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Electrostatics and magnetism

Physics Grade 10 Advanced level

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Electrostatics and magnetism Unit 6

Contents

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Electrostatics and magnetism

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Electrostatics and magnetism Unit 6

Core Standards …………………………………..… 3

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Electrostatics and magnetism Unit 6

Objectives ………………………………..………… 4

Electrostatics ………………………………..……………………… 5

Friction and charge ………………………………..……………. 8

Electric Field ………………………………..…………………….. 19

Magnetism ………………………………..……………………….. 25

Magnetic Field ………………………………..…………………… 32

Questions ………………………………..….……… 35

References ………………………………..…..…… 39

30.1-

30.2

30.3

30.4

30.5

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Electrostatics and magnetism Unit 6

10A.30.1 Distinguish between conductors, semiconductors and insulators with reference to moving electrons or ions; know how the properties of semiconductors can be influenced by the presence of small quantities of impurities.

10A.30.2 Know that friction can generate two kinds of electric charge on an insulator and that opposite charges attract but like charges repel each other.

10A.30.3 Describe an electric field as an example of a field of force and know that electric field strength can be defined as force per unit positive charge and that an electric field can be represented by means of field lines.

10A.30.4 Make magnets from magnetic materials by a variety of methods. Know that they have north and south poles and that unlike poles attract and like poles repel each other.

10A.30.5 Describe a magnetic field as an example of a field of force and know that it can be represented by means of field lines.

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By the end of the unit, students generate electrostatic charge in insulators, know the rules of electrostatic attraction, know how to use an electroscope to investigate charge and understand distribution of charge on a conductor. They detect electric fields and know that they can exert a force on a charge They know that magnets have north and south poles and generate fields, the shape of which they plot, that exert forces on other magnets.Students who progress further define electric field strength and draw and interpret field lines representing the strength and direction of electric and magnetic fields.

30.1 Electrostatics

الساكنة الكهرباء

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Have you ever placed your hand next to a television screen when the television has just been switched on? The hair on your hand will stand on end.

يدك مالمسة عند اليد لشعر يحدث ماذا شعرت هلتشغيله؟ لحظة التلفاز لشاشة

Try walking across a rug and reaching for a doorknob in a dry environment. You will experience a shock!

المشي اح بعد جاف يوم في الباب مقبض لمس ول. جافة سجادة على

. بصدمة الشعور ستجرب

Lighting is a common occurrence during a heavy rain. Have you ever wondered how lighting is produced and why it is usually strikes during a heavy rain?

كيف البرق فكرت فهل الممطرة األيام في تحدث ظاهرة البرق؟ يحدث

Some Common Phenomena of Static electricity

Friction and charge

والشحنة االحتكاك

30.2

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Some objects (such as a glass rod or an ebonite rod) acquire a new property of being able to attract small pieces of paper after they have been rubbed with another material (such as silk or fur). This phenomenon belongs to the branch of Physics called electrostatics or static electricity.

It involves the study of static electric charges. Before rubbing, these objects do not attract small pieces of paper. This implies that friction due to rubbing has changed the nature of the surfaces of the rods. We say that friction has caused the rods to be 'electrified' or 'charged'.

من بقطعة دلكه بعد الورق من قصاصات جذب يمكنه زجاج من كقضيب المواد بعض . . يمكن ال األجسام دلك قبل الساكنة بالكهرباء الظاهرة تسمى حيث الفرو أو الحرير

. سطح شحن الدلك أثناء االحتكاك أن يعني هذا الورق قصاصات تجذب أن لهاالزجاج المتعادل يالقضيب .

Table gives a summary of some electrostatic experiments and the corresponding observations and inferences.

. واالستنتاجات والمشاهدات الساكنة الكهرباء تجارب بعض

Experiment Observations InferencesExperiment 1 The pith ball remains in

its rest position when the uncharged glass rod is brought near to it.

ساكنة البيلسان كرة تبقىالزجاج قضيب تقريب عند

منها المشحون .غير

The gravitational force of attraction between the pith ball and the uncharged glass rod is too weak to cause any movement in the pith ball.

الكتلي التجاذب قوىال بحيث جدا ضعيفة

للكرة حركة .تحدث

Some electrostatic experiments

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1. For Experiment 2, the pith ball is seen to move towards the glass rod after the rod has been rubbed with silk

الزجاج باتجاه الكرة تجذبدلكه بعد

2. For Experiment 3, the pith ball is seen to move towards the ebonite rod after the rod has been rubbed with fur.

3. The angles of displacement θ1 and θ2 of the pith ball are generally large

للكرةθ1 and θ2الزوايا تكون كبيرة. عادة

1. Both the glass and ebonite rods are able to attract light objectsafter they are rubbed with silk and fur respectively, i.e. they are electrified or charged.

بعد الزجاج قضيب يشحنكرة فيجذب بالحرير دلكه

.البيلسان

2. The attraction between the pith ball and each rod is fairly large, i.e. the electrostatic force is much stronger than the gravitational force between the pith ball and the rods.

الكهربي التجاذب قوىالتجاذب قوى من اكبر

.الكتليThe angle of displacement of the pith ball θ3 is smaller than θ1 or θ2,

من θ3الزاوية بكثير اصغرθ2و θ1الزاويتين

The electrified states of the glass and ebonite rods tend to weaken each other. In other words, there exist twoelectrified or charged states.

الزجاج قضيبي يعملالمشحونين واألبونيت

بعضهما إضعاف على.البعض

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The two charged glass rods are seen to repel each other. (Note: Repulsion also occurs between two chargedebonite rods.)

زجاج لقضيبي تنافر يحدثمشحونين.

The electrified glass rods have similar or like charges.

الزجاج قضيبي شحنات.متشابه

The two charged rods are seen to attract each other.

بين تجاذب يحدثالقضيبين.

The glass rod and ebonite rod have different or unlike charges.

القضيبين شحنات.مختلفة

Based on the results of the experiments in Table we can conclude that: التجارب من النتائج بعض

.السابقة

1-Friction produces two different kinds of charges on different materials (Such as glass and ebonite) .

1 . مختلفة- مواد دلك عند مختلفة شحنات يولد االحتكاك

2-Like charges always repel each other. And unlike charges always attract each other.

تتجاذب -2 والمختلفة تتنافر المتشابه الشحنات3-Only two kinds of charges exist.

4- 3. الشحنات- من نوعان هناك

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1-Matter is made up of indivisible particles called atoms. Each atom has negatively-charged electrons orbiting round a small massive nucleus which consists of positively-charged particles called protons and neutral particles called neutrons. Figure shows an atomic model of a beryllium atom.

حو -1 تدور االلكترونات هي سالبة شحنات تحتوي ذرات من تتكون نواة لالموادمتعادلة ونيوترونات موجبة بروتونات تحتوي

2-In charging by friction (such as rubbing a glass rod with silk), some electrons from the surface atoms of one object (the glass rod, in this case) are transferred to another object (silk, in this case). This makes the glass rod positively charged as it is now short of electrons. The silk becomes negatively charged as it gains excess electrons. Charge is never made or destroyed in the friction process; it is transferred from one material to another.

التي -2 المادة يجعل مما ألخرى مادة من تنتقل االلكترونات بعض مادتين دلك عند . جعل هذا موجبة االلكترونات منها انتقلت والتي سالبة االلكترونات إليها انتقلت

الكتسابها سالبة الحرير وقطعة الكترونات لفقدانه موجبا الزجاج قضيب. ألخرى. مادة من تنتقل وإنما تفنى أو تخلق ال الشحنات الكترونات

The Table summarizes the charges produced on some common materials due to the friction process.

باألخرى دلكها عند مادة كل على الشحنة نوع يبين التالي .الجدول

Materials Positive charge

Negative charge

Glass rod rubbed with silk Glass زجاج Silk حرير Ebonite rod rubbed with fur Furفرو Ebonite أبونيت Perspex ruler rubbed with woolen duster Perspex Duster قماش Plastic comb rubbed with hair Hair شعر Plastic combPolythene strip rubbed with woolen duster

Duster Polythene بولثين

An explanation of charging by frictionاالحتكاك طريق عن الشحن تفسير

Unit of charge الشحنة وحدة

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The SI unit of charge is the coulomb (C). It is equal to the charge on about 6 million million million electrons, although it is not defined in this way. One coulomb is a relatively large quantity of charge, and it is often more convenient to measure charge in micro coulombs: 1 micro coulombs (µC) = 10-6 Cthe charge on a rubbed polythene rod is, typically, only about 0.005 µC.

. شحنة تساوي وهي الكولوم هي للشحنة الدولية مليون 6الوحدة مليون مليون . وحدة. نستخدم لذا جدا كبير مقدار وهي الطريقة بهذه تعرف ال ولكنها إلكترون

تساوي . تقريبا البولثين دلك عند الشحنة .0.005الميكروكولوم ميكروكولوم

When some materials gain charge, they lose it almost immediately. This isbecause electrons flow through them or the surrounding material until thebalance of negative and positive charge is restored.

. االلكترونات أن بسبب هذا بسرعة تفقدها فإنها شحنة، المواد بعض تكتسب عندماالموجبة والشحنة السالبة الشحنة تتوازن حتى المادة خالل .تتدفق

are materials that let electrons pass through them. Metals are the best electrical conductors. Some of their electrons are so loosely held to their Atoms that they can pass freely between them. These free electrons also make metals good thermal conductors. Most non-metals conduct charge poorly or not at all, although carbon is an exception.

. أفضل تعتبر المعادن خاللها بالمرور لاللكترونات تسمح مواد هي الموصالتبين بحرية تتحرك لذا بالذرة االرتباط ضعيفة الكترونات على الحتوائها الموصالت

. الكربون. باستثناء موصلة غير أو التوصيل ضعيفة إما المعدنية غير العناصر الذرات

Conductors

Conductors and Insulators

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are materials that hardly conduct at all. Their electrons are tightly held to atoms and are not free to move - although they can be transferred by rubbing. Insulators are easy to charge by rubbing because any electrons that get transferred tend to stay where they are.

ال مواد هي بقوة العازالت مرتبطة الكتروناتها الن خاللها بالمرور لاللكترونات تسمح حيث. للبقاء تميل المنتقلة االلكترونات الن دلكها عند بسهولة تشحن ولكنها بذراتها

.هي

These are 'in -between' materials. They are poor Conductors when cold, but much better conductors when warm.

حرارتها هأشبا رفع عند توصيال أكثر وتكون والعازالت الموصالت بين هي الموصالت .

Induction is the process of charging a conductor without any contact with the charging body.

اآلخر للجسم المشحون الجسم مالمسة دون يتم للموصالت بالتأثير الشحن

Insulators

Semiconductors

Charging conductors by induction

بالتوصيل الموصالت شحن

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Step 1: The two conductors (metallic spheres) on insulator stands are brought into contact with one another (Figure 1)

. ومتالمسان عازلة حوامل على معدنيان موصالن

Step 2: A negatively-charged rod is brought near to sphere A (Figure 2) . This causes the electrons from A to be repelled to the farthest side of sphere B. Under this condition, sphere A alone will have excess positive charge (due to electron loss) while B alone has excess negative charge (due to gain of electrons).

الموصل من بالسالب مشحون قضيب إلى Aنقرب االلكترونات لتنافر يؤدي مماللموصل جانب و Aفيصبح Bابعد الكترونات لخسارته الكتسابه Bموجبا سالبا

الكترونات.

Step 3: With the negatively-charged rod in place, the two spheres A and B are separated a distance apart using the insulating stands (Figure 3)

القضيب 3الشكل بوجود مختلفة بشحنات متباعدان الموصالن يبين بالسالب المشحون

(a) To charge two conductors with equal and opposite charges:

متساويتين- مختلفتين بشحنتين موصلين شحن .ا

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Step 4: The sphere A will now have induced positive charges while B will carry an equal number of induced negative charges. The charge on the charging rod remains unchanged (Figure 4)

مختلفة . بشحنات مشحونين موصلين على نحصل المشحون القضيب إزالة عند

Step 1: Bring a charged rod (say positively charged) to the vicinity of the conductor held by an insulating stand (Figure 1) . عازل بحامل متصل موصل من الشحنة موجب قضيب نقرب

(b) To charge a single conductor by induction.

بالتأثير ب- موصل شحن

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Step 2: The free electrons in the conductor will be drawn towards the end of the conductor nearer to the positively-charged rod. Leaving the other remote end to have excess positive charge. Note that the conductor is still electrically neutral despite the redistribution of the free electrons on it (Figure 2).

اآلخر الطرف فيصبح الشحنة موجب القضيب باتجاه الحرة االلكترونات تتحركالشحنة موجب إعادة للموصل من الرغم على كهربيا متعادل يبقى الموصل مالحظة ،

عليه الحرة االلكترونات .توزيع

Step 3: With the positively-charged rod still in place, the conductor to be charged is earthed. This can be done by touching the conductor with our body momentarily. Being a relatively good conductor, our body will allow electrons to flow to the conductor to neutralize the excess positive charge on the far side of the conductor. Note that now the conductor will carry an excess negative charge (Figure 3).

للحظة باليد بمالمسته وذلك باألرضي الموصل نوصل المشحون القضيب بوجودفيصبح الموجبة الشحنات لتعادل الموصل إلى الكترونات بمرور الجسم فيسمح

. فقط سالبة لشحنات حامال الموصل

Step 4: On removing the charging rod, the excess negative charge (electrons) will redistribute on the surface of the conductor to attain electrostatic equilibrium

(Figure 4) ،الشحنة سالب الموصل يصبح المشحون القضيب بإزالةاإللكتروستاتيكي التوازن لتحقق سطحه على اإللكترونات تتوزع .حيث

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Note also that charging a single conductor by induction will always result in a charge that has the opposite sign to that of the charging rod.

الشاحن : شحنة عكس الموصل شحنة تكون التأثير بواسطة الشحن .مالحظة

(Figure 1&2) shows the structure of a typical electroscope used for thedetection of charges and to test for the sign of the charge.

الجسم كان إن لمعرفة يستعمل الذي الكهربي الكشاف تركيب يبين الشكل مشحونا كان إن الشحنة نوع وكذلك ال أم .مشحون

Electroscopeالكهربي الكشاف

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In Figure 3, the gold leaf is close to the brass plate. It is in a collapsed state. The brass cap, brass rod, brass plate and the gold leaf are electrically neutral (there is no excess charge).

الشكل النحاسية ( 3في الصفيحة متالمستان، المذهبتان الورقتان الكشاف مكونات الشحنة متعادلة جميعها المذهبتان والورقتان النحاسي والساق

(a)Detection of chargeالشحنات- عن الكشف ا

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When a charged insulator (such as a positively-charged glass rod) is brought near to the brass cap, the free electrons from the brass and gold parts of the electroscope are attracted to the brass cap, leaving the brass plate and gold leaf positively charged. This causes the gold leaf to diverge due to the repulsion between like positive charges (Figure 4). In this way, we can conclude that the glass rod is charged.

االلكترونات تتحرك للكشاف النحاسي القرص من بالموجب مشحون قضيب بتقريبموجبة شحنة ذات فتصبحان المذهبتين الكشاف ورقتي أما القرص إلى الحرة

مشحونا كان القضيب أن نعرف ومنها .وتنفرجان

To test for the sign of a charge on a charged body, we need to charge the electroscope first. The electroscope can be charged easily by induction. The following diagrams show the sequence of charging the electroscope positively by induction (Figure 5).

. األشكال بالتأثير بالشحن وذلك الكشاف لشحن نحتاج ما جسم شحنة عن للكشف. بالتأثير موجبة بشحنة الكشاف شحن تبين التالية

موجبة 5الشكل بشحنة الكهربي الكشاف شحن مراحل يمثل .

(b) Testing for the sign of chargeالشحنة- نوع عن الكشف ب

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To charge the electroscope negatively, we can slide a negatively-charged rod on the brass cap of the electroscope (Figure 6) so that some electrons from the charged rod can be transferred to the cap causing the gold leaf to deflect or diverge.

. 6الشكل بقرص سالبة ساق بمالمسة وذلك سالبة بشحنة الكشاف شحن يمثل المذهبتان الورقتان جاعلة للقرص تنتقل االلكترونات بعض أن حيث الكشاف

.تنفرجان

If a charged rod with an unknown charge is brought near to a negatively charged electroscope and there is an increase in the divergence of the gold leaf, we can conclude that the charge on the charged rod is negative (Figure 7).

كشاف من الشحنة مجهول جسم تقريب عندالورقتان انفراج وزاد بالسالب مشحون

بالسالب مشحون يكون الجسم فان .المذهبتان

Similarly if a charged rod is brought near to a positively-charged electroscope and the divergence of the gold leaf increases, we can conclude that the charge on the charged rod is positive (Figure 8). Note that for both cases of testing the sign of the charge, only the phenomenon of repulsion between like charges is used. Do you know why attraction between unlike charges cannot be used to test the kind of charge?

Negative charge detection

سالبة شحنة عن الكشف

Positive charge detection

شحنة عن موجبةالكشف

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انفراج وزاد بالموجب مشحون كشاف من الشحنة مجهول جسم تقريب عندبالموجب مشحون يكون الجسم فان المذهبتان .الورقتان

التجاذب ) آلية نستخدم ولم الورقتين بين التنافر زيادة استخدام الحالتين في نالحظذلك تفسير حاول الشحنة نوع (لمعرفة

• Michael Faraday developed an approach that helps us both understand and calculate the influence of a charged particle on other charged particles

الجسيمات • تأثير وحساب فهم على يساعدنا مفهوم بتطوير فاراداي قام لقدالجسميات من غيرها على المشحونة

• This approach is called the field concept بمبدأ يعرف ما هو المفهوم هذا المجال

• We say that a charged particle creates a field throughout all of spaceالجسيمات • به يتأثر الفراغ خالل تأثير مجال بتكوين المشحونة الجسميات تقوم

المحيطة المشحونة• Other charged particles then interact with this field

Here a charge Q sets up a field that points away from the charge in three-dimensional space.

محيط مجاال تكون الوسط في شحنة يوجد الشكل هذا فياتجاهات الثالث في ويؤثر .بها

If we place a test charge at point P, we can measure the field at that point by looking at the force exerted on the test charge by the field.

30.3 Electric Field

الكهربي المجال

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النقطة ( عند اختباريه شحنة وضع النقطة) Pعند تلك عند المجال تأثير قياس يمكننا. االختبارية الشحنة على المؤثرة القوة طريق عن

We bring in a positive charge q0 as a test charge, which is carefully selected with a very small magnitude, so that it does not alter the locations of the other charges

The electric field E that exists at a point is the electrostatic force F experienced by a small test charge q0 placed at that point divided by the charge itself:

جدا صغيرة اختباريه شحنة قربنا عند qoإذا الكهربي المجال فإن موجبة شحنة منعلى مقسمة االختباريه بالشحنة المتأثرة الساكنة الكهربية القوة يساوي النقطة تلك

الشحنة . تلك مقدار

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• The electric field is a vector, and its direction is the same as the direction of the force F on a positive test charge

على • القوة اتجاه نفس هو اتجاهه ويكون متجهه كمية هو الكهربي المجالالموجبة االختباريه الشحنة

• SI Unit of Electric Field: Newton per coulomb (N/C)

• It is the surrounding charges that create an electric field at a given point.

•. المجال هذا في المتسببة بالشحنة الكهربي المجال يحيط•Any charge q placed at the point with the electric field E will experiences

a force, F=qE. For a positive charge, the force points in the same direction as the electric field; for a negative charge, the force points in the opposite direction as the electric field.

المذكور • بالقانون تحدد بقوة ستتأثر كهربي مجال من بالقرب موضوعة شحنة أيالمجال. اتجاه نفس في تؤثر القوة فإن الموجبة للشحنة وبالنسبة سلفا

. السالبة الشحنة مع يحدث ما عكس على الكهربي• At a particular point in space, each of the surrounding charges

contributes to the net electric field that exists thereالكلي • الكهربي المجال في تشارك محيطة شحنة كل الفراغ، في ما نقطة في

. الفراغ هذا في الموجود

Important about electric field

الكهربي المجال عن حقائق

Example

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In Figure a the charges on the two metal spheres and the ebonite rod create an electric field E at the spot indicated. This field has a magnitude of 2.0 N/C and is directed as in the drawing. Determine the force on a charge placed at that spot, if the charge has a value of (a) qo=+18×10–8 C and (b) qo =–24×10–8 C.

األبونيت ساق وعلى المعدنية الكرات على المتواجدة الشحنات الموضح الشكل في . هو المجال هذا مقدار الموضحة النقطة على كهربيا مجاال / 2تولد كولوم نيوتن

تلك . عند الموضوعة الشحنة على المؤثرة القوة عين الرسم في كما واتجاهه ( هو ( أ الحالة في الشحنة مقدار أن علمت إذا الحالة qo=+18×10–8 Cالنقطة وفي

( هو( qo=–24×10–8 Cب

Electric Field Lines

الكهربي المجال خطوط

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An electric field can be visualized on paper by drawing lines of force, which give an indication of both the size and the strength of the field. Lines of force are also called field lines.

Field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges, and the direction of the field line at a point tells you what direction the force experienced by a charge will be if the charge is placed at that point. If the charge is positive, it will experience a force in the same direction as the field; if it is negative the force will be opposite to the field.

وشدة مقدار من كال تبين والتي القوى خطوط برسم الكهربي المجال تمثيل يمكن . . المجال خطوط تبدأ المجال بخطوط أيضا تسمى القوى خطوط الكهربي المجال

. السالبة الشحنة عند وتنتهي الموجبة الشحنة من

The fields from isolated, individual charges look like this:

يلي كما تبدو والمنفردة المعزولة الشحنات عن الناشئ : المجال

When there is more than one charge in a region, the electric field lines will not be straight lines; they will curve in response to the different charges. In

What does an electric field look like?

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every case, though, the field is highest where the field lines are close together, and decreases as the lines get further apart.

مستقيمة المجال خطوط تبدو فلن واحدة منطقة في شحنة من أكثر هناك كان إذا . الكهربي المجال قوة فإن األحوال كل وفي األخرى الشحنات تأثير تحت تنحني ولكن

المجال خطوط تتباعد عندما ويقل المجال خطوط تتقارب عندما يمكن ما أكبر .تكون

Rank the magnitudes E of the electric field at points A, B, and C shown in the figure.

المجال قوة حسب الموضحة النقاط على الكهربي المجال تأثير رتب

A) EC>EB>EA

B) EB>EC>EA

C) EA>EC>EB

D) EB>EA>EC

E) EA>EB>EC

30.4Magnetism المغناطيسية

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In our childhood, most of us might have come across a few objects that attracted pins, needles, blades, etc. We realized that they did not attract things like paper, wooden blocks, plastic scales, etc. Later, we learnt that such objects belonged to a class called magnets. In this chapter we will study the types and properties of magnets.

الدبابيس ( مثل للمغناطيس تنجذب المواد بعض هناك أن عرفنا المبكرة الدراسية مراحلنا فيالحديدية ) مثل والشفرات به تتأثر ال وبعضها

. وعرفنا والخشب يسمى الورق ما ذلك بعدالذي خواصه بالمغناطيس هنا .سندرس

To understand the properties of a magnet, try and do the following:

: التالي بالنشاط القيام يمكنك المغناطيس خواص لفهم

1 .Suspend a bar magnet horizontally with the help of a string. When you disturb the magnet, you will observe that the magnet starts oscillating. After some time, it comes to rest in the same direction in which it was

undisturbed .

. المغناطيس حركت إذا خيط بواسطة أفقيا المغناطيس من قضيب بتعليق قماالتجاه نفس في استقراره تالحظ فترة وبعد باالهتزاز بدأ المغناطيس أن ستالحظ

االهتزاز عنده بدأ .الذي

Properties of Magnets

المغناطيسات خواص

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2.Repeat the experiment. If you watch the magnet’s direction carefully you will notice that the magnet always comes to rest in the earth’s north–south direction. It is one of the inherent properties of magnets. On all bar magnets, the end that points to the earth’s north is called the north pole – it always marked with a white dot. The other end, pointing towards the Earth’s south is called the south pole.

الشمالي القطب إلى يشير الذي الطرف يكون القضيبية المغنطيسات كل فيبنقطة له يرمز ما وعادة للمغناطيس الشمالي القطب هو االستقرار عند لألرض

الجنوبي بالقطب الثاني الطرف ويسمى .بيضاء،

A magnet’s directional property is used in a mariner’s compass. Keep the compass in any direction; it comes to rest in the north–south direction. The compass has a thin needle pivoted freely and it is made out of a magnet. In ancient times, the compass helped travelers to navigate and know their directions.

. من تتركب والبوصلة للمالحين كبوصلة تستخدم للمغناطيس االتجاهية الصفة وهذهاألرض أقطاب إلى استقرارها عند لتشير بحرية لتتحرك معلقة مغناطيسية .إبرة

We can therefore say that the magnets preferably attract iron and does not attract copper or aluminum. This is known as the attractive property of a magnet.

مثل للمغناطيس تنجذب مواد هناك أن على تنص للمغناطيس التجاذب خاصيةواأللومنيوم النحاس مثل تنجذب ال وأخرى الحديد

3 .The iron filings are seen to be attracted only to the ends of the bar magnet. Therefore, it can be concluded that the end regions of a magnet have greater strength to attract iron filings. We call these regions of a

magnet – the north pole and the south pole .

العظمى القوة أن يعني مما فقط المغناطيس قطبي إلى الحديد برادة تنجذباألقطاب عند تتركز للمغناطيس

4. Take two bar magnets. Try and bring the two like poles together. Then try and bring two unlike poles together. You will observe that north–north poles and south – south poles repel each other. Whereas north – south

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poles of the two bar magnets attract each other.

أقالتالي الشكل ذلك ويتضح تتجاذب والمختلفة تتنافر المتشابهة المغناطيس :طاب

This rule is similar to the rule for the forces between electric charges, where like charges repel one another and unlike charges attract. But there is a very important difference between magnetic poles and electric charges. Whereas electric charges can be isolated, magnetic poles cannot.

التجاذب حيث من الكهربية الشحنات بين المتولدة القوى قاعدة تشبه القاعدة هذهعزلها. يمكن المختلفة الكهربية الشحنات وهو جوهري اختالف هناك لكن والتنافر

بعضها عن المغناطيسية األقطاب عزل يمكن ال بينما بعضها عن

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We see that the attraction or repulsion of the poles is observed even if the poles are at a distance from each other. We say that there is a force, a 'actions at a distance' force, that is acting on these magnets. The magnetic poles are experiencing a force due to what we call 'magnetic fields'.

طريق عن وذلك القريبة المغناطيسية األجسام على بقوة المغناطيس أقطاب تؤثرالمغناطيسي بالمجال يسمى .ما

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• A piece of magnetic material can be turned into a magnet if it is stroked by a magnet. As the magnet moves along the magnetic material, it causes the magnetic dipoles in the magnetic material to become aligned in one direction and give rise to a magnetic field.

. الدلك ويتم بمغناطيس دلكها طريق عن مغناطيس إلى حديدية قطعة تحويل يمكنمجال لذلك نتيجة ويتكون قطبين ليتكون واحد اتجاه وفي الحديدية القطعة بطول

.مغناطيسي

30.4 Methods of making magnets

المغناطيس صناعة طرق

1- ‘Stroke’ method الدلك طريقة

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To make an electromagnet you may implement the following steps.

التالية الخطوات تنفيذ يمكنك كهربي مغناطيس :لصناعة

Step 1 - Gather the Materials المواد جمع One iron nail fifteen centimeters (15cm) long

بطول حديدية سم 15إبرةThree meters (3m) of insulated, copper wire

معزول 3 نحاسي سلك من مترOne or more D-cell batteries الكبير الحجم من أكثر أو بطاريةwire strippers أسالك قشارة

Step 2 - Remove some Insulation السلك تقشيرSome of the copper wire needs to be exposed so that the battery can make a good electrical connection. Use a pair of wire strippers to remove a few centimeters of insulation from each end of the wire.

النحاسي السلك طرفي من جزء بتقشير السلك عازل إزالة يتمالمعزول

2- Electromagnetsالكهربي المغناطيس

Activityنشاط

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Step 3 - Wrap the Wire Around the Nail حول السلك لف المسمار

Neatly wrap the wire around the nail. The more wire you wrap around the nail, the stronger your electromagnet

will be. Make certain that you leave enough of the wire unwound so that you can attach the battery.

قوة زادت كلما اللفات عدد زادت وكلما ، المسمار حول السلك لف وتوالي بإتقانالمغناطيس

When you wrap the wire around the nail, make certain that you wrap the wire all in one direction.

واحد اتجاه في كله اللف يكون أن تأكد السلك لف .عند

Step 4 - Connect the Battery البطارية توصيلAttach one end of the wire to the positive terminal of the battery and the other end of the wire to the negative terminal of the battery. If all has gone well, your electromagnet is now working.

و والطرف للبطارية الموجب الطرف إلى السلك طرفي إحدى صلالثاني البطارية طرف مع للسلك .اآلخر

Don't worry about which end of the wire you attach to the positive terminal of the battery and which one you attach to the negative terminal. Your magnet will work just as well either way. What will change is your magnet's polarity. One end of your magnet will be its north pole and the other end will be its south pole. Reversing the way the battery is connected will reverse the poles of your electromagnet.

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تريد ( ) كنت إذا إال التوصيل قطبية للبطارية توصل األطراف بأي نفسك تشغل الأقطاب يعكس التوصيل أقطاب فعكس ، الناشئ المغناطيس ألقطاب معينا وضعا

. الناشئ الكهربي المغناطيس

A magnetic field is an invisible field which exerts magnetic force on substances which are sensitive to magnetism. A classic example of a magnetic field is the field created by an iron magnet; to see how the energy in such a field works, you can place a small magnet under a piece of paper and sprinkle iron filings on it. As the filings respond to the magnetic field, they will slowly orient themselves along an axis.

المواد على مغناطيسية بقوة يؤثر مرئي غير مجال هو المغناطيسي المجالحيث. مغناطيسي لقضيب المغناطيسي المجال هو المعتادة األمثلة ومن المغناطيسية

المجال في مواضعها البرادة هذه تتخذ حيث الحديد برادة ينثر ثم ورقة فوقه يوضع نتيجة .به تأثرها

30.5 Magnetic Field

المغناطيسي المجال

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Magnets are surrounded by magnetic fields. A magnetic field can be thought of as consisting of lines of force. The forces of magnetic attraction and repulsion move along the lines of force. The iron filings line up along the magnetic field lines of the magnet. Note the circular pattern of the field lines. By convention, we say that the field lines emanate from the north pole of the magnet and re-enter the magnet through the South Pole. Note also that the field lines are closer together at the poles than at the center of the magnet. More iron filings are attracted to the poles because the strength of the magnetic field is greater at the poles. Discover the affect on magnetic field lines when two magnets are placed close to each other.

خطوط أيضا تسمى خطوط شكل على بالمغناطيس يحيط المغناطيسي المجال . هذه وتكون الخطوط هذه عبر مسارها في تتحرك والتنافر التجاذب وقوى القوة

وتكون . الجنوبي القطب إلى الشمالي القطب من تخرج بحيث مغلقة الخطوط , من اكبر عدد تجاذب نالحظ لذا المغناطيس لوسط بالنسبة األقطاب عند جدا متقاربة

األقطاب . . عند اكبر المغناطيسي المجال شدة ألن وذلك األقطاب عند الحديد برادةمتقاربين لمغناطيسيين المغناطيسي المجال يوضح التالي .الشكل

Larger examples of magnetic fields include the Earth's magnetic field,

المغناطيسي األرض مجال هو المغناطيسي للمجال آخر .مثال

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Earth is a huge magnet. For points near earth's surface, its magnetic field can be approximated as the field of huge bar magnet – a magnetic dipole – that straddles the center of the planet. Hence a suspended magnet or compass points northward. The compass aligns with the magnetic field of the earth.

في عمالق مغناطيس وكأن تأثيرها في تبدو فاألرض عمالق، مغناطيس األرض تعتبراألرض. بقطبي حركتها في تتأثر المغناطيسية اإلبرة فإن لذا جوفها

Earth's magnetic field

لألرض المغناطيسي المجال

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1- The diagrams below show charged and neutral bodies being brought together.

بعضها من اقتربت متعادلة وأخرى مشحونة أجساما تمثل األشكال .البعض

Questions

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Indicate whether the objects attract or repel each other.

تتنافر أو تتجاذب األجسام هذه كانت إن بين

Diagram Observation(a)(b)(c)(d)

2. When someone pulls a plastic comb through their hair, the comb becomes negatively charged

الشحنة سالب المشط يصبح الرأس لشعر البالستيك من مشط استخدام عند.

a) Which ends up with more electrons than normal, the comb or the hair?الشعر؟ أم المشط أكثر الكترونات يحتوي األطراف أي

b) Why does the hair become positively charged?موجبة؟ شحنة ذو الشعر أصبح لماذا

3. On the right, a charged rod is held close to a metal can. The can is on an Insulated stand

عازل قائم على موضوعة معدنية علبة من اقتربت مشحونة ساق الشكل في

a) Copy the diagram. Draw in any induced charges on the can.

الشكل- ارسم على ا تستحث شحنة أي وارسمالمعدنية .العلبة

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b) Why is the can attracted to the rod even though the net (overall) charge on the can is zero?

صفرا؟- عليها الشحنات محصلة أن مع للساق العلبة تجاذب فسر ب

c) If you touch the can with your finger, electrons flow through it. In which direction is the flow?

اتج- أي في االلكترونات، تتدفق اليد بإصبع العلبة لمست أن التدفق؟ اهج هذا يحدثd) What type of charge is left on the can after it has been touched?

باليد؟- لمسها بعد العلبة على المتبقية الشحنة نوع ما د

4- If you are given a negatively-charged rod. Describe how you can use it to charge a neutral electroscope positively.

كشاف . لشحن استخدامه يمكن كيف صف بالسالب مشحونة ساق أعطيت إذاموجبة بشحنة متعادل .كهربي

5- Tow small light balls coated in metallic paint are Suspended by long insulating threads from points A and B as shown below.

النقط عند وطويلة عازلة بخيوط معلقتان معدني بطالء مصبوغتين خفيفتان Aكرتان.Bو الشكل في كما

a- Both balls are given a positive charge. Complete the figure below to show the new positions of the balls and their suspending threads.

للكرتين . إ الجديدة المواقع لتوضح الرسم أكمل موجبة بشحنة الكرتان شحنت ذا التعليق خيطي .وكذلك

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b- The ball suspended from B is carefully moved and suspended from C without altering the charges on either of the two balls. Complete the figure below to show the new positions of the balls and their suspending threads.

ب المعلقة الكرة حركت في Bإذا وعلقت الكرتين .Cبحذر شحنة في تغيير دونوكذلك للكرتين الجديدة المواقع لتوضح الرسم . أكمل التعليق خيطي

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Resources:

Books:

1-Physics A Course for “ O” level.(Charles Chew. Leong See Cheng)

2- Complete physics (Stephen Pople)

3- Essentials of physics (Julie Quah. Chuen Wee Hong)

4-Longman GCSE physics (Brin Arnold . Steve Woolley)

5- Advanced physics for you

Websites:1. http://library.thinkquest.org/10796/ch12/ch12.htm 2. http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/waves_particles/wavpart3.html 3. http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py106/Electricfield.html 4. http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/u8l4b.cfm 5. http://www.titaneducation.com.au/samples/mag.pdf


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