Water Use Analysis and Water Intensity ComparisonStephen Goodwin
Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringColorado State University
Basic Water and Energy Use Model
FormationOil Gas Water
Drilling Water
Hydraulic Fracturing
Water
Flowback Water
ProducedWater
Deep Well Injection
Oil Recovered
Gas Recovered
Drilling Energy
Hydrualic Fracturing
Energy
Transportation Energy
Water Reuse Model
WaterTreatment
Drilling Water
Hydraulic Fracturing
Water
Flowback Water
ProducedWater
FormationOil Gas Water
Drilling Energy
Hydrualic Fracturing
Energy
Oil Recovered
Gas Recovered
Transportation Energy
Deep Well Injection
WaterReuse
Treatment Energy
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Water Intensity
Drilling Water
Hydraulic Fracturing
Water
Flowback Water
ProducedWater
FormationOil Gas Water
Deep Well Injection
Drilling Energy
Hydrualic Fracturing
Energy
Oil Recovered
Gas Recovered
WaterTreatment
WaterReuse
Treatment Energy
Water Intensity
Transportation Energy Water
IntensityNet Water Consumed (Gallons)Net Energy Recovered (MMBtu)
=
Reducing Water Intensity
Optimize water management with transportation, piping, and locating permanent and mobile treatment facility. (Ashwin Dhanasekar)
Temporal and spatial characterization of flowback and produced water quality and volumes to determine what water can be treated. (Bing Bai)
Optimize treatment approaches and dilution with modeling and bench-scale testing. (Ryan Hutcherson and Nasim Esmaeilirad)
Reduce water use for drilling and hydraulic fracturing
Reduce energy use for drilling and hydraulic fracturing
Increase energy recovery
CSU’s Center for Energy Water Sustainability Research
Other Possibilities Indirectly Addressed by CSU Research
How much water is required to drill and hydraulically fracture a well in Northern Colorado?
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Water Use: Sampling
WELD
LARIMER
ADAMS
MORGAN
BOULDER
ARAPAHOE
JEFFERSON
GILPIN
DENVER
CLEAR CREEK
GRAND
BROOMFIELD
LegendExtended horizontal wells sampled
Horizontal wells sampled
Vertical wells sampled
Wattenberg Field (as defined by the COGCC on July 1, 2013)
WELD
LARIMER
ADAMS
MORGAN
BOULDER
ARAPAHOE
JEFFERSON
GILPIN
DENVER
CLEAR CREEK
GRAND
BROOMFIELD
LegendExtended horizontal wells sampled
Horizontal wells sampled
Vertical wells sampled
Wattenberg Field (as defined by the COGCC on July 1, 2013)
WELD
LARIMER
ADAMS
MORGAN
BOULDER
ARAPAHOE
JEFFERSON
GILPIN
DENVER
CLEAR CREEK
GRAND
BROOMFIELD
LegendExtended horizontal wells sampled
Horizontal wells sampled
Vertical wells sampled
Wattenberg Field (as defined by the COGCC on July 1, 2013)
WELD
LARIMER
ADAMS
MORGAN
BOULDER
ARAPAHOE
JEFFERSON
GILPIN
DENVER
CLEAR CREEK
GRAND
BROOMFIELD
LegendExtended horizontal wells sampled
Horizontal wells sampled
Vertical wells sampled
Wattenberg Field (as defined by the COGCC on July 1, 2013)
decisions regarding future water and energy development. Theobjective of this study is to provide a detailed assessment ofcurrent water use and to determine the factors that have thestrongest influence on the total water use per well. These factorsinclude the well type (vertical, horizontal, or extended horizon-tal), number of hydraulic fracturing stages, water use (drillingor hydraulic fracturing), temporal, and spatial distribution.
2. Method
The wells included in the water use analysis are limited towells located in the Wattenberg field, drilled between January1, 2010 to July 1, 2013, and operated by Noble Energy, Inc.(Noble) with complete water use records available. For thisstudy, the Wattenberg field is defined by the Colorado Oil GasConservation Commission’s (COGCC) GIS shape file accessedon July 1, 2013 (Figure 1). To best assess current water require-ments and predict future demands only wells drilled after 2010are included in the study. Noble is the largest operator in theWattenberg field.
WELD
LARIMER
ADAMS
MORGAN
BOULDER
ARAPAHOE
JEFFERSON
GILPIN
DENVER
CLEAR CREEK
GRAND
BROOMFIELD
LegendExtended horizontal wells sampled
Horizontal wells sampled
Vertical wells sampled
Wattenberg Field (as defined by the COGCC on July 1, 2013)
WELD
LARIMER
ADAMS
MORGAN
BOULDER
ARAPAHOE
JEFFERSON
GILPIN
DENVER
CLEAR CREEK
GRAND
BROOMFIELD
LegendExtended horizontal wells sampled
Horizontal wells sampled
Vertical wells sampled
Wattenberg Field (as defined by the COGCC on July 1, 2013)
Figure 1: The spatial distribution of sampled wells used in this study. Sampledvertical wells are shown in green, sampled horizontal wells are shown in blue,and extended horizontal wells are shown in red. The Wattenberg field as definedby the COGCC on July 1, 2013 is shown in tan.
A total of 1,227 wells are included (Table 1) and categorizedusing: A) drilling water consumed; B) hydraulic water con-sumed; C) total water consumed; D) well type (vertical, hor-izontal, or extended horizontal); E) hydraulic fracturing stagesor distance; F) hydraulic fracturing fluid; G) well coordinates;H) year; and I) target formation, if available.
Water use is categorized as either drilling or hydraulic frac-turing water. Water used to drill the well, prepare the borehole,
Table 1: The count of sampled wells separated by year and well type.Vertical Horizontal Extended horizontal
2010 181 6 02011 408 69 02012 227 196 22013 5 120 13Total 821 391 15
and set the casings is defined as drilling water. Water used tofracture the shale, carry the proppant, and flush the well is de-fined as hydraulic fracturing water.
Drilling and hydraulic fracturing water consumption recordsfor each well are collected using Noble Energy’s WellViewsoftware [9] and separated by year. WellView is part of thePeloton suite of software used for collecting and organizing oilfield data. Drilling and hydraulic fracturing reports are addedto WellView by a Noble employee that is on-location at eachdrilling and hydraulic fracturing site. The water consumptiontotals are verified by Noble Energy’s accounting departmentand any conflict of values between the field operations and theaccounting department are reconciled in WellView. The wa-ter use data was downloaded from Noble Energy’s WellViewsoftware on July 1, 2013. The drilling and hydraulic fracturingwater use are summed, if both are available, to estimate the totalwater consumed.
Wells are by separated by type (vertical, horizontal, or ex-tended horizontal) using Noble’s well naming system or thenumber of hydraulic fracturing stages, if available. Directionaland deviated wells are categorized as vertical wells for thisstudy because of similar water requirements. Horizontal wellsare separated from extended horizontal wells by Noble’s wellnaming system or the number of hydraulic fracturing stagesused when available. A horizontal well will typically be hy-draulically fractured in 20 stages. Recently, Noble has drilledand hydraulically fractured longer horizontal wells that can in-clude over 40 stages to hydraulically fracture. Horizontal wellsthat require over 30 hydraulic fracturing stages are defined asas extended horizontal wells in this study.
The type of hydraulic fracturing fluid used and the numberof hydraulic fracturing stages per well are collected from No-ble Energy’s WellView software. The well coordinates, year,and target formation are all collected COGCC’s online facili-ties database.
An Anderson-Darling test [10] is used to test the normalityof each subset of data. The di↵erence between water use foreach subset of data is tested using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. A Dunn- Sidak post-hoc comparison [11] is usedto compare any di↵erences between samples that are found us-ing the Kruskal-Wallis test. A 95% confidence interval is usedthroughout the analysis. The number of hydraulic fracturingstages is correlated using a simple linear regression. A coef-ficient of determination is used to measure how well the re-gression correlates the hydraulic fracturing water use and thenumber of stages. Spatial autocorrelations are measured withArcGIS Spatial Analyst tool [12] using Moran’s I with inverse
2
0 2 4 6 80
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Water use (million gallons)
Den
sity
Total water use by well type
Vertical wellsHorizontal wellsExtended horizontal wellsdistance weighting and a 95% confidence interval.
942 wells have both drilling or hydraulic fracturing waterand are included in the study. Wells that are drilled but nothydraulically fractured (260 sampled wells) are typically con-ventional wells recovering from an oil and gas trap. Wells thatare hydraulically fractured but not drilled (25 sampled wells)are typically existing wells that are reworked or restimulatedusing hydraulic fracturing.
3. Results
A Kruskal-Wallis test reveals there is a significant di↵er-ence between the median total water use for vertical, horizon-tal, and extended horizontal wells (�2(2)=609, p<0.05). Dunn-Sidak post-hoc comparisons of the total water for the three wellgroups indicates that vertical wells (Mdn=360,000) use signif-icantly less total water than either horizontal (Mdn=2,891,000)or extended horizontal wells (Mdn=6,578,000). There is not asignificant di↵erence between the total water use between hor-izontal and extended horizontal wells.
0 2 4 6 80
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Water use (million gallons)
Den
sity
Total water use by well type
Vertical wellsHorizontal wellsExtended horizontal wells
Figure 2: The distribution of drilling and hydraulic fracturing water use for ver-tical, horizontal, and extended horizontal wells is illustrated with a histogram.Vertical wells are shown in green, horizontal wells are shown in blue, and ex-tended horizontal wells are shown in red.
Table 2: Descriptive statistics for total water use separated by well type.Total Vertical Horizontal Extended horizontalQ1 332,900 2,607,000 6,391,000Q2 360,000 2,891,000 6,578,000Q3 462,900 3,168,000 7,096,000IQR 129,000 561,600 704,800
Skewness 9.1 2.9 -2.0Kurtosis 99 20 5.0
Hydraulic fracturing uses the majority of the total water forall of the well types. For vertical wells, a median value of 81%(Q1=77%, Q3=85%) of the total water is used for hydraulic
fracturing. Horizontal and extended horizontal wells use a me-dian value of 96% (Q1=95%, Q3=96%) and 98% (Q1=97%,Q3=98%) for hydraulic fracturing, respectively.
The total water use for horizontal and extended horizon-tal wells correlates (r2=0.66) to the number of stages used tohydraulically fracture each well (Figure 3). Wells defined ashorizontal wells (less than 30 stages) are shown in blue re-gion and the wells defined as extended horizontal wells areshown in the red region. A linear regression using a least-squares linear fit is shown as a red line (Total water use in gal-lons=156,000x(Number of stages)-144,000).
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 450
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Number of hydraulic fracturing stages
Hyd
raul
ic fr
actu
ring
wat
er u
se (m
illio
ns o
f gal
lons
) Horizontal wells Extended horizontal wells
Figure 3: A simple linear regression between the number of hydraulic fracturingstages and the volume of hydraulic fracturing water used is shown with the redline. Horizontal wells (less than 30 stages) are shown in the blue region andextended horizontal wells are shown in the red region.
When the total water use for horizontal and extended hor-izontal wells are normalized to the number of hydraulic frac-turing stages, the distribution of the total water per hydraulicfracturing stage is similar (Figure 4). When vertical wells arenormalized to the vertical distance of the hydraulic fracturingthere is not a correlation between the total water use (r2=0.081)or hydraulic fracturing water use (r2=0.073).
Vertical wells are significantly influenced by the type of hy-draulic fracturing fluid used. The normalized hydraulic fractur-ing water use is significantly less for gelled fractures (Mdn=544gallons per foot) than slickwater fractures (Mdn=1,340 gallonsper foot) for vertical wells (�2(1)=42.4, p<0.05). Horizontalwells do not have enough slickwater data to compare gelled andslickwater hydraulic fracturing water use.
Only the total water use for vertical wells shows any sig-nificant temporal variation (�2(3)=13.09, p<0.05) . The to-tal water use for vertical wells has decreased slightly from2011 (Mdn=362,000) to 2012 (Mdn=352,000). Horizontal(�2(3)=6.03, p=.01103) or extended horizontal (�2(3)=2.45,p=0.117) wells do not show any significant temporal variation.
The spatial distribution of the total water use is shown in Fig-ure 6. Vertical wells are shown in green, horizontal wells are
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Water Use0
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Wat
er u
se (m
illio
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llons
)
Drilling and hydraulic fracturing water by well type
Dril
ling
Hyd
raul
ic
frac
turin
g
Dril
ling
Hyd
raul
ic
frac
turin
g
Dril
ling
Hyd
raul
ic
frac
turin
g
Verticalwells
Horizontalwells
Extended horiozontal wells
Figure 7: The distribution of drilling and hydraulic fracturing water use forvertical, horizontal, and extended horizontal wells. The interquartile range isdefined by the blue box, the median is defined by the red line, and outliersextending beyond the 10th and 90th percentile are shown with red pluses.
Table 3: Descriptive statistics for drilling and hydraulic fracturing water useseparated by well type.
Drilling Vertical Horizontal Extended horizontalQ1 62,160 94,500 148,300Q2 74,760 116,300 180,800Q3 89,040 140,700 202,300
IQR 26,880 46,240 54,020Skewness 12 0.97 0.40Kurtosis 240 2.3 0.54
Hydraulic Vertical Horizontal Extended horizontalFracturing
Q1 269,400 2,490,000 6,127,000Q2 278,900 2,792,000 6,517,000Q3 395,000 3,033,000 6,883,000
IQR 125,700 543,000 757,300Skewness 9.2 2.9 -2.1Kurtosis 100 20 5.3
continue to in the future Table 1.The number of hydraulic fracturing stages should be the pri-
mary consideration when estimating the total water use of hor-izontal wells. Figures 2 and 7 show the uncertainty that existswhen making estimates based on the number of wells. Figures3 and 4 show how the total water use can be normalized to thenumber of hydraulic fracturing stages. Basing the total wateruse on the number of hydraulic fracturing stages rather than thenumber of wells will improve the precision and accuracy of fu-ture water demand estimates.
Spatial and temporal variations do not have a strong influenceon the water use for any of the well types. The median total wa-
ter has remained constant or decreased slightly since 2010 forboth vertical and horizontal wells. The majority of wells targetthe Niobrara formation and several vertical wells target multipleformations including the Niobrara. The water use is not statis-tically significant between target formations. Significant spatialautocorrelations do not show any obvious spatial patterns.
The type of hydraulic fracturing fluid influences the volumeof water required to hydraulically fracture a vertical well. Hy-draulic fracturing with slickwater requires nearly two times thewater per hydraulic fracturing distance than using gelled fluids.
It is also important to consider the volume of oil and gasrecovered for each well type when comparing the total wateruse. Water use is often normalized to the amount of energyrecovered with the water and is defined as the water intensity.This measure is an important value to consider for best watermanagement practices. Although extended horizontal wells usethe most water, it is likely they also recover much more oil andgas. An analysis of the water intensity for each well in thefuture will be important to optimizing water management.
This study did not include flowback or produced water es-timates for each well. Flowback is the water that returns tothe surface before production. This water is characterized byhigh solids content and closely resembles the hydraulic frac-turing fluid. Produced water is the water that returns with theoil and gas. This water is characterized by high concentrationsof salts and closely resembles the formation water. E↵orts arebeing made to treat and reuse this water and further reduce thedemands on water resources. As water reuse becomes moreprevalent in the Wattenberg field, the net water use should beconsidered.
The majority of the total water use for horizontal and ex-tended horizontal wells consists of hydraulic fracturing water.This results in large volumes of flowback water from horizon-tal and extended horizontal wells. The impact of water reuse forthese wells becomes much more considerable than with verticalwells.
5. Conclusions
As horizontal wells become more prevalent in the future, wa-ter demand predictions should be based on the number of hy-draulic fracturing stages rather than the number of wells. Thenumber of hydraulic fracturing stages can range from three to45 and the total water use can vary from a few hundred thou-sand gallons up to nearly eight million gallons per well. It isa mistake to simply assume that all of the wells use a specificvolume of water, particularly as the lateral lengths of horizon-tal wells are becoming longer to minimize surface impacts andmaximize hydrocarbon recovery.
References
[1] CWCB, State of colorado 2050 municipal and industrial water use pro-jections, Tech. rep., Colorado Water Conservation Board, Camp Dresserand McKee Inc., Harvey Economics (July 2010).
[2] C. R. B. Roundtable, Y. R. B. Roundtable, Energy development wa-ter needs assessment phase ii, Tech. rep., Colorado Water ConservationBoard (February 2011).
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Drilling and hydraulic fracturing water by well type
Dril
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Dril
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Dril
ling
Hyd
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Verticalwells
Horizontalwells
Extended horiozontal wells
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Spatial Distribution of Water Use
1Q: Horizontal wells
2Q: Horizontal wells
3Q: Horizontal wells
4Q: Horizontal wells
1Q: Vertical wells
2Q: Vertical wells
3Q: Vertical wells
4Q: Vertical wells
1Q: Extended horizontal wells
2Q: Extended horizontal wells
3Q: Extended horizontal wells
4Q: Extended horizontal wells
Spatial Autocorrelation
Spatially autocorrelated horizontal wells
Spatially autocorrelated vertical wells
Moran’s I used at 95 percent confidence interval with inverse distance weighting
Total Water Use by Year
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2010 2011 2012 2013
Vertical wells
Tota
l wat
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se (m
illio
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llons
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2010 2011 2012 2013
Horizontal wells
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Water Use by Year
0
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2010 2011 2012 2013Drilling water
Vertical wells
Wat
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se (m
illio
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llons
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2010 2011 2012 2013Hydraulic fracturing water
Vertical wells
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2010 2011 2012 2013Drilling water
Horizontal wells
Wat
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se (m
illio
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llons
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2010 2011 2012 2013Hydraulic fracturing water
Horizontal wells
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Horizontal wells
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2010 2011 2012 2013Hydraulic fracturing water
Horizontal wells
Total Water Use Normalized by the Number of Hydraulic Fracturing Stages
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Number of hydraulic fracturing stages
Hyd
raul
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actu
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wat
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Total Water Use Normalized by the Number of Hydraulic Fracturing Stages
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40
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Den
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Ratio of total water use and number of hydraulic fracturing stages
Extended horizontal wells
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40
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Total water use per hydraulic fracturing stage (million gallons)
Den
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Horizontal wells
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How efficiently is the water used?
Water Intensity
Drilling Water
Hydraulic Fracturing
Water
Flowback Water
ProducedWater
FormationOil Gas Water
Deep Well Injection
Drilling Energy
Hydrualic Fracturing
Energy
Oil Recovered
Gas Recovered
WaterTreatment
WaterReuse
Treatment Energy
Water Intensity
Transportation Energy Water
IntensityNet Water Consumed (Gallons)Net Energy Recovered (MMBtu)
=
Water Use per Well (First Study, 2010-2011)
Horizontal Drilling Water
Horizontal Hydraulic Fracturing Water
Vertical Drilling Water Vertical Hydraulic Fracturing Water Total
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0 0 0.06552 0.00672 0.072240 0 0.06552 0.0084 0.073920 0 0.06678 0.00798 0.074760 0 0.06552 0.01722 0.082740 0 0.07644 0.0084 0.084840 0 0.07728 0.00882 0.08610 0 0.07518 0.01176 0.086940 0 0.08106 0.00588 0.086940 0 0.07854 0.0084 0.086940 0 0.07434 0.01302 0.087360 0 0.07896 0.0084 0.087360 0 0.084 0.0042 0.08820 0 0.06951 0.01932 0.088830 0 0.08316 0.00756 0.090720 0 0.08736 0.00882 0.096180 0 0.06972 0.051492 0.1212120 0 0.10857 0.057456 0.1660260 0 0.05712 0.112476 0.1695960 0 0.05586 0.11655 0.172410 0 0.07518 0.11592 0.19110 0 0.05754 0.15162 0.209160 0 0.07518 0.147042 0.2222220 0 0.07182 0.156156 0.2279760 0 0.06552 0.166908 0.2324280 0 0.09009 0.148218 0.2383080 0 0.08883 0.155022 0.2438520 0 0.0462 0.244734 0.2909340 0 0.06552 0.227724 0.2932440 0 0.1806 0.11403 0.294630 0 0.06909 0.22806 0.297150 0 0.063 0.241458 0.3044580 0 0.0357 0.271614 0.3073140 0 0.03738 0.270312 0.3076920 0 0.0336 0.27594 0.309540 0 0.05943 0.251202 0.3106320 0 0.03822 0.273924 0.3121440 0 0.04284 0.271026 0.3138660 0 0.06426 0.250194 0.3144540 0 0.04158 0.273126 0.3147060 0 0.03507 0.27972 0.314790 0 0.03969 0.275898 0.3155880 0 0.08568 0.230202 0.3158820 0 0.0462 0.270312 0.3165120 0 0.04998 0.267834 0.3178140 0 0.04431 0.275478 0.3197880 0 0.05754 0.264138 0.3216780 0 0.06216 0.2604 0.322560 0 0.04956 0.273 0.322560 0 0.0546 0.268254 0.3228540 0 0.05292 0.270186 0.3231060 0 0.04914 0.274848 0.3239880 0 0.0588 0.267456 0.3262560 0 0.04851 0.277872 0.3263820 0 0.05985 0.266994 0.3268440 0 0.0588 0.268716 0.3275160 0 0.07455 0.253806 0.3283560 0 0.0546 0.273966 0.3285660 0 0.0483 0.28098 0.329280 0 0.04662 0.284172 0.3307920 0 0.08043 0.251286 0.3317160 0 0.06216 0.26964 0.33180 0 0.05544 0.276654 0.3320940 0 0.06111 0.271068 0.3321780 0 0.06132 0.271236 0.3325560 0 0.06258 0.27006 0.332640 0 0.03675 0.296016 0.3327660 0 0.063 0.270186 0.3331860 0 0.06552 0.267918 0.3334380 0 0.0252 0.30828 0.333480 0 0.0504 0.283122 0.3335220 0 0.06426 0.269682 0.3339420 0 0.05628 0.277872 0.3341520 0 0.05901 0.276066 0.3350760 0 0.0567 0.278418 0.3351180 0 0.063 0.272412 0.3354120 0 0.06552 0.269976 0.3354960 0 0.0588 0.276906 0.3357060 0 0.06552 0.27048 0.3360 0 0.06552 0.270732 0.3362520 0 0.063 0.273336 0.3363360 0 0.0672 0.269514 0.3367140 0 0.0672 0.269514 0.3367140 0 0.06615 0.27069 0.336840 0 0.05985 0.277116 0.3369660 0 0.06762 0.269346 0.3369660 0 0.06888 0.268506 0.3373860 0 0.06762 0.270144 0.3377640 0 0.06552 0.272286 0.3378060 0 0.071652 0.2667 0.3383520 0 0.06888 0.269556 0.3384360 0 0.04704 0.291522 0.3385620 0 0.0546 0.284214 0.3388140 0 0.0861 0.25284 0.338940 0 0.07014 0.268968 0.3391080 0 0.06888 0.270228 0.3391080 0 0.063 0.276192 0.3391920 0 0.07098 0.268422 0.3394020 0 0.07686 0.262752 0.3396120 0 0.06468 0.274974 0.3396540 0 0.07644 0.263592 0.3400320 0 0.06216 0.27846 0.340620 0 0.063 0.27804 0.341040 0 0.07476 0.266532 0.3412920 0 0.07644 0.265146 0.3415860 0 0.06069 0.281862 0.3425520 0 0.0525 0.290304 0.3428040 0 0.063 0.27993 0.342930 0 0.0735 0.269514 0.3430140 0 0.07329 0.269724 0.3430140 0 0.0672 0.276066 0.3432660 0 0.07287 0.27069 0.343560 0 0.07602 0.26775 0.343770 0 0.07644 0.267456 0.3438960 0 0.07224 0.27174 0.343980 0 0.0651 0.279048 0.3441480 0 0.07497 0.26922 0.344190 0 0.06216 0.282282 0.3444420 0 0.07392 0.270648 0.3445680 0 0.06426 0.281022 0.3452820 0 0.07098 0.27447 0.345450 0 0.06783 0.277662 0.3454920 0 0.063 0.28266 0.345660 0 0.0546 0.29127 0.345870 0 0.0714 0.274932 0.3463320 0 0.06804 0.278712 0.3467520 0 0.06888 0.27804 0.346920 0 0.06006 0.286944 0.3470040 0 0.05964 0.287616 0.3472560 0 0.07182 0.275604 0.3474240 0 0.07098 0.276444 0.3474240 0 0.0693 0.278208 0.3475080 0 0.0714 0.276234 0.3476340 0 0.084 0.263886 0.3478860 0 0.0609 0.287028 0.3479280 0 0.0987 0.249312 0.3480120 0 0.08505 0.26313 0.348180 0 0.0777 0.270606 0.3483060 0 0.07392 0.274386 0.3483060 0 0.08505 0.263676 0.3487260 0 0.0777 0.27174 0.349440 0 0.0756 0.274386 0.3499860 0 0.08505 0.264936 0.3499860 0 0.0777 0.272412 0.3501120 0 0.0714 0.278922 0.3503220 0 0.07224 0.278502 0.3507420 0 0.07056 0.280266 0.3508260 0 0.063 0.287952 0.3509520 0 0.058548 0.292446 0.3509940 0 0.07602 0.275016 0.3510360 0 0.0819 0.269514 0.3514140 0 0.0567 0.295428 0.3521280 0 0.07644 0.27573 0.352170 0 0.08106 0.27132 0.352380 0 0.0735 0.278964 0.3524640 0 0.111174 0.241416 0.352590 0 0.08232 0.270312 0.3526320 0 0.08526 0.267414 0.3526740 0 0.06363 0.289128 0.3527580 0 0.07455 0.278586 0.3531360 0 0.0798 0.273546 0.3533460 0 0.08253 0.27111 0.353640 0 0.0819 0.271782 0.3536820 0 0.07812 0.27573 0.353850 0 0.05565 0.299166 0.3548160 0 0.0798 0.275436 0.3552360 0 0.07896 0.276696 0.3556560 0 0.0714 0.28434 0.355740 0 0.04704 0.308868 0.3559080 0 0.07392 0.28203 0.355950 0 0.0903 0.26586 0.356160 0 0.07854 0.277662 0.3562020 0 0.08904 0.267498 0.3565380 0 0.09114 0.265692 0.3568320 0 0.08589 0.270942 0.3568320 0 0.03948 0.317562 0.3570420 0 0.0672 0.289884 0.3570840 0 0.09639 0.26124 0.357630 0 0.0693 0.288372 0.3576720 0 0.0798 0.278208 0.3580080 0 0.07938 0.278628 0.3580080 0 0.07875 0.2793 0.358050 0 0.06846 0.28959 0.358050 0 0.06846 0.289968 0.3584280 0 0.08988 0.269346 0.3592260 0 0.08904 0.270228 0.3592680 0 0.08232 0.277242 0.3595620 0 0.09198 0.268044 0.3600240 0 0.0672 0.29295 0.360150 0 0.08652 0.273714 0.3602340 0 0.06027 0.300048 0.3603180 0 0.0735 0.28707 0.360570 0 0.09009 0.27111 0.36120 0 0.08337 0.278082 0.3614520 0 0.08883 0.272706 0.3615360 0 0.08169 0.280308 0.3619980 0 0.08568 0.276318 0.3619980 0 0.09093 0.271488 0.3624180 0 0.0987 0.26376 0.362460 0 0.09135 0.271194 0.3625440 0 0.07056 0.292026 0.3625860 0 0.08883 0.273756 0.3625860 0 0.08883 0.273924 0.3627540 0 0.06426 0.29904 0.36330 0 0.09156 0.271908 0.3634680 0 0.05964 0.3045 0.364140 0 0.08568 0.278796 0.3644760 0 0.07518 0.289926 0.3651060 0 0.0714 0.293832 0.3652320 0 0.0756 0.290346 0.3659460 0 0.0756 0.290472 0.3660720 0 0.0945 0.271698 0.3661980 0 0.10248 0.264054 0.3665340 0 0.09786 0.268884 0.3667440 0 0.07308 0.294 0.367080 0 0.08211 0.285264 0.3673740 0 0.10521 0.263172 0.3683820 0 0.06426 0.3045 0.368760 0 0.08358 0.285642 0.3692220 0 0.10668 0.263004 0.3696840 0 0.09576 0.27405 0.369810 0 0.10248 0.26817 0.370650 0 0.063 0.307776 0.3707760 0 0.08904 0.282576 0.3716160 0 0.0714 0.300342 0.3717420 0 0.07182 0.300762 0.3725820 0 0.0966 0.276528 0.3731280 0 0.09429 0.27972 0.374010 0 0.0966 0.277662 0.3742620 0 0.08358 0.290976 0.3745560 0 0.06384 0.310968 0.3748080 0 0.0798 0.296982 0.3767820 0 0.089082 0.288162 0.3772440 0 0.105 0.272328 0.3773280 0 0.07224 0.305424 0.3776640 0 0.10164 0.27783 0.379470 0 0.08925 0.291606 0.3808560 0 0.0756 0.305466 0.3810660 0 0.10899 0.27216 0.381150 0 0.0672 0.314244 0.3814440 0 0.09282 0.288792 0.3816120 0 0.0903 0.292194 0.3824940 0 0.09387 0.288708 0.3825780 0 0.11025 0.274848 0.3850980 0 0.09156 0.293538 0.3850980 0 0.0714 0.313782 0.3851820 0 0.07644 0.309582 0.3860220 0 0.11634 0.272076 0.3884160 0 0.08295 0.305676 0.3886260 0 0.09471 0.294084 0.3887940 0 0.084 0.304878 0.3888780 0 0.12306 0.267876 0.3909360 0 0.09828 0.294042 0.3923220 0 0.11424 0.278712 0.3929520 0 0.08064 0.313698 0.3943380 0 0.063 0.331422 0.3944220 0 0.09324 0.301644 0.3948840 0 0.0777 0.31773 0.395430 0 0.0924 0.30492 0.397320 0 0.12894 0.269304 0.3982440 0 0.12768 0.270732 0.3984120 0 0.047838 0.350742 0.398580 0 0.10395 0.29505 0.3990 0 0.06552 0.337008 0.4025280 0 0.13566 0.26754 0.40320 0 0.09828 0.306306 0.4045860 0 0.1323 0.273714 0.4060140 0 0.097734 0.308616 0.406350 0 0.09912 0.308784 0.4079040 0 0.05565 0.352296 0.4079460 0 0.07098 0.337008 0.4079880 0 0.10311 0.306726 0.4098360 0 0.105 0.30492 0.409920 0 0.09597 0.314832 0.4108020 0 0.10647 0.30744 0.413910 0 0.07854 0.33579 0.414330 0 0.003108 0.412734 0.4158420 0 0.14637 0.270774 0.4171440 0 0.1134 0.304584 0.4179840 0 0.10227 0.316218 0.4184880 0 0.1239 0.298326 0.4222260 0 0.11508 0.314496 0.4295760 0 0.12516 0.308154 0.4333140 0 0.063 0.375396 0.4383960 0 0.10668 0.338646 0.4453260 0 0.06804 0.384888 0.4529280 0 0.07224 0.382872 0.4551120 0 0.04662 0.411306 0.4579260 0 0.13986 0.31815 0.458010 0 0.06762 0.391272 0.4588920 0 0.09744 0.364476 0.4619160 0 0.05964 0.402654 0.4622940 0 0.06804 0.394842 0.4628820 0 0.05208 0.41622 0.46830 0 0.06825 0.40131 0.469560 0 0.05124 0.418488 0.4697280 0 0.05166 0.418152 0.4698120 0 0.06174 0.408744 0.4704840 0 0.07917 0.395136 0.4743060 0 0.0546 0.421638 0.4762380 0 0.06636 0.41034 0.47670 0 0.06615 0.41223 0.478380 0 0.06174 0.417018 0.4787580 0 0.06048 0.418782 0.4792620 0 0.0777 0.40173 0.479430 0 0.06216 0.4179 0.480060 0 0.07644 0.406476 0.4829160 0 0.0609 0.422142 0.4830420 0 0.06468 0.418446 0.4831260 0 0.06258 0.421176 0.4837560 0 0.06048 0.424074 0.4845540 0 0.06846 0.418362 0.4868220 0 0.07182 0.41811 0.489930 0 0.07644 0.413742 0.4901820 0 0.07875 0.411936 0.4906860 0 0.07014 0.420756 0.4908960 0 0.11634 0.375396 0.4917360 0 0.05943 0.433062 0.4924920 0 0.06468 0.427812 0.4924920 0 0.0735 0.419958 0.4934580 0 0.06216 0.431382 0.4935420 0 0.0819 0.411726 0.4936260 0 0.07896 0.41475 0.493710 0 0.07518 0.41895 0.494130 0 0.07644 0.417816 0.4942560 0 0.0714 0.42294 0.494340 0 0.07686 0.417858 0.4947180 0 0.09135 0.40341 0.494760 0 0.07245 0.422646 0.4950960 0 0.07938 0.415968 0.4953480 0 0.0693 0.426132 0.4954320 0 0.07854 0.417144 0.4956840 0 0.07812 0.418236 0.4963560 0 0.1344 0.362796 0.4971960 0 0.07518 0.4221 0.497280 0 0.06342 0.43449 0.497910 0 0.07854 0.419496 0.4980360 0 0.0756 0.424284 0.4998840 0 0.08862 0.41223 0.500850 0 0.07014 0.43176 0.50190 0 0.0861 0.415968 0.5020680 0 0.08358 0.419622 0.5032020 0 0.08904 0.414372 0.5034120 0 0.06951 0.434196 0.5037060 0 0.0777 0.426426 0.5041260 0 0.0714 0.43302 0.504420 0 0.063 0.441462 0.5044620 0 0.0945 0.410466 0.5049660 0 0.09345 0.411642 0.5050920 0 0.07665 0.429996 0.5066460 0 0.08484 0.42336 0.50820 0 0.0798 0.428442 0.5082420 0 0.07854 0.43008 0.508620 0 0.09597 0.416304 0.5122740 0 0.07938 0.43323 0.512610 0 0.07686 0.436548 0.5134080 0 0.08946 0.425628 0.5150880 0 0.09219 0.424578 0.5167680 0 0.07308 0.444192 0.5172720 0 0.0945 0.425208 0.5197080 0 0.1092 0.41118 0.520380 0 0.10311 0.417732 0.5208420 0 0.09471 0.427308 0.5220180 0 0.0945 0.42798 0.522480 0 0.0672 0.456624 0.5238240 0 0.08862 0.435666 0.5242860 0 0.09282 0.432096 0.5249160 0 0.08358 0.442386 0.5259660 0 0.10059 0.42714 0.527730 0 0.1071 0.42693 0.534030 0 0.09702 0.444318 0.5413380 0 0.0777 0.46368 0.541380 0 0.1029 0.440202 0.5431020 0 0.05313 0.496398 0.5495280 0 0.12915 0.427098 0.5562480 0 0.07392 0.486108 0.5600280 0 0.09156 0.482958 0.5745180 0 0.05418 0.520422 0.5746020 0 0.126 0.4515 0.57750 0 0.12516 0.460908 0.5860680 0 0.08421 0.506142 0.5903520 0 0.06741 0.52626 0.593670 0 0.09954 0.508368 0.6079080 0 0.07728 0.537726 0.6150060 0 0.09555 0.526554 0.6221040 0 0.11088 0.525924 0.6368040 0 0.08904 0.571242 0.660282
0.13902 0.573594 0 0 0.7126140.15792 0.76692 0 0 0.924840.0714 0.997962 0 0 1.0693620.14763 1.43283 0 0 1.580460.09324 1.567062 0 0 1.6603020.12327 1.593312 0 0 1.7165820.09954 1.878156 0 0 1.9776960.1869 1.886556 0 0 2.0734560.08064 2.083452 0 0 2.1640920.13188 2.036916 0 0 2.1687960.0987 2.125872 0 0 2.2245720.18354 2.127888 0 0 2.3114280.09891 2.276022 0 0 2.3749320.17514 2.216844 0 0 2.3919840.09681 2.391648 0 0 2.4884580.12684 2.377452 0 0 2.5042920.11466 2.416806 0 0 2.5314660.08757 2.46708 0 0 2.554650.08253 2.499 0 0 2.581530.13629 2.528106 0 0 2.6643960.140868 2.52609 0 0 2.6669580.12474 2.617188 0 0 2.7419280.04998 2.706858 0 0 2.7568380.09534 2.679096 0 0 2.7744360.11949 2.657928 0 0 2.7774180.11424 2.675694 0 0 2.7899340.07917 2.747262 0 0 2.8264320.26208 2.632056 0 0 2.8941360.1071 2.861838 0 0 2.9689380.11676 2.871078 0 0 2.9878380.17094 2.817066 0 0 2.9880060.11025 2.890986 0 0 3.0012360.0861 2.933196 0 0 3.0192960.29043 2.767968 0 0 3.0583980.10668 2.989392 0 0 3.0960720.1596 2.954616 0 0 3.1142160.13188 3.011526 0 0 3.1434060.1113 3.03366 0 0 3.144960.117768 3.064908 0 0 3.1826760.09912 3.100902 0 0 3.2000220.14742 3.060288 0 0 3.2077080.11508 3.108588 0 0 3.2236680.1491 3.08973 0 0 3.238830.083454 3.175368 0 0 3.2588220.13524 3.14748 0 0 3.282720.20097 3.115014 0 0 3.3159840.20958 3.154074 0 0 3.3636540.14196 3.22875 0 0 3.370710.13818 3.239376 0 0 3.3775560.13146 3.29448 0 0 3.425940.11256 3.331986 0 0 3.4445460.14217 3.318 0 0 3.460170.0714 3.592974 0 0 3.6643740.14847 3.54291 0 0 3.691380.13041 3.72834 0 0 3.858750.09387 3.83103 0 0 3.92490.14868 3.789954 0 0 3.9386340.105 4.245822 0 0 4.3508220.16044 4.432974 0 0 4.593414
1
2
3
4
5
0 100 200 300 400
Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(mill
ion
gal
lon
s)
Noble Well Water Consumption Ranking
Horizontal Drilling WaterHorizontal Hydraulic Fracturing WaterVertical Drilling WaterVertical Hydraulic Fracturing Water
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Horizontal Drilling Horizontal Frac Vertical Drilling Vertical Frac
Wat
er C
onsu
med
(milli
on g
allon
s)
Student Version of MATLAB
(Gallons)
Drilling Water Hydraulic Fracturing Water Total Water
(Gallons)(Gallons)(Gallons)Horizontal
WellVertical
Well
129,000 2,720,000 2,840,000
76,800 305,000 382,000
445 NOBLE WELLS: 386 VERTICAL AND 59 HORIZONTAL
16
17
18
Water and Energy Consumption
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Drilling Water Hydraulic Fracturing Water Total Water
Wat
er C
onsu
med
(MM
gal)
Water Use for Sampled Wells
Student Version of MATLAB
Water Intensity
Drilling Water
Hydraulic Fracturing
Water
Flowback Water
ProducedWater
FormationOil Gas Water
Deep Well Injection
Drilling Energy
Hydrualic Fracturing
Energy
Oil Recovered
Gas Recovered
WaterTreatment
WaterReuse
Treatment Energy
Water Intensity
Transportation Energy Water
IntensityNet Water Consumed (Gallons)Net Energy Recovered (MMBtu)
=
Estimated Ultimate Recovery
Oil Production
(bbls)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 31040 32640 33290 33670 33910 34090 342200 49230 52340 53630 54360 54850 55190 554500 114580 161720 196880 225980 251270 273890 2944900 209560 297020 362300 416330 463290 505280 545550
Gas Production
(mcf)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 175310 188140 193510 196580 198610 200060 2011600 258790 276460 283840 288050 290820 292810 2943200 583900 833900 1020700 1175400 1309800 1430100 15397000 930400 1399700 1754400 2049600 2306800 2537300 2747600
Gas Production
(boe)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 29218 31357 32252 32763 33102 33343 335270 43132 46077 47307 48008 48470 48802 490530 97317 138983 170117 195900 218300 238350 2566170 155067 233283 292400 341600 384467 422883 457933
Oil Production
(bbls) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 31040 32640 33290 33670 33910 34090 342200 18190 19700 20340 20690 20940 21100 212300 65350 109380 143250 171620 196420 218700 2390400 94980 135300 165420 190350 212020 231390 251060
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Oil EUR of Sampled Wells
Estim
ated
Ulti
mat
e R
ecov
ery
(BO
E)
Well Lifespan (Years)
Gas Production
(boe) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 29218 31357 32252 32763 33102 33343 335270 13913 14720 15055 15245 15368 15458 155270 54185 92907 122810 147892 169830 189548 2075630 57750 94300 122283 145700 166167 184533 201317
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Gas EUR of Sampled Wells
Well Lifespan (Years)
Percentile Total Energy (BOE)
5th50th95th
337564664
Percentile Total Energy (BOE)
5th50th95th
1945228
0
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
Total Energy (BOE)
Ener
gy U
se (B
OE)
Energy Use for Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing
Water Production
(bbls)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 3740 3790 3810 3830 3830 3840 38400 8300 8500 8500 8500 8600 8600 86000 50350 69170 83190 94790 104860 113860 1200000 222100 305400 367400 418600 463200 503000 539300
Water Production
(gallons)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 348600 357000 357000 357000 361200 361200 3612000 2114700 2905140 3493980 3981180 4404120 4782120 50400000 9328200 12826800 15430800 17581200 19454400 21126000 22650600
Water Production
(gallons) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 191520 197820 196980 196140 200340 199920 1999200 1766100 2548140 3136980 3624180 4042920 4420920 46788000 7213500 9921660 11936820 13600020 15050280 16343880 17610600
0
1,200,000
2,400,000
3,600,000
4,800,000
6,000,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Flowback and Produced Water EUR of Sampled Wells
Flow
back
and
Pro
duce
d W
ater
(Gal
lons
)
Well Lifespan (Years)
Flowback and Produced (gallons)
Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
132678 289758 291858 292698 293538 293538 293958 293958132678 324198 330498 329658 328818 333018 332598 332598132678 1898778 2680818 3269658 3756858 4175598 4553598 4811478132678 7346178 10054338 12069498 13732698 15182958 16476558 17743278
Net Water Use (100%
reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 2830758 2828658 2827818 2826978 2826978 2826558 28265582987838 2639238 2630838 2630838 2630838 2626638 2626638 26266382987838 873138 82698 -506142 -993342 -1416282 -1794282 -20521622987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -19662762
Water Production
(bbls) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 3740 3790 3810 3830 3830 3840 38400 8300 8500 8500 8500 8600 8600 86000 50350 69170 83190 94790 104860 113860 1200000 222100 305400 367400 418600 463200 503000 539300
Water Production
(bbls) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 348600 357000 357000 357000 361200 361200 3612000 2114700 2905140 3493980 3981180 4404120 4782120 50400000 9328200 12826800 15430800 17581200 19454400 21126000 22650600
Net Water Use (50%
reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 2909298 2908248 2907828 2907408 2907408 2907198 29071982987838 2813538 2809338 2809338 2809338 2807238 2807238 28072382987838 1930488 1535268 1240848 997248 785778 596778 4678382987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -8337462
Net Water Use (100%
reuse) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -196627622987838 873138 82698 -506142 -993342 -1416282 -1794282 -20521622987838 2639238 2630838 2630838 2630838 2626638 2626638 26266382987838 2830758 2828658 2827818 2826978 2826978 2826558 2826558
Net Water Use (100%
reuse) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -196627620 7213500 9921660 11936820 13600020 15050280 16343880 176106000 1766100 2548140 3136980 3624180 4042920 4420920 46788000 191520 197820 196980 196140 200340 199920 199920
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Net Water Use with 100 Percent Reuse
Well Lifespan (Years)
Net Water Use (50%
reuse) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -83374622987838 1930488 1535268 1240848 997248 785778 596778 4678382987838 2813538 2809338 2809338 2809338 2807238 2807238 28072382987838 2909298 2908248 2907828 2907408 2907408 2907198 2907198
Net Water Use (50%
reuse) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -83374620 3606750 4960830 5968410 6800010 7525140 8171940 88053000 883050 1274070 1568490 1812090 2021460 2210460 23394000 95760 98910 98490 98070 100170 99960 99960
-3,000,000
-2,250,000
-1,500,000
-750,000
0
750,000
1,500,000
2,250,000
3,000,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Net Water Use with 50 Percent Reuse
Net
Wat
er U
se (G
allo
ns)
Well Lifespan (Years)Total Energy 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 359981 382443 391732 397090 400568 403102 4049860 551103 587279 602337 610892 616578 620593 6236510 1263689 1793659 2189287 2516826 2801435 3056087 32880430 2169569 3158467 3901126 4517475 5053820 5533937 5983307
Water Intensity (0%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
8.3 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.45.4 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.82.4 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.91.4 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5
Water Intensity (0%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 4 4 4 4 41 1 1 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 0
Water Intensity (0%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 0 0 03 3 4 4 4 4 43 3 3 3 3 3 3
-2
0
2
4
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Estimated Water Intensity (0% Water Reuse)
Wat
er In
tens
ity (g
al/M
MB
tu)
Well Lifespan (Years)
Water Intensity
(100% Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
7.9 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.04.8 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.20.7 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.6-2.9 -3.1 -3.2 -3.2 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3
Water Intensity (0%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
3 3 3 3 3 3 34 4 5 5 5 5 54 3 3 3 3 3 3-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
Water Intensity (0%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -34 3 3 3 3 3 34 4 5 5 5 5 53 3 3 3 3 3 3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Estimated Water Intensity (100% Water Reuse)
Well Lifespan (Years)
Total (MMBtu) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 359981 382443 391732 397090 400568 403102 4049860 551103 587279 602337 610892 616578 620593 6236510 1263689 1793659 2189287 2516826 2801435 3056087 32880430 2169569 3158467 3901126 4517475 5053820 5533937 5983307
Water Neutrality Water Neutrality
Water Neutrality Water Neutrality
Water Intensity (50%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
8.3 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.25.4 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.52.4 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.21.4 -0.5 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.3
19
20
21
Estimated Ultimate Water Recovery
Oil Production
(bbls)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 31040 32640 33290 33670 33910 34090 342200 49230 52340 53630 54360 54850 55190 554500 114580 161720 196880 225980 251270 273890 2944900 209560 297020 362300 416330 463290 505280 545550
Gas Production
(mcf)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 175310 188140 193510 196580 198610 200060 2011600 258790 276460 283840 288050 290820 292810 2943200 583900 833900 1020700 1175400 1309800 1430100 15397000 930400 1399700 1754400 2049600 2306800 2537300 2747600
Gas Production
(boe)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 29218 31357 32252 32763 33102 33343 335270 43132 46077 47307 48008 48470 48802 490530 97317 138983 170117 195900 218300 238350 2566170 155067 233283 292400 341600 384467 422883 457933
Oil Production
(bbls) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 31040 32640 33290 33670 33910 34090 342200 18190 19700 20340 20690 20940 21100 212300 65350 109380 143250 171620 196420 218700 2390400 94980 135300 165420 190350 212020 231390 251060
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Oil EUR of Sampled Wells
Estim
ated
Ulti
mat
e R
ecov
ery
(BO
E)Well Lifespan (Years)
Gas Production
(boe) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 29218 31357 32252 32763 33102 33343 335270 13913 14720 15055 15245 15368 15458 155270 54185 92907 122810 147892 169830 189548 2075630 57750 94300 122283 145700 166167 184533 201317
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Gas EUR of Sampled Wells
Well Lifespan (Years)
Percentile Total Energy (BOE)
5th50th95th
337564664
Percentile Total Energy (BOE)
5th50th95th
1945228
0
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
Total Energy (BOE)
Ener
gy U
se (B
OE)
Energy Use for Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing
Water Production
(bbls)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 3740 3790 3810 3830 3830 3840 38400 8300 8500 8500 8500 8600 8600 86000 50350 69170 83190 94790 104860 113860 1200000 222100 305400 367400 418600 463200 503000 539300
Water Production
(gallons)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 348600 357000 357000 357000 361200 361200 3612000 2114700 2905140 3493980 3981180 4404120 4782120 50400000 9328200 12826800 15430800 17581200 19454400 21126000 22650600
Water Production
(gallons) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 191520 197820 196980 196140 200340 199920 1999200 1766100 2548140 3136980 3624180 4042920 4420920 46788000 7213500 9921660 11936820 13600020 15050280 16343880 17610600
0
1,200,000
2,400,000
3,600,000
4,800,000
6,000,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Flowback and Produced Water EUR of Sampled Wells
Flow
back
and
Pro
duce
d W
ater
(Gal
lons
)
Well Lifespan (Years)
Flowback and Produced (gallons)
Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
132678 289758 291858 292698 293538 293538 293958 293958132678 324198 330498 329658 328818 333018 332598 332598132678 1898778 2680818 3269658 3756858 4175598 4553598 4811478132678 7346178 10054338 12069498 13732698 15182958 16476558 17743278
Net Water Use (100%
reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 2830758 2828658 2827818 2826978 2826978 2826558 28265582987838 2639238 2630838 2630838 2630838 2626638 2626638 26266382987838 873138 82698 -506142 -993342 -1416282 -1794282 -20521622987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -19662762
Water Production
(bbls) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 3740 3790 3810 3830 3830 3840 38400 8300 8500 8500 8500 8600 8600 86000 50350 69170 83190 94790 104860 113860 1200000 222100 305400 367400 418600 463200 503000 539300
Water Production
(bbls) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 348600 357000 357000 357000 361200 361200 3612000 2114700 2905140 3493980 3981180 4404120 4782120 50400000 9328200 12826800 15430800 17581200 19454400 21126000 22650600
Net Water Use (50%
reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 2909298 2908248 2907828 2907408 2907408 2907198 29071982987838 2813538 2809338 2809338 2809338 2807238 2807238 28072382987838 1930488 1535268 1240848 997248 785778 596778 4678382987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -8337462
Net Water Use (100%
reuse) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -196627622987838 873138 82698 -506142 -993342 -1416282 -1794282 -20521622987838 2639238 2630838 2630838 2630838 2626638 2626638 26266382987838 2830758 2828658 2827818 2826978 2826978 2826558 2826558
Net Water Use (100%
reuse) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -196627620 7213500 9921660 11936820 13600020 15050280 16343880 176106000 1766100 2548140 3136980 3624180 4042920 4420920 46788000 191520 197820 196980 196140 200340 199920 199920
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Net Water Use with 100 Percent Reuse
Well Lifespan (Years)
Net Water Use (50%
reuse) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -83374622987838 1930488 1535268 1240848 997248 785778 596778 4678382987838 2813538 2809338 2809338 2809338 2807238 2807238 28072382987838 2909298 2908248 2907828 2907408 2907408 2907198 2907198
Net Water Use (50%
reuse) Sectioned
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
2987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -83374620 3606750 4960830 5968410 6800010 7525140 8171940 88053000 883050 1274070 1568490 1812090 2021460 2210460 23394000 95760 98910 98490 98070 100170 99960 99960
-3,000,000
-2,250,000
-1,500,000
-750,000
0
750,000
1,500,000
2,250,000
3,000,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Net Water Use with 50 Percent Reuse
Net
Wat
er U
se (G
allo
ns)
Well Lifespan (Years)Total Energy 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 359981 382443 391732 397090 400568 403102 4049860 551103 587279 602337 610892 616578 620593 6236510 1263689 1793659 2189287 2516826 2801435 3056087 32880430 2169569 3158467 3901126 4517475 5053820 5533937 5983307
Water Intensity (0%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
8.3 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.45.4 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.82.4 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.91.4 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5
Water Intensity (0%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 4 4 4 4 41 1 1 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 0
Water Intensity (0%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 0 0 03 3 4 4 4 4 43 3 3 3 3 3 3
-2
0
2
4
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Estimated Water Intensity (0% Water Reuse)
Wat
er In
tens
ity (g
al/M
MB
tu)
Well Lifespan (Years)
Water Intensity
(100% Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
7.9 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.04.8 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.20.7 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.6-2.9 -3.1 -3.2 -3.2 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3
Water Intensity (0%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
3 3 3 3 3 3 34 4 5 5 5 5 54 3 3 3 3 3 3-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
Water Intensity (0%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -34 3 3 3 3 3 34 4 5 5 5 5 53 3 3 3 3 3 3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Estimated Water Intensity (100% Water Reuse)
Well Lifespan (Years)
Total (MMBtu) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
0 359981 382443 391732 397090 400568 403102 4049860 551103 587279 602337 610892 616578 620593 6236510 1263689 1793659 2189287 2516826 2801435 3056087 32880430 2169569 3158467 3901126 4517475 5053820 5533937 5983307
Water Neutrality Water Neutrality
Water Neutrality Water Neutrality
Water Intensity (50%
Reuse)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8
8.3 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.25.4 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.52.4 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.21.4 -0.5 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.3
How does the water intensity compare?
0
15
30
45
60
Sur
face
Min
ing
Und
ergr
ound
Min
ing
U.S
. Wei
ghte
d A
vera
ge
Pre
para
tion
Syn
fuel
: Coa
l Gas
ific
atio
n
Syn
fuel
: Fis
her T
rops
ch
Con
vent
iona
l
Nor
ther
n C
olor
ado
Sha
le G
as (0
% R
euse
)
Nor
ther
n C
olor
ado
Sha
le G
as (5
0% R
euse
)
Nor
ther
n C
olor
ado
Sha
le G
as (1
00%
Reu
se)
Pre
para
tion
Gas
-to-
Liq
uids
Pri
mar
y
Con
vent
iona
l Flo
odin
g
Sau
di A
rabi
a A
vera
ge
Oil
San
ds
Oil
Sha
le
U.S
. On-
Sho
re A
vera
ge
Enh
ance
d O
il R
ecov
ery
Con
vent
iona
l Ref
inin
g
Oil
Sha
le P
roce
ssin
g
Oil
San
ds P
roce
ssin
g
Min
ing
Enr
ichm
ent
Extraction and Processing Water Intensity by Fuel Source
Con
sum
ptiv
e W
ater
Int
ensi
ty (g
al/M
MB
tu)
Surface MiningUnderground MiningU.S. Weighted Average
PreparationSynfuel: Coal GasificationSynfuel: Fisher Tropsch
ConventionalNorthern Colorado Shale Gas (0% Reuse)Northern Colorado Shale Gas (50% Reuse)Northern Colorado Shale Gas (100% Reuse)
PreparationGas-to-Liquids
PrimaryConventional FloodingSaudi Arabia AverageOil SandsOil ShaleU.S. On-Shore Average Enhanced Oil Recovery
Conventional Refining Oil Shale ProcessingOil Sands Processing
MiningEnrichment
29
2.8
3.519
51
1.52.9
2.4
1.8
142
1.5142235395858
103948
3.56
Ethanol from Irrigated CornExtraction: 16,000
Processing: 60
Biodiesel from SoyExtraction: 45,000Processing: 300
Biodiesel from RapeseedExtraction: 16,000
Processing: 300
Coal OilNatural Gas
Extraction Processing
UraniumExtraction Processing Extraction Processing
Wind (Turbine)0
Solar (Photovoltaic)0
22
23
24
Water Consumption of Energy Resource Extraction, Processing, and Conversion
reserve estimates ranging from 2.1 to 6.7 MMBtu (2.0 to 6.5 BCF) per well, giving a company-wide range of 0.6 to 1.8 gal/MMBtu (See Table 2-2). (Chesapeake Energy 2010)
Table 2-2: Estimates of water consumption for different shale plays (Chesapeake Energy 2010)
Water consumption per well (million gal) Gas reserves per well Waterintensity
Shale play Drilling Hydraulic
FracturingTotal BCF MMBtu
(million) gal/MMBtu
Barnett 0.3 3.8 4.1 2.7 2.7 1.5 Fayetteville 0.1 4.0 4.1 2.4 2.5 1.7 Haynesville 0.6 5.0 5.6 6.5 6.7 0.8 Marcellus 0.1 5.5 5.6 4.2 4.3 1.3 Typical min 1.0 3.5 4.5 6.5 6.7 0.6 Typical max 0.1 3.5 3.6 2.0 2.1 1.8 Average 1.3
The estimates are specific to one company’s operations (i.e. Chesapeake Energy) and reflect typical water-intensity across its asset portfolio, not necessarily a representative range of water-intensity for the industry as a whole. But alternative estimates for Marcellus and Barnett provide comfort that the order of magnitude is appropriate, especially in the context of comparable water-intensity of alternative fossil fuels.
Marcellus data The U.S. Geological Survey published a factsheet on water issues relating to the Marcellus shale gas developments (Soeder and Kappel 2009), summarized in Table 2-4. The USGS estimates show a similar average water-intensity to the Chesapeake Energy data, at 1.2 and 1.3 gal/MMBtu respectively, albeit with lower water-consumption per well and lower estimated recoverable reserves per well (roughly half the Chesapeake Energy estimates).
Table 2-3: USGS estimates for Marcellus shale (2009) Reserves per well (BCF) 2.5 Reserves per well (million MMBtu) 2.6 Hydraulic fracturing (million gal) 3.0 Average (gal/MMBtu) 1.2
The Susquehanna River Basin Commission (SRBC) regulates water access for a significant portion of the Marcellus shale, covering parts of Pennsylvania, New York, and Maryland. The SRBC estimated in January of 2010 that a typical Marcellus shale stimulation uses between four and seven million gal of water over a two to five-day period, with about 15% of the water flowing back to the surface in the first two months (Susquehanna River Basin Commission 2010), comparable to the Chesapeake estimates. However, based on actual data from approximately 200 wells drilled between June 2008 and March 2009, the SRBC estimates that the average well
18
Water Intensity Comparison
Source: E. Mielke, L. D. Anadon, and V. Narayanamurti. Water consumption of energy resource extraction, processing, and conversion. Discussion Paper 2010-15, Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, October 2010.
Water Intensity Comparison
Source: Chesapeake Energy. Water use in deep shale gas exploration. Fact Sheet, September 2011.
Once-Through CoolingClosed-Loop CoolingClosed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureDry CoolingIGCC: Closed-Loop CoolingIGCC: Closed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureIGCC: Wet TowerIGCC: Wet Tower with Carbon Capture
Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Once-Through CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Closed-Loop CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Closed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Dry CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Cooling PondCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Wet TowerCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Wet Tower with Carbon Capture
Once-Through CoolingClosed-Loop CoolingClosed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureDry CoolingCooling PondWet Tower
Parabolic Troughs: Wet CoolingParabolic Troughs: Dry CoolingTower: Wet CoolingU.S. Weighted Average of Large-Scale Concentrating Solar PowerDish: Stirling CyclePhotovoltaicsConcentrated Solar Photovoltaics
Wind
315405420
15369
330
760500
115
195
190
15
240
130
500
415575590
15680850
910
80
820800
1022
0
0
250
500
750
1000
Onc
e-T
hrou
gh C
oolin
g
Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g
Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g w
ith
Car
bon
Cap
ture
Dry
Coo
ling
IGC
C: C
lose
d-L
oop
Coo
ling
IGC
C: C
lose
d-L
oop
Coo
ling
wit
h C
arbo
n C
aptu
re
IGC
C: W
et T
ower
IGC
C: W
et T
ower
wit
h C
arbo
n C
aptu
re
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Onc
e-T
hrou
gh C
oolin
g
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g w
ith
Car
bon
Cap
ture
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Dry
Coo
ling
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Coo
ling
Pond
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Wet
Tow
er
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Wet
Tow
er w
ith
Car
bon
Cap
ture
Onc
e-T
hrou
gh C
oolin
g
Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g
Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g w
ith
Car
bon
Cap
ture
Dry
Coo
ling
Coo
ling
Pond
Wet
Tow
er
Para
bolic
Tro
ughs
: Wet
Coo
ling
Para
bolic
Tro
ughs
: Dry
Coo
ling
Tow
er: W
et C
oolin
g
U.S
. Wei
ghte
d A
vera
ge o
f Lar
ge-S
cale
Con
cent
rati
ng S
olar
Pow
er
Dis
h: S
tirl
ing
Cyc
le
Pho
tovo
ltai
cs
Con
cent
rate
d S
olar
Pho
tovo
ltai
cs
Win
d
Electricity Generation Water Intensity by Fuel Source
Con
sum
ptiv
e W
ater
Int
ensi
ty (g
al/M
Wh)
Coal Natural Gas Uranium Solar Wind
GeothermalElectricity Generation: 3,600
HydropowerElectricity Generation: 4,500
25
26
27
Once-Through CoolingClosed-Loop CoolingClosed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureDry CoolingIGCC: Closed-Loop CoolingIGCC: Closed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureIGCC: Wet TowerIGCC: Wet Tower with Carbon Capture
Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Once-Through CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Closed-Loop CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Closed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Dry CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Cooling PondCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Wet TowerCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Wet Tower with Carbon Capture
Once-Through CoolingClosed-Loop CoolingClosed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureDry CoolingCooling PondWet Tower
Parabolic Troughs: Wet CoolingParabolic Troughs: Dry CoolingTower: Wet CoolingU.S. Weighted Average of Large-Scale Concentrating Solar PowerDish: Stirling CyclePhotovoltaicsConcentrated Solar Photovoltaics
Wind
35030480420
30389
376
750620
13780
260
217
30
150
560
42530830590
30800950
910
80
820800
1022
0
0
12500
25000
37500
50000
Onc
e-T
hrou
gh C
oolin
g
Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g
Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g w
ith
Car
bon
Cap
ture
Dry
Coo
ling
IGC
C: C
lose
d-L
oop
Coo
ling
IGC
C: C
lose
d-L
oop
Coo
ling
wit
h C
arbo
n C
aptu
re
IGC
C: W
et T
ower
IGC
C: W
et T
ower
wit
h C
arbo
n C
aptu
re
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Onc
e-T
hrou
gh C
oolin
g
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g w
ith
Car
bon
Cap
ture
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Dry
Coo
ling
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Coo
ling
Pond
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Wet
Tow
er
Com
bine
d-C
ycle
Gas
Tur
bine
: Wet
Tow
er w
ith
Car
bon
Cap
ture
Onc
e-T
hrou
gh C
oolin
g
Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g
Clo
sed-
Loo
p C
oolin
g w
ith
Car
bon
Cap
ture
Dry
Coo
ling
Coo
ling
Pond
Wet
Tow
er
Para
bolic
Tro
ughs
: Wet
Coo
ling
Para
bolic
Tro
ughs
: Dry
Coo
ling
Tow
er: W
et C
oolin
g
U.S
. Wei
ghte
d A
vera
ge o
f Lar
ge-S
cale
Con
cent
rati
ng S
olar
Pow
er
Dis
h: S
tirl
ing
Cyc
le
Pho
tovo
ltai
cs
Con
cent
rate
d S
olar
Pho
tovo
ltai
cs
Win
d
Electricity Generation Water Intensity by Fuel Source
Wit
hdra
wn
Wat
er I
nten
sity
(gal
/MW
h)
Coal Natural Gas Uranium Solar Wind
GeothermalElectricity Generation: 3,600
Coal Oil Natural Gas Solar and Wind
Biofuels
Electric Vehicle (PHEV/EV): Wind an PhotovoltaicBiodiesel from Nonirrigated SoybeansCNG using Natural Gas for CompressionHydrogen Fuel Cell with Electrolysis via Wind and PhotovoltaicHydrogen from Natural GasCNG using Electricity for CompressionDieselGasolineElectric Vehicle (PHEV/EV): U.S. GridPlug-In Hybrid Electric VehicleEthanol from Nonirrigated CornOil Shale GasolineSyn Diesel from Natural GasElectric VehicleOil Shale GasolineHydrogen Fuel Cell with Electrolysis via U.S. GridSyn Diesel from CoalHydrogen via Electrolysis
0.1
1.5
3
4.3
6
6.5
810.5
21.3
24
25
2627.5
3233
38.3
38.542
0
12.5
25
37.5
50
Ele
ctri
c Ve
hicl
e (P
HE
V/E
V):
Win
d an
Pho
tovo
ltai
c
Bio
dies
el fr
om N
onir
riga
ted
Soy
bean
s
CN
G u
sing
Nat
ural
Gas
for
Com
pres
sion
Hyd
roge
n F
uel C
ell w
ith
Ele
ctro
lysi
s vi
a W
ind
and
Pho
tovo
ltai
c
Hyd
roge
n fr
om N
atur
al G
as
CN
G u
sing
Ele
ctri
city
for
Com
pres
sion
Die
sel
Gas
olin
e
Ele
ctri
c Ve
hicl
e (P
HE
V/E
V):
U.S
. Gri
d
Plu
g-In
Hyb
rid
Ele
ctri
c Ve
hicl
e
Eth
anol
from
Non
irri
gate
d C
orn
Oil
Sha
le G
asol
ine
Syn
Die
sel f
rom
Nat
ural
Gas
Ele
ctri
c Ve
hicl
e
Oil
Sha
le G
asol
ine
Hyd
roge
n F
uel C
ell w
ith
Ele
ctro
lysi
s vi
a U
.S. G
rid
Syn
Die
sel f
rom
Coa
l
Hyd
roge
n vi
a E
lect
roly
sis
CoalOilNatural GasSolar and WindBiofuels
Con
sum
ptiv
e W
ater
Int
ensi
ty (g
allo
ns p
er 1
00 m
iles
driv
en)
Water Intensity of TransportationCarey W. King and Michael E. WebberEnvironmental Science and Tehcnology 2008 42 (21), 7866-7872
Stephen [email protected] of Civil and Environmental EngineeringColorado State Universitycewc.colostate.edu
Questions?
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