
63Monday, May 20, 13
Frames Requirements:
Frames given clear, terse, informative titles
How do we test this?
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Frames
64Monday, May 20, 13
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65Monday, May 20, 13
Images
Images:
What are they?
How are users impacted?
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Images
66Monday, May 20, 13
Image Requirements:
• Images not used to replace text
• All images have text alternative
• All text alternatives sufficiently clear and informative
• Background images, sprites not used for actionable items or content
How do we test this?
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Images
67Monday, May 20, 13
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Media
Media:
What is this?
How are users impacted?
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Media
69Monday, May 20, 13
Media Requirements
• Captions
• Transcripts
• Audio Description
• Access to controls
How do we test this?
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Media
70Monday, May 20, 13
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71Monday, May 20, 13
Navigation
Navigation:
What is it?
How are users impacted?
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Navigation
72Monday, May 20, 13
Navigation Requirements
• “Links” are actual links & use valid href
• Link text is unique, terse, clear, informative
How do we test this?
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Navigation
73Monday, May 20, 13
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Tables
Tables:
What are they?
How are users impacted?
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Tables
75Monday, May 20, 13
Table Requirements
• No tables for layout
• Headers identified
• Header relationships identified
• Good structure
How do we test this?
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Tables
76Monday, May 20, 13
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Text Content
Text Content:
What is it?
How are users impacted?
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Text Content
78Monday, May 20, 13
Text Content Requirements
• Proper use of headings
• Headings are unique, terse, clear, informative
• Proper use and structure of lists & sub-lists
How do we test this?
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Text Content
79Monday, May 20, 13
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80Monday, May 20, 13
JavaScript-driven Content
JavaScript Content:
What is it?
How are users impacted?
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JavaScript-driven Content
81Monday, May 20, 13
JavaScript Requirements
• Device independence
• Keyboard access/ focus control
• Name, State, Role, Value
How do we test this?
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JavaScript-driven Content
82Monday, May 20, 13
Name: What do we call this thing?
State: What is it doing? (Implicitly) What else can it do?
Role: What type of object is it?
Value: What is its value (if it can have one)
Using standard controls in standard ways gives this to us for free.
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JavaScript-driven Content83Monday, May 20, 13
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simplyaccessible.com
Accessibility consulting, strategy and assessmentsAccessible development and remediation servicesTraining courses, workshops and conferences Karl Groves
[email protected]@karlgroves
+1 443.875.7343