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Water 1: Processes
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Water: Celebrated Throughout History
"When the well is dry, you know the value of water.” -Benjamin Franklin
Water, water, everywhere,And all the boards did shrink.Water, water everywhere,Nor any drop to drink.-Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" 1798
"Whiskey is for drinking; water is for fighting over."- Attributed to Mark Twain
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Water Cycle– Abundance is not a problem– Distribution and time of
occurrence are the problems; needs to be in the right place at the right time
– As water moves from one reservoir to another, it carries sediment, chemicals, waste, nutrients, etc.
– 1 is balanced by 2 & 3– 3 is balanced by 6– 3 & 4 are balanced by 5– 60% of terrestrial precip
evaporates (4), whereas 40% returns to ocean (6)
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World’s Water Supply
Location Percent Residence Time
Oceans 97.2 103 years
Ice caps and glaciers 2.15 105+ years
Shallow groundwater
0.31 102-103 years
Lakes 0.009 10 years
Atmosphere 0.001 9 days
Streams 0.0001 2 weeks
Source: U.S.G.S.
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Water: Unique Liquid (H-O-H)
• General Properties– Covalently bonded – electron
sharing– Dipolar – charge distribution
leads to …– Cohesion vs. adhesion
(hydration of clay particles)– Triple point on phase
diagram (s-l-v) – transfers easily between water cycle reservoirs on Earth
– Specific heat – great capacity to store and absorb heat
– Only common substance with a solid form lighter than its liquid form – why ice floats
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Surface Runoff and Sediment Yield
• Effect of underlying geology (rock type) on surface run-off within a watershed or drainage basin
• Large drainage basins are divided into smaller basins
• Rain falling on either side of a divide may end up in very different places
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Drainage Basins of the World
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Factors Affecting Runoff
– Geologic factors (drainage density)– Physiographic factors
• Basin shape• Relief and slope• Orientation of stream basin
– Climatic factors• Timing and magnitude of precipitation
– Biologic factors• Vegetation – interception/transpiration efficiency• Animals – burrowing/grazing• Soil organisms – opening of macropores to
enhance infiltration capacity of landscape
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Surface Runoff
Runoff Paths– Throughflow – shallow subsurface flow above water table– Overland flow – when precip. Intensity exceeds infiltration
capacity– Groundwater flow – movement through the saturated zone
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Sediment Yield
River Sediment Load (t/km2)
Amazon 63
Mississippi 97
Nile 37
Missouri 159
Yangtze 257
Colorado 212
Lo 7,300