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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
The field of Biologydevoted to understanding how traits are passed from parents to offspring
Gregor Mendel-pioneer in genetics-crossed peas toshow how traitswere passed on
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Genetics
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• 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
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Autosome
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
A segment of DNAthat contains codingfor a protein – a unit of hereditary information
Found on chromosomes within the nucleus
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Gene
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• Founder of genetics (study of heredity)• Monk who lived in a monastery
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Gregor Mendel
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individuals who has one copy of a recessive allele – Does not express trait but they “carry” it
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Carrier
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• A family history that shows a trait that is inherited over several generations
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Pedigree
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
An allele that is masked by the presence of anotherallele for the sametrait
-Shown with a lower case letter(ex: a, t, g).-Will only be seen if both alleles for a traitare recessive.
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Recessive
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• Trait found on x or y chromosome
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Sex-linked
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• Both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring– Neither allele is dominant or recessive – no blending!
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Co-dominance
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
The external (physical)appearance of an organism that is determined by theindividual’s genotype
Written as thePhysical Trait:
Brown hair, blue eyes, short, etc.
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Phenotype
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
The genetic makeupof an organism Written with the
letters of alleles:
Aa, TT, bb, etc.
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Genotype
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
Referring to a genepair in which the two alleles do notcode for the same trait
Written as: Aa
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Heterozygous
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
An organism that ishomozygous for a trait
Ex: AA or aa
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Purebred
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
An allele that masksthe presence ofanother allelefor the same trait
-Shown with a capital letter(ex: A, T, G).-Will always be seen if present.
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Dominant
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
The number of timesan event is expectedto happen dividedby the number of opportunities of an event to happen
Ex: dice, coin-flipping, chance of haveblue eyes, etc.
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Probability
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
An alternate formof a gene
(An alternate form of a trait.)
Ex: Everyonehas an eye color,but there are different types:blue, brown, etc.
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Alleles
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• A cross between two organisms where two genes are studied
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Dihybrid Cross
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
The transmission oftraits from parents to their offspring
Important for understanding reasons for ourappearance andstudy of geneticdiseases
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Heredity
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• Traits can be controlled by genes with three or more alleles.
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Multiple Alleles
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
A model used to establish the probabilities of theresults of a geneticcross
Mom’s allelesgo together on one side and Dad’s go togetheron the other.
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PunnettSquare
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• An individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual to determine genotype
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Test cross
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
Law stating that pairs of genes separate in meiosisand each gamete receives one gene of a pair
Allows each parent to contribute half thechromosomes to produce offspringwith the full # ofchromosomes.
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Law ofSegregation
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• Pedigree - use only 2 alleles (ex. BB, Bb, bb), trait not found on a sex chromosome
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Autosomal
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
Referring to a genepair in which the two alleles code for the same trait
Written as:AA or aa
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Homozygous
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
A category withinwhich alternatecharacteristics can be observed
Examples of traits:
hair color, eye color,
height
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Trait
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
An organism thatis heterozygous for a trait
Ex: Aa
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Hybrid
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• When 2 or more alleles influence the phenotype– Results in a phenotype intermediate between the
dominant and recessive trait
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Incomplete Dominance
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Vocabulary Word
Definition Other Things to Know…
Law stating that pairs of genesseparate independently of one another in meiosis
The gene for eye color sorts separately from hair color, and skin color, etc…
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Law ofIndependentAssortment