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The Basics (continued)
Chapter 1: Second of Two Parts
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Divide the following statementsinto two groups
1. Does God exist? Yes! I was brought up as aChristian!
2. Turtles can walk backwards! I¶ve seen µem!
3. Does God exist? Yes! Something created theuniverse!
4. Turtles can walk backwards when they feellike it.
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Two items are arguments.
1. Does God exist? Yes! Something created theuniverse!
2. Turtles can walk backwards! I¶ve seen µem!
3. Does God exist? Yes! I was brought up as aChristian! [no argument]
4. Turtles can walk backwards when they feel likeit. [no argument]
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Which are arguments?
1. I got sick because I didn¶t get enough rest over the weekend.
2. The governor should resign because everyonehas lost faith in his leadership ability.
3. Pine trees are called ³evergreens´ becausethey don¶t lose their leaves.
4. You are making a mistake wearing that outfitbecause it looks tacky.
5. Jennifer doesn¶t wear outfits like that becauseshe thinks they look tacky.
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Only two arguments!
1. I got sick because I didn¶t get enough rest over the weekend.
2. The governor should resign because everyone
has lost faith in his leadership ability.
3. Pine trees are called ³evergreens´ becausethey don¶t lose their leaves.
4. You are making a mistake wearing that outfitbecause it looks tacky.
5. Jennifer doesn¶t wear outfits like that becauseshe thinks they look tacky.
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What¶s the difference betweenthe following two statements???
1. ³There is a lot of smoke in here because thereis a fire out there.´
2. ³There is a fire out there because there is a lot
of smoke in here.´
Only # 2 is an argument!
A closer look«
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1. ³There is a lot of smoke in herebecause there is a fire out there.´
2. ³There is a fire out there becausethere is a lot of smoke in here.´
Cause!Evidence!
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Write two statements of the form³X because Y.´ Make only one an argument.
Example:
1. She just finished working out because she issweating.
2. She is sweating because she just finishedworking out.
Argument! Gives a reason for thinking she just finished working out.
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Moral:
³X because Y!´ might be an ARGUMENT:
She just finished working out because she issweating.
Might also be CAUSE/EFFECT EXPLANATION:
She is sweating because she just finished
working out.
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NEW DISTINCTION:
Objective vs. Subjective
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DIVIDE INTO TWO GROUPS
1. Rice vinegar tastes better than white vinegar.
2. White vinegar removes lipstick stains; ricevinegar doesn¶t.
3. None of the Supreme Court justices iscompetent.
4. Nine authors collaborated on that article.
5. Microsoft shares are significantly overpriced.
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Three claims are SUBJECTIVE!
1. Rice vinegar tastes better than white vinegar.
2. White vinegar removes lipstick stains; ricevinegar doesn¶t.
3. None of the Supreme Court justices iscompetent.
4. Nine authors collaborated on that article.
5. Microsoft shares are significantly overpriced.
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³Subjective judgment´: true if you
think it is true
³This class is challenging!´
³Hillary is lots of fun.´
³That baby has a verylarge tongue.´
13
 © B r a n d X P i c t u r e s / J u p i t e r i m a g e s
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Objective judgment: it¶s truth is
INDEPENDENT of what you think.
³There are over 300 students in this class.´
³The Dow Jones went up yesterday.´
³There is life on Mars.´
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Which of these is subjective?
1. ³That is a scary movie.´
2. ³That movie scared me.´
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Which of these is subjective?
1. ³Tastes great!´
2. ³Less filling!´
Both!
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Which of these is subjective?
1. ³Teach doesn¶t careif you wear abaseball cap in
class.´2. ³It is silly for Teach to
care if you wear abaseball cap in
class.´
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And which of these issubjective?
1. ³These shirts are for sale.´
2. ³These shirts are on sale.´
Neither! Both are objective.
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Once more: Which is subjective?
1. ³God exists.´
2. ³God doesn¶t exist.´
Neither.
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Again:
Subjective judgment: its truth depends onwhat you think; if you think it is true, it¶s true for you, and you can¶t be mistaken.
Objective judgment: its truth depends onobjective fact, not on what you think.
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Last concept:
³Value judgment´
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A value judgment judges the merit or praiseworthiness or desirability of
someone or something.
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Examples:
³The best looking car ever? That would not bethe Scion.´
³Bush was the best president since the one who
came before him.´
³It was wrong for you to eat all their cheese.´
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More examples:
³Professor Stooler is one ugly dude.´
³The side-stroke is superior to the crawl.´
³You should honor your parents.´
³I don¶t deserve to be flunked!´
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NOT value judgments:
³Susan cheated on the final.´
³Jennifer¶s field goal percentage is higher thanNicole¶s.´
³The Congressman lied to the grand jury.´
³John Kerry has an unusual chin.´
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Unfortunately, there are borderlinecases:
³Greg is a dedicated father.´
³Charles could stand to lose some weight.´
³No normal human has a chin like Kerry¶s.´
The speaker might well be judgingsomeone¶s merits with these statements.
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For now, we¶ll stick to casesmost of us will agree on.
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Which is a value judgment?
A. That kid looks like hisbrother.
B. That kid is better
looking than hisbrother.
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Which is a value judgment?
A. Secretary Rice is talland thin.
B. Secretary Rice is too
tall and thin.
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And which of these is a value judgment?
A. Driving solo in the car-pool lane is wrong.
B. Driving solo in the car-pool lane is illegal.
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Which is a value judgment?
A. This class is too difficult.
B. Teach didn¶t calculate my grade accurately.
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One more: which of these is avalue judgment?
A. These exercises are useful and entertaining.
B. Most students think these exercises are usefuland entertaining.
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ALL these are value judgments.Divide them into two groups:
1. Miller tastes great!
2. You should treat your brother better.
3. That was the best Super Bowl ever.
4. Stealing is wrong.
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2 and 4 are MORAL value judgments!
1. Miller tastes great!
2. You should treat your brother better.
3. That was the best Super Bowl ever.
4. Stealing is wrong.
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Which is a moral value-judgment?
A. Arnold¶s budget proposal is complicated.
B. Arnold¶s budget proposal is irresponsible.
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My budgets are the
best!
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, Photographer
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Which is a moral value-judgment?
A. It¶s terrible to keep that dog penned up all daylong.
B. Brodie is one cute dog.
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Which is a moral value-judgment?
A. Cheating on your girl friend is wrong.
B. Hillary would make a fine president.
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Which is a moral value-judgment?
A. That plumber didn¶t do a very good job.
B. Forget it! This stuff is way beyond me!
Neither!
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The $64,000 question:
Are moral value-judgments subjective?
Most university freshmen think so.
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Let¶s take bull fighting.
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©
I c o n o t e c . c o m / P e p i e r a T
o m / C a n a b i H u g o
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How many think bull-fightingis wrong?
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Are moral value-judgmentssubjective?
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It¶s a difficult question!
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Think about a person whothinks dogs should be tortured.
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Which thought seems moreappropriate to YOU?
1. It isn¶t bad for him to torture dogs.
2. His understanding of good and bad isscrewed up.
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1. ³I t isn¶t bad for him
to torture dogs.´
This view isSUBJECTIVISM(If he thinks it isn¶tbad, then it isn¶t.)
2. ³H is understanding
of good/bad is
screwed up.´
This view implies thatquestions of good andbad are OBJECTIVE.
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Review concepts
1. Argument
2. Argument vs. explanation
3. Premise/Conclusion
4. Issue
5. Objective/Subjective
6. Value judgment
7. Moral/ethical value judgment8. Interesting philosophical question: Are
moral/ethical value judgments objective?
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