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Wastewater CharacteristicsWastewater Characteristics
CE - 370CE - 370
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Importance of CharacteristicsImportance of Characteristics
The degree of treatment depends on:The degree of treatment depends on:Influent characteristicsInfluent characteristicsEffluent characteristicsEffluent characteristics
Impurities come from:Impurities come from:Domestic activitiesDomestic activitiesIndustrial activitiesIndustrial activitiesCommercial activitiesCommercial activities
Typical characteristics are shown in the Typical characteristics are shown in the following Tablefollowing Table
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ConstituentsConcentration
StrongMediumWeak
Total Solids1250800450
TDS890560350
Fixed TDS295295185
Volatile TDS595265165
TSS360240100
Fixed SS1457525
Volatile SS21516575
Settleable Solids (ml/l)753
BOD5400200100
TOC29014575
COD910455230
Total Nitrogen754016
Organic Nitrogen40208
Free Ammonia35208
Nitrite000
Nitrate000
Total Phosphorous1584
Organic Phosphorous 531
Inorganic Phosphorous1053
Chlorides834221
Alkalinity (CaCO3)20010050
Grease40205
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CharacteristicsCharacteristics
PhysicalPhysical ChemicalChemical BiologicalBiological
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Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics
TurbidityTurbidity Caused by the presence of organic suspended solidsCaused by the presence of organic suspended solids
Color Color Is light tan if fresh (2 to 6 hours old)Is light tan if fresh (2 to 6 hours old) Is grey if older than 6 hours due to biochemical oxidation Is grey if older than 6 hours due to biochemical oxidation
in collection systemin collection system Is dark grey or black if undergone extreme biochemical Is dark grey or black if undergone extreme biochemical
oxidation under anaerobic conditions (production of oxidation under anaerobic conditions (production of sulfides, particularly ferrous sulfide)sulfides, particularly ferrous sulfide)
Hydrogen sulfide is produced under anaerobic condition, Hydrogen sulfide is produced under anaerobic condition, which reacts with ferrous ions and produce ferrous sulfidewhich reacts with ferrous ions and produce ferrous sulfide
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Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics
OdorOdorSoapy or oily odor if fresh (not offensive)Soapy or oily odor if fresh (not offensive)Stale, very offensive, if undergone extreme Stale, very offensive, if undergone extreme
anaerobic biochemical oxidation, due to anaerobic biochemical oxidation, due to production of compounds such as hydrogen sulfide production of compounds such as hydrogen sulfide
Total solidsTotal solidsSuspendedSuspendeddissolveddissolvedVolatile (evaporate at 550Volatile (evaporate at 550 C) C)Fixed (remain after ignition)Fixed (remain after ignition)settleablesettleable
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Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics
Temperature is higher than that of water Temperature is higher than that of water supplysupplyImportant parameter, particularly for biological Important parameter, particularly for biological
processesprocesses
Physical characteristics of industrial Physical characteristics of industrial wastewater vary depending on the source of wastewater vary depending on the source of the wastewaterthe wastewater
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Chemical CharacteristicsChemical Characteristics
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)Is a measure of organic materials (is based on Is a measure of organic materials (is based on
measurement of the amount of oxidizing agent measurement of the amount of oxidizing agent required to oxidize the organic materials)required to oxidize the organic materials)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)Total Organic Carbon (TOC)Is a measure of organic materials (based on Is a measure of organic materials (based on
measurement of carbon in the organic materials by measurement of carbon in the organic materials by combustion and measurement of COcombustion and measurement of CO22 evolves) evolves)
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Chemical CharacteristicsChemical Characteristics Organic Nitrogen (amount of nitrogen in organic Organic Nitrogen (amount of nitrogen in organic
compounds such as protein and urea)compounds such as protein and urea) Ammonia nitrogen (NHAmmonia nitrogen (NH33)) Nitrite nitrogen (NONitrite nitrogen (NO22
--)) Nitrate nitrogen (NONitrate nitrogen (NO33
--)) Organic Phosphorous (in protein)Organic Phosphorous (in protein) Inorganic phosphorous (phosphates, POInorganic phosphorous (phosphates, PO44
--)) Chlorides (ClChlorides (Cl--)) Sulfates (SOSulfates (SO44
-2-2)) pHpH AlkalinityAlkalinity
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Chemical CharacteristicsChemical Characteristics Grease (interferes with oxygen transfer in activated Grease (interferes with oxygen transfer in activated
sludge processes)sludge processes) Heavy metals such asHeavy metals such as
Mercury (Hg)Mercury (Hg) Arsenic (As)Arsenic (As) Lead (Pb)Lead (Pb) Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn) Cadmium (Cd)Cadmium (Cd) Copper (Cu)Copper (Cu) Nickel (Ni)Nickel (Ni) Chromium (Cr)Chromium (Cr) Silver (Ag)Silver (Ag)
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Chemical CharacteristicsChemical Characteristics
Priority Pollutants (organic and inorganic) are:Priority Pollutants (organic and inorganic) are:CarcinogenicCarcinogenicMutagenicMutagenicTeratogenicTeratogenicHigh acute toxicHigh acute toxic
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Biological CharacteristicsBiological Characteristics
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODBiochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD55))The amount of oxygen needed to stabilize organic The amount of oxygen needed to stabilize organic
matter by micro-organismsmatter by micro-organisms Time (5 days)Time (5 days) Temperature (20Temperature (20 C) C)
Nitrogenous Oxygen DemandNitrogenous Oxygen DemandThe amount of oxygen needed to convert organic The amount of oxygen needed to convert organic
and ammonia nitrogen to nitrates by nitrifying and ammonia nitrogen to nitrates by nitrifying bacteriabacteria
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Wastewater Microbial LifeWastewater Microbial Life
Wastewater containsWastewater contains BacteriaBacteria ProtozoaProtozoa FungiFungi VirusesViruses AlgaeAlgae RotifersRotifers nematodesnematodes
Sources Sources Soil (through infiltration)Soil (through infiltration) Human intestines (Human intestines (Escherichia coliEscherichia coli and and Aerobacter aerogenesAerobacter aerogenes))
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Biochemical Oxygen DemandBiochemical Oxygen Demand
OrganismsOrganisms use organic matter, in wastewater, as a substrateuse organic matter, in wastewater, as a substrate Need oxygen for respirationNeed oxygen for respiration Produce end-products such as COProduce end-products such as CO22 and H and H22OO
BOD is conducted under aerobic conditionsBOD is conducted under aerobic conditions Up to 10 to 12 days, OUp to 10 to 12 days, O22 demand will be for oxidation demand will be for oxidation
of carbonaceous materialsof carbonaceous materials
cellsnewNHOHCOOOrganics microbesAerobic
3222
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Biochemical Oxygen DemandBiochemical Oxygen Demand
After 10 to 12 days, the NHAfter 10 to 12 days, the NH33 will be oxidized to nitrite will be oxidized to nitrite
and then nitrateand then nitrate
The next two Figures show:The next two Figures show: the BOD curve for both stagesthe BOD curve for both stages Carbonaceous stageCarbonaceous stage
productsendenergycellsnewHNOHONO
productsendenergycellsnewOHHNOONH
rNitrobactebacteriaNitrate
asNitrosomonbacteriaNitrite
2222
2232
3)(
22
22)(
23
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Carbonaceous StageCarbonaceous Stage
Removal of organic matter is a pseudo-first-order Removal of organic matter is a pseudo-first-order reactionreaction
dC/dt = rate of removal of organic matterdC/dt = rate of removal of organic matter k = rate constant to the base ek = rate constant to the base e C = concentration of organic matter remaining at time (t)C = concentration of organic matter remaining at time (t)
kCdt
dC
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Carbonaceous StageCarbonaceous Stage
Rearrange and integrate the equationRearrange and integrate the equation
CC00 = concentration of organic matter initially = concentration of organic matter initially
C = oxidizable organic matter remaining at time (t)C = oxidizable organic matter remaining at time (t) t = test durationt = test duration
kt
CC
C
C
t
eC
C
ktC
dtkC
dC
0
0
0
0
]ln
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Carbonaceous StageCarbonaceous Stage
Since the amount of organic matter oxidized is Since the amount of organic matter oxidized is proportional to the amount of oxygen required, then:proportional to the amount of oxygen required, then:
C C L (where L is the BOD remaining at time t) L (where L is the BOD remaining at time t)
SimilarlySimilarly CC00 L L00
Then,Then,
L = BOD remaining at time tL = BOD remaining at time t LL00 = ultimate first-stage or carbonaceous BOD = ultimate first-stage or carbonaceous BOD kk11 = rate constant to the base e = rate constant to the base e t = test durationt = test duration KK11 = rate constant to the base 10 = rate constant to the base 10
tKtkeL
L11 10
0
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Carbonaceous StageCarbonaceous Stage
Thus:Thus:
So, BOD exerted (y) up to time (t) is:So, BOD exerted (y) up to time (t) is:
tK
tk
LL
and
eLL
1
1
100
0
)101(10
)1(
11
11
000
000
tKtK
tktk
LLLy
or
eLeLLy
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ExampleExample
ExampleExampleA wastewater has a BODA wastewater has a BOD55 of 200 mg/l, and the k of 200 mg/l, and the k11 value is value is
0.34 day0.34 day-1-1. Determine the ultimate first-state BOD, L. Determine the ultimate first-state BOD, L00..
SolutionSolution
y = Ly = L0 0 (1 - e(1 - e-k1t-k1t))
200 = L200 = L0 0 [1 - e[1 - e-(0.34)(5)-(0.34)(5)]]
Thus, LThus, L00 = 245 mg/l = 245 mg/l