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Voltage Dip Characteristics(Part 2)
UIE Working Group 2Power Quality
Voltage Dip Immunity of Equipment and Installations
TUTORIAL
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A Typical Voltage Dip
0 5 10 15 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Time [Cycles]
Vol
tage
[kV
]
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Voltage Magnitude (rms) vs Time
0 5 10 15 20
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Time [Cycles]
Volta
ge [k
V]
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IEC 61000-4-30
0 5 10 15 20
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Time [Cycles]
Volta
ge [k
V]
DurationResidual voltage
Dip thereshold (usually 90% of UN)
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IEC 61000-4-30 The voltage waveform should be obtained in three
channels (phase-to-ground, phase-to-neutral or phase-to-phase voltages)
The one-cycle rms voltage is calculated every half-cycle in every channel A voltage dip threshold is defined, typically 90% of the
nominal voltage The duration is the time during which the voltage is below
the threshold in at least one of the channels The residual voltage is the lowest rms voltage in any of the
channels during the event
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A Less Typical, but Not Uncommon Voltage Dip
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.1670
80
90
100
110
120
130
Time [s]
Vol
tage
[V]
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A Not So Common, but Still Realistic Voltage Dip
4
6
8
10
12
0 500 1000
Volta
ge [k
V]
Time [ms]
Vry Vyb Vbr
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Beyond IEC 61000-4-30 There is more to voltage dips than one voltage
magnitude and one duration value Main contributions of JWG C4.110
– Classification of dips into three types in a three-phase system
– Voltage-dip segmentation for dip description and characterisation
Additional dip characteristics– Point-on-wave– Phase-angle jump– Voltage recovery
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Voltage Dips in Three-phase Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
Time [Cycles]
Volta
ge [V
]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 144.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
Time [Cycles]
Vol
tage
[kV]
0 10 20 30 40 507
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
Time [Cycles]
Vol
tage
[kV
]
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Classification proposed by JWG C4.110
0 2 4 6 80.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Time [Cycles]
Vol
tage
[pu]
0 2 4 6 80.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Time [Cycles]
Vol
tage
[pu]
0 2 4 6 80.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Time [Cycles]
Vol
tage
[pu]
Type I Type II Type III
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Classification Proposed by JWG C4.110
0 2 4 6 80.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Time [Cycles]
Vol
tage
[pu]
0 2 4 6 80.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Time [Cycles]
Vol
tage
[pu]
0 2 4 6 80.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Time [Cycles]
Vol
tage
[pu]
Type I Type II Type III
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The Classification in Words Type I: A major drop in magnitude of one of
the three phase-to-ground voltages, and no drop, or a much lesser drop in the other two
Type II: A major drop in magnitude of two of the three phase-to-ground voltages, and no drop, or a much lesser drop in one
Type III: An almost identical drop in magnitude in all three phase-to-ground voltages
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Read the Report to Find Out
How to know the dip type from the voltage waveforms.
How to know the dip types from the rms voltages.
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Dip Segmentation Method
0 5 10 15 20
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Time [Cycles]
Vol
tage
[kV
]
Transition segments
Pre-event segment Event segment Recovery segment
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In Words: The ”Transition Segment” is where the
voltage suddenly changes in magnitude– Signal processing: the signal is non-stationary;
advanced detection methods use this property. The ”Event Segments” are the periods
between the transition segments– Signal processing: the signal is quasi-stationary– Power systems: we can use our normal tools like
rms, FFT and symmetrical components
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Different Transition Segments Dips with only one transition segment
(switching events):– Motor starting– Transformer energizing– Capacitor switching (very short duration) Dips with two transition segments:
– Short-circuit faults with succesful clearing Dips with three (more) transition segments:
– Developing short-circuit faults or cleared by different circuit breakers
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Dips with One Transition Segment: Motor Starting
5 6 7
220
240
Volta
ge [V
]
Time [Seconds]
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0 5 10 155.9
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
Time [Cycles]
Volta
ge [k
V]
Dips with One Transition Segment: Transformer Energizing
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Dip with Three Transition Segments
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.1670
80
90
100
110
120
130
Time [s]
Vol
tage
[V]
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Characterization of Voltage Dips
Number of transition segments Time between transition segments Pre-event segment: rms voltage, distortion,
unbalance– Using e.g. IEC 61000-4-30 3-sec values During-event segments: dip type, residual
voltage, phase angle, etc. Recovery segment: unbalance, time to
recover, phase shift, etc.
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Characterization of Voltage DipsChecklist
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Characterization of Voltage DipsChecklist
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Read the Report to Find out more about how dip characteristics
change when propagating through the power system
Learn more about characteristics for event segments
Read a discussion on characteristics for transition segments
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Summary of Voltage Dip Characteristics
A detailed list of voltage dip characteristics, without commenting on their importance
The aim is to act as a check-list that equipment designers and manufacturers can use in a very early stage of the design of power electronic equipment
The list is also used as a basis for thediscussions on equipment testing
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Conclusions Voltage dip duration and residual voltage are used
in IEC 61000-4-30, but that is not enough. Three types of dips are to be distinguished in a
three-phase system:– To be included in statistics on voltage dips. Voltage-dip segmentation
– As a method to characterize dips in more detail– As a basis to define more characteristics Checklist of voltage-dip characteristics
– To help in capturing the complexity of voltage dips
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The report can be obtained in electronic format for free from:
www.uie.org;
a hardcopy can be purchased from www.e-cigre.org
Francisc Zavoda Robert Neumann