Download - Water Chemistry ITFS2
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Ian Millichip
Water-
Quality and ChemistryIrish Tropical Fish Society
08 March 2011
Water Quality and Chemistry
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Aims1. Emphasise the wonders of water and
some science of water.
2. De-mystify some parts of waterchemistry and show patterns
3. Explain the meaning of common waterquality parameters
4. Show relationship between water qualityparameters
5. Discuss the measurement and relation ofwater parameters to fish health
6. Set a platform for future study
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Overview Water. The Magic
Chemical Directions
Measurements and Meaning
pH/Acidity/Basicity/Alkalinity
pH Buffers
Hardness
Redox
Methylene blue
Nitrogen Cycle and filtration
Water Treatment/Chlorine/chloramine (Conductivity / Salinity / TDS)?
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Some Food for Thought
(first)
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Water Is
Oxidane
An Anomoly
Water Liquid at Room Temp Hydrogen Sulphide toxic gas
Selenium Hydride toxic flammable gas
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Water Is Magical
Great Solvent (but not for water)
Specific heat capacity (High)
Heat of Vaporization ~ Humidity Air Miscibility and condensation /From Ice to Gas Density of Water vs Ice (4 C)
Low Compressibility Cohesion and adhesion
Surface tension (cohesive strength) Capillary action (adhesive strength)
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Water Is
Life
Cradle of Life
Vital Biochemical
Water to Oxygen
Oxygen to Water
Hydrolysis/Catalyst
Substrate
Destroys Cells
Valuable ~a few million for 80litres?
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Chemistry is aboutChanges
But Change cannot be anyold Change.
Chemistry in 3 Human Scenarios
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Change
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Change
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In Short..Chemistry is A downhillslippery and messy slopewith
Getting to Equilibriumand
Having MinimumEnergy AND
Giving out the MostUseable Energy
With the MaximumEntropy (=mess orchaos)
HIGH ENERGY
LOW ENERGY
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ChangeRule is:1/3 downstairs
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Getting Down to Business
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Starting With Getting some water
Water Quality and Chemistry
R.O. Unit
Fish Tank
Water Conditioner
Water/Metals/Chlorine/Chloramine/Salts/Acids/Bases/Carbonates/other moleculesWater/Metals/Chlorine/Chloramine/Salts/Acids/Bases/Carbonates/other molecules
?? What is in it ??
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Conditioners
DechlorinationSodium thiosulphate (produces ammonia from Chloramides)
Sodium hydrosulphite
Sodium hydroxymethylsulfinate
Sodium hydroxymethanesulfonateHeavy Metal Removal
In some, but not all. Organic or Synthetic Chelating agents.
Slime Coat Protectionaloe vera and other herbals
carboxymethylcellulose
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Other Additives
Water Quality and Chemistry
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Acids/Bases et alpHa measure of acidity/basicity
- log10 (Hydrogen ion)
Affected by Temperature / Concentration / ionic strength
Acid
Donate a hydrogen ion to solution (classical understanding); OR
Accepts an electron pair (eg Aluminium Chloride)
Base
Accepts a hyrdrogen ion; OR
Donates an electron pair
pH Buffer
Resists changes of pH on addition of a small amount of acid or base
Often mix of a weak acid or weak base and the salt of a weak acid or weakbase
Alkalinity
Type of buffering. MEASURE..solutions ability to neutalise an acid.
Linked in Aquaria to Carbonate buffering (and hardness)
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HardnessClassically.Hard to form a lather Temporary Hardness
Easily removed by boiling
heating decomposes soluble Bi-carbonates (Hydrogen Carbonates)to insoluble Carbonates
Permanent Hardness Soluble calcium and magnesium salts
eg Calcium and Magnesium chlorides and sulphates
Removed by Distillation/De-ionisation/Ion Exchange/RO/Chemical Reaction
Measuring.. KH vs GH.depends exactly on what isbeing measured by a Test Kit.GH and KH are NOT chemically or mathematically related.
Different units used in different test (DH. ppm, Clarkes)
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Hardness Contributes or Affects
General stability
pH
pH Buffering
Alkalinity
RedOx and RedOx Balance
Ionic balance/conductivity/TDS
Diffusion/Osmosis Nutrient Uptake
Supply of vital minerals: calcium & magnesium
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RedOx RedOx = Reduction and Oxidation RedOx Balance is vitally important.Complex RedOx Potential (ORP)
Potential to Donate Electrons (Reducing Environment)
Potential to Accept Electrons (Oxidising Environment)Is just a measure (and askwhat is measured?)
+300 (Ox) to -100(Red) mV (marine); +125 to -200 mV (freshwater) Reducing Environment is ideal for fish health Oxidising Environment is good for sterilising
RedOx balance can get run-down with time. Regular Partial Water changes; good aeration Having a good buffer
Monitoring and maintain pH, Alkalinity, Hardness help.
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RedOx
Vital Consideration The basis of life existing pivots around RedOx Potentials
General Health and Water Quality
In Aquaria(for examples). Exchange across Gills
Interaction at mucous layer
Dropsy/Kidney Function/
Exploitation of substrate buffering
Old-Water syndrome
Biological Filtration Decay upsets RedOx Balance
Treatment of Disease
Treatment of certain poisonings
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Methylene Blue
Water Quality and Chemistry
Key Treatment in Aquaria Stain for microscopy and clinicaldiagnosis
Redox Indicator **
Methaemoglobinaemia / CyanidePoisoning / Carbon MonoxidePoisoning **
** = my academic area of study
Photosensitiser Hepatitis C/ Kaposi's sarcoma/inactivates Staphylococcusaureus
Anti-Malarial Induces Cancer Cell Apoptosis ** Protects against Mustard AlkylatingAgent Neurotoxicity ** Mono Amine OxidaseInhibitorused to make anti-psychotic drugs **
RedOx Agent
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Test Indicators
Water Quality and Chemistry
A pH Indicator (Thymol Blue)
General Hardness Indicator
Nitrte/Nitrate Test
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Acids
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pH (Strong Acid)
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Grams HCl ~ pH
3700 1.00
1850 1.30
370 2.00
37 3.00
3.7 4.00
0.37 5.00
0.037 5.96
0.0037 6.70
0.00037 6.96
0.000037 7.00
0.0000037 7.00
0.00000037 7.00
0 7.00
1000 litres
HCl + Pure Water
Hyrogen Chloride (HCl)In water
= Hydrochloric Acid
(1 mole HCl = 36.5g)
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pH (Weak Acid)
Water Quality and Chemistry
1000 litres
HAc + Pure Water
Acetic Acid (HAc)(1 mole HAc= 60g)
pKa = 4.75
Grams HAc ~ pH
6000 2.88
3000 3.03
600 3.38
60 3.88
6 4.38
0.6 4.88
0.06 5.37
0.006 5.85
0.0006 6.290.00006 6.63
0.000006 6.85
0.0000006 6.95
0 7.00
B
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pH (Weak Acid as Buffer)
Water Quality and Chemistry
pKa1 2.1
pKa2 7.2
pKa3 12.4
Baseconj
A
Acidconj
H
Acid
HA aqaqaq
'')(
)()()(
}{
}}{{
HA
AH
Ka
)(10 aa
KLogpK
)}{(10 aKHALogpH
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Nitrogenous Compounds Amino Acids from Proteins >
Building Proteins/ Converted to Fat or Sugars or other biochemicals
Compromise energy and water needs in disposal.
Surplus amino acids need to be excreteddepends upon
the bodys water demands and supply. Reptiles > urates/uric acid with very little water
Marine Fish > dimethyl amine or as urea in blood
In humans > urea dissolved in plenty of water
Freshwater fish > direct movement of ammonia out of gills (mainlyby passive diffusion)
Diffusion of Ammonia out of fish depends on ammonia inoutside water and pH.
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Nitrogenous Compounds
Water Quality and Chemistry
Amino Acids / Waste / Dead fish / uneaten food
In the Aquarium
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonification
[RAPID]
Nitrosofication(Nitroso-bacteria+Oxygen)
Nitrous Acid/Nitrites (NO2)
Nitrification(Nitro-bacteria+ Oxygen)
Nitric Acid/Nitrates (NO3)
0.06 mg/L
0.5 mg/L
90.0 mg/L
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Ammonia
Water Quality and Chemistry
Total Ammonia = Ammonia + AmmoniumUIA = Ammonia
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Filter Media
Inert{all are mechanical}
Inert Rocks/Pebbles Sponge
Wool Ceramic or special glass chips Membranes {eg Reverse Osmosis; removes selected molecules}
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Filter Media (or similar)Active{all are mechanical/ many will allow nitrogenous oxidising activity}
Peat or living moss {^acids; soften; ^ organic compounds} Plants {lower nitrates} Activated Carbon {catalyst; remove certain chemicals} Clay {softens; remove chemicals; add minerals} Calcium Carbonate chips {Redox & Alkalinity Buffer} ## Aluminium oxide or Ferric oxide base.{Phosphate} ## Denitrifying Modified Beds {Nitrate Removal}
Sulphur-source or Carbon-source added Deep anaerobic filter bed
# Zeolites/Molecular Sieves {remove ammonia etc;removes and exchanges various ions}
# = Care - nutrient hazard ## = Extra Care - toxic hazard
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Ammonia + Chlorine + HCl Chloramines
Ian Millichip
RO System & Chloramines
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~ pH
Activated
Carbon(Low Peroxide No.)
pH > 7.5
Ammonia (UIA)
ToRO Unit
Ammonia + ^pHLower pH >AmmoniumAnd reduceMembraneSwelling
RO Membrane
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Summary1. No amount of Knowldege can make up for poor Water
Management.2. Water Chemistry iscomplex
Standard Text Book chemistry does not necessarily apply
3. Water Chemistry is not an option. !! You may not want to know it.
But your Fish DO.4. Do not mess with Water Chemistry unless one
understands the implications5. Understanding the complexity may help explain
unexplained6. Know the requirements of your fish
7. Linking the Science to the Experience will help developAquatic Husbandry
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