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Warm Up
• With the last incident in Connecticut in your opinion what should school districts do to ensure the safety of the students and staff?
• Remember you must be within reason.
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Classical Africa
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Northeast Africa
• Early Nubia: Egypt as a model, gold and slaves
• Napata (Kush): 8th- 6th century fought with Egyptians
• Meroë: Nubians adopted Hellenism, gold and ivory, irrigation technology, 5 independent female rulers, shifting trade patterns lead to decline
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Blue Nile, Northern Ethiopia
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Kushite Pyramids
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Christian Nubia (NEA)
• Missionaries converted nobility (543-1504)
• Divided into feudal kingdoms• Christian society with monasteries,
cathedrals, and castles ruled by African bishops and knights
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Ethiopian Highlands (NEA)
• South of Nubia: outside Nile valley• 2nd oldest African civilization• Arab colonists intermarried and
absorbed by locals: State of Axum• Axum kings: Merchant princes of
Red Sea trade• Major regional power until coming
of Islam
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Ethiopian Highlands
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West Africa
• Horse: military system rested on armored, mounted knights
• Camel: major event in African history, TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE with North Africa
• Divine Kingship: used to establish ideology for the centralized politics and economy
• Gold: success rested on camels, new fields, and strong kingdoms
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Ghana (WA)
• Oldest historical West African kingdom
• Greatest period 10-13th centuries• Gold: biggest, wealthiest, most
powerful state in west Africa• Traditional religions: Divine
Kingship
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Ghana and Islam
• Muslim merchants in 9th century• Ghana kings learned to capitalize
on writing and administration skills• Merged into a single society• Sacked by Muslim Berbers from
the Sahara• Lost preeminence in Africa
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Mali (WA)
• United WA after fall of Ghana• Sundiata: Alexander of Africa• Mansa Musa: MVP of Mali society
– Ruled at height of power– Pilgrimage– Wide spread inflation
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Mansa Musa
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Songhai (WA)
• Final and greatest kingdom 1464-1592
• Overthrew Mali• Great centers of Islamic learning and
culture• Timbuktu• Overthrown by Moroccans in 1591• Benin and Ifo (Art and Statues)
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Southern and Central Sub-Saharan Africa
• Numerous ethnic groups collectively known as Bantu, a linguistic term
• Not native, migrated from western Africa (Niger river) as early as 400 BCE
• Iron tools: increased population, powerful military states
• Social organization: male solidarity, expands power and land
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Eastern Zimbabwe cave paintings, carbon dated at nearly 1000 years ago
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Mwenemutapa (Great Zimbabwe)
• Flourished in 13-17th centuries• Power: Bantu military traditions, gold,
good agricultural production, and control of trade routes
• Most famous part is walled complex at Great Zimbabwe: supreme example of indigenous African architecture. Included stone places, walls, towers, and shrines
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Great Zimbabwe Ruins
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