Download - Weathering Erosion and Deposition. Weathering The breakdown of rock into smaller pieces (Sediment)
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Weathering Erosionand Deposition
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Weathering
• The breakdown of rock into smaller pieces (Sediment)
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Mechanical Weathering
• Rocks broken into sediment by physical means
• Types – Frost heaving and Frost wedging– Plant roots– Friction and impact– Burrowing of animals– Temperature changes
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Frost Wedging
Expansion of cracks in rock due to freezing ice
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Frost Heaving
Wet soil freezes, pushing up the ground above
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Plant Roots
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Friction and Repeated Impact
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Burrowing of Animals
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Temperature Changes
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Chemical Weathering
• The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes.
• The agents of chemical weathering– Water– Oxygen– Carbon dioxide– Living organisms– Acid rain
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Water
• Water weathers rock by dissolving it
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Oxygen• Oxygen makes iron
rust.• Rust is unstable
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Carbon Dioxide
• CO2 in soil dissolves in rain water and creates carbonic acid
• Easily weathers limestone and marble
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Living Organisms
• Lichens produce weak acids
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Acid Rain• Compounds from burning fuels (NOx SO4)
form acids in rain.
• Very rapid chemical weathering
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Karst Topography
• A type of landscape in rainy regions where there is limestone near the surface, characterized by caves, sinkholes, and disappearing streams.
• Created by chemical weathering of limestone
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Features of Karst: Sinkholes
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Features of Karst: Caves
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Features of Karst: Disappearing Streams
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Soil
• Soil is the product of weathering rocks and dying living things.
• Mixture of sediment and organic matter
• Plants, as well as Fungi, Bacteria, and Invertebrates mix soil over time to form different layers.
• OM broken down by FBI is called Humus
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Soil Profile
• A cross section of soil that shows the different layers, called horizons.
• There are 4 different horizons
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O horizon
• Top layer
• 100% organic matter (living or dead)
• No sediment, therefore not soil.
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A Horizon
• The top layer of soil, often referred to as topsoil.
• Dark in color because it has lots of organic matter.
• Also contains roots and animals.
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B Horizon
• Middle layer of soil
• Lighter because it has less organic matter
• Some plant roots
• Leeching – water bringing nutrients from one layer into the next
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C Horizon
• Deepest layer of soil
• Contains no Organic matter, only weathered rock.
• Little to no nutrients.
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Soil Profiles (cont)
• Soil profiles differ in different areas
• Thickness of the various layers depends on the climate type as well as the plant/animal activity above.
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Erosion
• The process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves fragments of rock and soil.
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Erosion Factors
• Rate of Rain– More rain More Erosion
• Slope of land– Steeper land More Erosion
• Plants– Fewer Plants More Erosion
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Humans
• Increase erosion– Plowing– Overgrazing animals– Clear cutting forests
• Decrease Erosion– No-Till farming– Contour Farming– Terracing– Selective cutting of forests
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Water Erosion
• Rivers, streams, and runoff
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Rills and Gullies
• Rill and Gully Erosion occur when water moves over steep areas, carving out channels.
• Rills are formed by small streams.
• Gullies are formed as rills become broader and deeper due to more water.
• The fast moving water removes sediment.
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Sheet Erosion
• Sheet erosion occurs in flat areas where the water slows down.
• Water flows in wide sheets rather than streams
• Because the water has less energy, it deposits much of its sediment
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Ice Erosion
• Glaciers
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Glaciers
• Valley Glaciers - small glaciers between mountains
• Leave U-shaped valley.
• Continental Glaciers - large glaciers that cover vast areas.
• Currently cover 10% of earth
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Glacial Erosion
• Glaciers erode as they move.• They can pick up sediment and move it great
distances - Plucking• They can also scrape the surface rock resulting
in striations
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Glacial Deposition
• Glaciers drop their sediment (till)as they melt.
• Moraines - pile of sediment perpendicular to movement
• Eskers – winding pile of sediment parallel to movement
• Drumlin – Streamlined piles of sediment parallel to movement
• Glacial Erratic - single large rock dropped by glacier
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Wind Erosion
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Wind Erosion
• Deflation – Wind picks up sediment• Abrasion – Wind carried sediment acts as
a sand blaster• Loess – fine sediment deposited by
slowing wind• Dunes – piles of sand constantly moved
by wind
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Gravity Erosion (Mass Movements)
• Slumps, Creeps, Rockslides and Mudslides
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Slumps
• Occurs on a steep slope when loose materials slide down the slope in one large mass.
• Layers under the soil are weakened due to erosion or earthquakes.
• Leaves curved scar in soil
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Creep
• Slow mass movement down a less steep slope.
• Often caused by repeated thaw melt cycles.
• Causes tree and fence-posts to lean downhill.
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Landslides & Rockslides
• Large areas of rock/soil break loose from a steep slope and move quickly downhill.
• Occur often after earthquakes or heavy rains.
• Fan-shaped piles of sediment at the bottom of a slope is good evidence of slides
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Mudflow
• Occur as mixtures of water and sediment flow down a slope.
• Occur after heavy rains in areas of thick dry sediment.
• Water and sediment forms a thick paste that has lots of momentum, and causes lots of damage.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51C7vEAVbxk