![Page 1: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
VIAVisual Inspection with Acetic
Acid of the Cervix UteriUsing Acetic Acid for Cervix Screening in Resource
poor Settings
Dr Dirk Grothuesmannhttp://dg-maternalhealth.de/
![Page 2: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Reasoning of VIA
Majority of pre-invasive and invasive Lesions of the Cervix are visible by “Naked Eye” Examination following Acetic Acid Application• Application of 5% Acetic Acid followed by Inspection with Halogen Lamp• Acetowhitening = VIA positive• No Acteowhitening = VIA negative
White Color due to increased Protein and Nuclear Proteins and Cytokeratin in the cervical Epithelium by CIN+
WHO, 2012
![Page 3: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
“Screen and Treat” Approach
• Single-visit Approach enables Clients to be screened and treated on the same Day• VIA and Cryotherapy Procedures are well tolerated• “Screen and Treat” Approach can be introduced into existing Reproductive
Health Services in Low-Resource Countries• Screening utilizing VIA, and Treatment with Cryotherapy, is acceptable and
feasible at low-level Health Facilities• VIA is an attractive Alternative to cytology-based Screening in Low-Resource
Settings
WHO, 2014
![Page 5: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cryotherapy• Easier to implement than other Treatment modalities such as loop
Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP), loop excision of the Transformation Zone (LETZ) and Cone Biopsy• Affordable Treatment• Can be done in primary Health-Care Settings• Feasibility Aspects have been proven in WHO Projects
![Page 6: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Exclusion Criteria for VIA and Cryotherapy and Eligibility
Criteria for Cryotherapy
WHO, 2012
![Page 7: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cryotherapy
![Page 8: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cryotherapy
![Page 9: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Limitations
• “See and Treat” Strategy leads to Overtreatment• VIA less effective for elderly Patients because TZ tendency to retreat
endocervical• VIA results are subjective to the Observer• Although VIA is a sensitive screening Test it can not be used by itself• Low Positive Predicative Value (PPV) of 10 – 20%
Mustafa et al, 2010
![Page 10: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Advantages
• Test is inexpensive• Can be performed with minimal Infrastructure• Test Result are immediately available• Training Period to acquire the Skills is short• Can be done under flied conditions by auxiliary health Workers (when
trained accordingly)
![Page 11: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
LiteraturePrevention of cervical cancer through screening using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and treatment with cryotherapy, WHO, 2012, from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75250/1/9789241503860_eng.pdf
Sellors JW and Sankaranarayanan R, 2003, Colposcopy and Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Beginners’ Manual, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, from http://screening.iarc.fr/doc/Colposcopymanual.pdf
WHO guidelines for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2–3 and adenocarcinoma in situ, WHO, 2014, from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/104174/1/9789241506779_eng.pdf
Visual inspection using acetic acid for cervical cancer screening in low resource settings, MJAFI, 2010, 66, 382-384, Maj MS Mustafa, Col Ak Jingdal, Col PMP Singh, from http://medind.nic.in/maa/t10/i4/maat10i4p382.pdf
![Page 13: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Annexe:5% Acetic Acid and Lugol’s Iodine
Sellors and Sankaranarayanan , 2003
![Page 14: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Aim of my Project
Dr. Dirk Grothuesmann ConsultancyImproving Maternal Health and Gynecology Services by Training Health Care Providers: Relaying on standardized training modules I teach evidence-based obstetrical procedures, gynecology surgery and related evaluation tools to local personnel in developed and developing countries. Completing the programs offered, skills gained enable to serve women in need in any requested setting.http://dg-maternalhealth.de/index2.html
![Page 16: Visual Inspection with AceticAcid of the Cervix Uteri](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/58f2a2a61a28ab44658b4575/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
http://dg-maternalhealth.de/
Dr Dirk Grothuesmann
Consultancy