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INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
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Instructional Objectives
To start teaching: teacher must be guided byinstructional objective, followed by strategiesand tools to accomplish the task, and thenevaluate the outcomes
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Instructional Objectives
Objectives: desired outcomes of learning Purpose:
Defining the intents of an educational planHelping teachers to plan steps necessaryto achieve planHelping students to know what isexpected of them at the end of theprogram
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Instructional Objectives
Helping teachers, administrators and societyto assess the products of the system
Statement that described the teachers intentabout how students should change
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Mager format of instructional objectives
Robert Mager (1962) PreparingInstructional Objectives
Objectives must be OBSERVABLE andMEASURABLE
BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES
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Mager format of instructional objectives
Robert Mager (1962) suggested thatobjectives of learning need to be specific
in term of:1) Student behaviour
- What the learner will be able to dowhen he has mastered the objectives
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Mager format of instructional objectives
- What learner will be doing or behavior theteacher will accept as evidence that theobjectives have been achieved
- using verbs that denote observable action- at the end of the lesson, the students should
be able to identify .
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Mager format of instructional objectives
2) Testing situation- Under what conditions he will be able to
do it- The condition under which the behaviour
will be observed
- given the blank world map studentsshould be able to locate the 5 activevolcanoes
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Mager format of instructional objectives
3) Performance criteria- To what standard he will be able to do it
- The standard of the performance leveldefined as acceptable
- indicating correctness, speed, rate of
response- given the blank world map students
should be able to locate the 5 activevolcanoes
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Mager format of instructional objectives
use precise words that are not open tomany interpretations
Link the 3 parts together when writing thebehavioral objectives
Start by stating students behaviours, conditionand performance
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Mager format of instructional objectives
Examples :
- state- list down- identify
- compare
- calculate
- draw- name the
- colour the..
- measure- solve- match the..
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Mager format of instructionalobjectives
Criticisms:
1) Not practical difficult to write
2) Difficult to accomplish the kind of specificity3) Becomes unmanageable for teachers to
write because too many objectives andspecificity
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Instructional Objectives
Groundlund (1970) suggested there are 2levels of objectives:
1) General objectives2) Specific objectives
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Instructional Objectives
General instructional objectives must befollowed by a sample of specific behavioraloutcomes
Teaching may be directed towardsachievement of the general objectives
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Instructional Objectives
Specific objectives may form the basis fortesting and assessment
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Blooms Instructional Objectives
There are different types of behaviours can bespecified in writing the instructional objectives
Y?? Learning outcomes are varied and may be
classified into different categories
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Blooms Instructional Objectives
Benjamin Bloom (1956) proposed themost helpful guides for the behaviour
classification He created a scheme that classifies
instructional objectives in a systematic
way
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Blooms Instructional Objectives
He divided the objectives into 3 domains:1)Cognitive domain : knowing fact and
information2)Psychomotor domain: performing physical
skills3)Affective domain: exhibiting personal
attitudes
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Blooms Instructional Objectives
COGNITIVE DOMAIN- Divided into 6 levels
(from simple complex)
1) Knowledge- k/l of specifies
- Ways / mean of dealing with specify =classification,category
2) Comprehension- Related to translation,
interpretation,extrapolation of materials (e.g.interpret a table)
- E.g. u/s an essay,summarizing
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Blooms Instructional Objectives
3) Application- Involves the use of
abstraction in particularsituation
- E.g. able to apply amathematical formula
- Involves- figuring,
reading, handlingequipment
4) Analysis- Breaking up a whole
into parts
- E.g. Body brainsection of brain neuron
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Blooms Instructional Objectives
5) Synthesis
- Putting parts togetherin a new form
- E.g. producing anoriginal piece of art
6) Evaluation
- Judging in term of internal evidence and
logical consistency- E.g. an essay using their
own opinion
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Blooms Instructional Objectives
PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN 6 classifications:1) Reflex movement-
involuntarily response2) Fundamental
movement crawling,biting
3) Perceptual abilities watching, exploring,catching
4) Physical activities5) Skilled movement-
typing, skating
6) Non-discursivecommunication-ability to comm.through body
language
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Blooms Instructional Objectives
AFFECTIVE DOMAIN 5 categories:1) Receiving (student is
aware)2) Responding3) Valuing (involve in some
experiences)
4) Organizing (integratednew set of values in hisvalue)
5) Organization by value(acts consistentlyaccording to the value)
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Blooms Instructional Objectives
AFFECTIVE DOMAIN
- participate, choose,show, demonstrate
- at the end of the class,the students will able toshow concern forsafety
Within each of 3domains, there are
different levels of behaviours (simple tocomplex
hierarchical order) The entire
classification systemis called taxonomy