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AP WorldGlobal Interactions
Review
1450 - 1750Priscilla Zenn
Allen Park High School*Source: AP World HistoryAn Essential Coursebook
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Two hemisheres !oined in sustainedcontact resulting in greatly enlarged worldtrade networks with "ewer eole remainingoutside the in#uence
$alance o" ower changed as WesternEuroean kingdoms claimed lands and
gained control o" older trade routes
%and based emires e&anded borders andcon'uered many nomadic grous
(gunowder)
The Big Pictre
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%abor systems are trans"ormed sla+erye&anded and became more central toeconomic acti+ities
,atural en+ironment drastically changed- .morted domestic animals tramled grasslands
and altered nati+e "arming habits
- ,ew cros changed soil conditions
- %and cleared "or "arming (including rain "orests)
- Poulation comositions changed as diseasesread
The Big Pictre!contined"
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E+ents shaed regional olitical units o" today/s world andin#uenced interrelationshis among modern cultures
Power centers shi#ted awa$ #ro% the &iddle 'ast and Asiaand towards Western 'ro(e
Western Euroe trans"ormed "rom decentrali0ed1 'uarrelingkingdoms to ower"ul centrali0ed states
The world became smaller as international trade grew Technology made transortation "aster and easier
2iddle East and Asia still layed host to large1 wealthy emiresbut the balance o" ower was shi"ting westward
3oining o" the two hemisheres in sustained interactions greatlyaltered the e+er4shrinking world
)verall
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Trans#or%ation o#
'ro(eAnaly0e the trans"ormationalde+eloments in Euroe that"ueled its rise to world
rominence
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56 Cultural changes 7 including the8enaissance1 8e"ormation1 andEnlightenment- 9riented Euroean minds toward in+ention
- Allowed them to escae the social and intellectualboundaries o" the 2iddle Ages
Interrelated *hanges+el( to e,(lain the rise o# 'ro(e
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6 Politicalconsolidation o" strongcentrali0ed states- This meant that kings
had enough ower andmoney to;Control regional lands
;Control eole;Sonsor trade e&editions
and dilomatic en+oys
Interrelated *hanges+el( to e,(lain the rise o# 'ro(e!cont"
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Interrelated *hanges+el( to e,(lain the rise o# 'ro(e!cont" These three changes
e+ol+ed together changesin one area brought aboutreactions in others1created more changes
$y 5=>? these changestrans"ormed the continent
Euroe was almost totallydi@erent olitically1
socially1 culturally1 andeconomically "rom thebeginning o" this era
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Economic changes occurred late in there+ious era- Crusades stimulated trade and contact between
the 2iddle East and Euroe
- enoa and Benice grew wealthy "rom the newinteractions
- Cultural changes began in .taly and worked theirway north
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eI%(ortant *ltral *hanges
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eThe Italian Renaissance
2ore than a rebirth Humanism (interest in accomlishments o" indi+iduals 7 grew
"rom reek culture) 8e#ected in
- Portrait ainting- Autobiograhy- Philosohies- Petrarch$occaccio re+i+ed interest in classical writing and secular sub!ects- Bernacular- 8eligion declined as a central "ocus o" interest
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eThe Italian Renaissance !cont"
.taly 7 urban (Euroe still mostlyrural)
enoaBeniceDlorence2ilanower"ul city4states
2erchants comete "or oliticaland economic ower- Patron o" the arts
;a Binci;2ichelangelo
;8ahael- 2edici ower"ul in Dlorence
Catholic Church sonsored8enaissance endea+ors
F8enaissance 2anG
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eThe Italian Renaissance
!cont" Humanism also suorted an entrereneurialsirit- 8enaissance merchants imro+ed banking techni'ues
and became more oenly cometiti+e and rot4seeking
**Political ower based on indi+idual e@orts toromote city and cultural achie+ements (noclaim to di+inity)- $uilt glorious churches which insired e&erimentation
with architecture; Churches lled with scultures and aintings
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eThe Italian Renaissance !cont"
Sread north ,orthern humanists more religious $lended secular and religious
interests- Erasmus o" 8otterdam
; Dirst reek edition o" ,ew Testament- Shakeseare and Cer+antes
; Wrote about secular li"e utenberg
- Printing ad+ances- Printing ress already in Iorea and
China- Humanists worked with rinters tomake their writings a+ailable to wideraudiences; Peole had access to $ibles and also
8enaissance ideas
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eThe Protestant Re#or%ation
Access to rinted material layed imortant role in religiousuhea+al
Permanent new di+ision in Western Christendom: Catholics +s6Protestants- 2artin %uther
; J> Theses
Peole concerned about growing wealth and corrution o" church %uther interested in the idea o" sal+ation
- Published criticisms o" many church ractices assisted by imro+ed rinttechnology
- E&communicated- Works insired Protestant mo+ements all o+er Euroe
Catholics against Protestants Protestants against Protestants Cal+in
- Stern and +enge"ul god %uther
- 2erci"ul od Henry B...
- Anglican Church
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e*atholic Re#or%ation
Church initiated re"orms1banned sale o" indulgences- Tried to ersuade Protestants to
return to the Church Council o" Trent
- 2et eriodically to discuss Churchdoctrine; 3esuits "ounded tried to con+ince
Euroeans to return to the Church
ChurchKs ower"ul hold on theolitical1 religious1 economic1and social li"e o" Euroe broken
- %uther encouraged reading o" the$ible to nd meaning o"Christianity; Humanistic in#uences and literacy
Euroeans gained a di@erentersecti+e on religion
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e*atholic Re#or%ation !cont"
8eligious tensions led to wars Edict o" ,antes
- ranted tolerance to Protestants- 8e+oked by Iing %ouis L.B
Thirty MearsK War- Treaty o" Westhalia- Choose own religion
; Created atchwork o" religious aNliations 8eligious di+isions in England layed out through
Henry B...Ks daughters- 2ary 7 Catholic tried to turn kingdom back to 8ome- Eli0abeth . 7 Protestant ensured the continuation o"
the Anglican Church English Ci+il War
- Partially ro+oked by Catholic leanings o" Stuart kings 8eligious issues dominated Euroean olitics "or
almost a century but settled into an accetanceo" religious luralism- Some le"t Euroe- Some headed to the Americas
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e/cientic Revoltion
Humanistic emhasisshaed attitudes towardscientic thought- $ased knowledge on
direct obser+ation andmathematics
- 8eliance on human reason"or understandingscientic henomena
*Durther weakened thein#uence o" the CatholicChurch
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e/cientic Revoltion !cont"
2ethods de+ised "orm thebasis "or science today- 2athematical "ormulation- Emirical e+idence-
Dreedom o" in'uiryContrasted with
Scholasticism (in'uirybased on the rincilesestablished by the church)
- Clashes occurred betweenscientists and religious andolitical authorities;As a result1 ndings not
always made ublic
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e/cientic Revoltion !cont"
*o(ernics- .deas "rom 5
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e/cientic Revoltion !cont"Brahe and e(ler used
Coernican model- Ieler ublished his results
"ueled a contro+ersy
between religious oNcials(Protestant and Catholic) andscientists
Catholic Church declaresheliocentric theory asheresy all writingsclaiming that the earthmo+ed on its a&is"orbidden
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Galileo- Osed the telescoe to study thehea+ens; 2ilky Way a huge collection o" stars; 2oonKs light re#ected "rom the sun; The earth is not the only lanet with
moons- .ndicated the earth is nothingsecial 7 imlied that the earth wasnot central to odKs creation
- odKs throne is not in a &ed lacein hea+en
alileo wrote "or a generalaudience in the +ernacular- .mact o" bold 'uestioning o" church
doctrine great- Dorced to recant- %i"e under house arrest
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e/cientic Revoltion !cont"
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2ewton- Principia Mathematica- $uilt the "ramework o" natural law that guided scientists
through the ?th c6; $asic rinciles o" motion
; Oni+ersal law o" gra+ity
- E&lained how his laws go+erned the uni+erse including thelanetary orbits Ieler had identied
Catured the +ision o" a natural uni+erse in simlelaws that heled to organi0e scientic thought "orresearch
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e/cientic Revoltion !cont"
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Educated westerners embraced many otherscontinued to belie+e in traditional e&lanations- Witcheswitchcra"t
E+entually eole came to belie+e that theiren+ironment could be controlled by humans- octors romoted more scientic aroach- Writers began to 'uestion religious miraclesK
Some rethought concetions o" od through asystem o" thought called deism
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e/cientic Revoltion !cont"
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.n *hina the aroach toscience was more ractical7 interest in science basedon its ercei+ed use"ulness
.n 'ro(e thinkers were
enthralled with the idea o"general laws o" nature thatcould e&lain broadatterns- Similar to Ancient reek1
8oman1 and .slamic scholars
9+erall1 scientistscon+inced it was "ullywithin the reasoning owero" humans to understandthe workings o" theuni+erse
/cientic Revoltion 3 Worldiew
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e'nlighten%ent .nsired by scientists how do
natural laws a@ect humansociety and go+ernmentQ
Tho%as +obbes belie+ed thathumans must be controlled byabsolute rulers
ohn oc6e sought tounderstand the imact o" lawso" nature on human liberties ande'uality and 'uestioned Hobbestheories
Second Treatise of Government - Social contract- Consent o" the go+erned
Ada% /%ith analy0ed naturallaw o" suly and demand:Wealth of Nations
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e'nlighten%ent !cont"
5Rth C Drance was the center- Philosohes (intellectual hilosohers)
debated- Salons
Baron de &ontesie- Ad+ocated go+ernment with three
branches sharing ower oltaire
- wrote witty criticisms o" Drench monarchyand Catholic Church
Rossea- Social Contract – man is born "ree and
e+erywhere he is in chains
2ost Enlightenment thinkers wrote "oreach other but there were broadconse'uences- 8e+olutions based on Enlightenment
rinciles trans"ormed their societies andushered in a modern age o" democracy
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(ePolitical *onsolidation
Smaller states in Euroeconstant cometition ledthem to seek ower throughland e&loration and tradeclaims
Euroean kings benetted
"rom 8e"ormation- Church lost olitical ower as
many Christians becameProtestants
8eligion remained imortantand continued to "ragment
the Holy 8oman Emire Strong kings emerged in
England1 Drance1 and Sainby late 5th C6
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+a(sbrg 8a%il$
%and claims "rom Sain to .talyto ,etherlands to Hungary- Aeared as i" they might control
all o" Euroe
Catholic 7 led to religiouscon#icts
Charles B tried to uni"y Euroe- e&erienced strong oosition
"rom Drench king and 9ttoman
sultan Abdicated his throne and
holdings "ragmented sonPhili .. inherited lands inSain
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(ePolitical *onsolidation !cont"
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Phili( IISain at height o"
ower- Iingdom had been
unied by marriage o"Derdinand and .sabelle;Sonsored +oyages o"
Columbus;8econ'uista
Sanish rulersde+outly Catholic
Sain rich "rom ,ewWorld wealth
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(ePolitical *onsolidation !cont"
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8rench and /(anish kingsabsolute monarchs- Hold comlete control o+er kingdoms
Drench kings claim divine right o#6ings (od/s blessing 7 legitimacyo" royalty across Euroe enhanced)
%ouis L.B 7 Sun Iing- Theatre state- Bersailles- Entertained e&tra+agantly 7 nobility
would "orget their comlaints againstking
- %ikeness surrounded by sun beams- %Ketat cKest moi summed u absolute
rule Prussia (emhasi0ed strong
military)1 Austria4Hungary alsoracticed absolutism
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(ePolitical *onsolidation !cont"
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'ngland and the 2etherlandsde+eloed constitutionalism- 8ulers shared ower with a
arliament; Henry B... needed arliamentary
suort in "orming the Anglican Church
; ueen Eli0abeth relied on Parliamentto "und the na+y and nancee&loratory +oyages; English Ci+il War itted the king against
Parliament; Iing Charles . was beheaded
- William and 2ary (Protestants "rom
the ,etherlands) ruled together withParliament; Parliament ower o" the urse
$ritain and ,etherlands growingcommercial and colonial owers- o+ernment in the ,etherlands
decentrali0ed by the House o" 9range
was highly in#uential
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(ePolitical *onsolidation !cont"
Absoltis% vs
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Absoltis% vs*onstittionalis% in 'arl$
&odern 'ro(e
Constitutionalism Absolutism
egree o" centrali0ation+aried
8ule o" law 8ule o+er relati+ely
homogeneousoulations
Practiced mercantilism Power o" rulers shared
with arliament 8ecognition o" some
indi+idual rights
Highly centrali0edstate
8ule by di+ine right o"kings
egree o"
homogeneity +aried %ess likely to ractice
mercantilism ,o sharing o" ower
with arliament ,o recognition o"
indi+idual rights
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9evelo(%ent o# *a(italis% andTechnological Advances
Caitalism- Economic system
based on ri+ateownershi o"
- Dree market
Wealth of Nations 7in+isible hand-
Suly and demand2ercantilism
- 8esonsibility o"go+ernment toromote statesKeconomy
T # ti # '
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rowth o" banks andbanking- eosit "unds- Secure loans
.nsurance comanies
"ormed 3oint stock comaniesorgani0ed commercial+entures
East .ndia Comany 2ost !oint4stock comanies
"ormed in $ritain and the,etherlands- %aws were suorti+e
.n absolutist go+ernmentthey were more likely tocontrol +entures directly
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9evelo(%ent o# *a(italis% andTechnological Advances !cont"
T # ti # '
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Caitalist systemlargely relaced guildsystem- Entrereneurs sought
ways to oerate withoutguilds whichreresented collecti+e1not indi+idual e@orts
and did not emhasi0erot4making
Putting out system
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9evelo(%ent o# *a(italis% andTechnological Advances !cont"
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e
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Technological ad+ancescontributed to thetrans"ormation o" Euroe- Altered in+entions to suit
their needs- 2odied hulls "or the
Atlantic Comass was imro+ed 2amaking 7 2ercator
ro!ection Euroean ad+ances in
metalwork allowed "or
cannons 7 used Chinesegunowder- %ed to buildu o" Euroean
military might
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9evelo(%ent o# *a(italis% andTechnological Advances !cont"
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9e%ogra(hic and /ocial
*hanges8aid oulationgrowthHealthier diets due to
increase in "ood "rom
e&anding tradenetworks9ld diseases less
deadly .ncreased li"e sani during Thirty MearsK
War- A"ter oulation le+els
continued to rise
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e
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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9e%ogra(hic and /ocial *hanges!cont"
Commerce increasedand led to raidurbani0ation
%ondon1 Paris1 2adrid1
Amsterdam1 $erlin1Coenhagen1 andStockholm
*Poulation growthallowed "or
- raid economice&ansion
- ro+ided "uel "orEuroean settlement inthe ,ew World
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e
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Social li"e changed Wealth to urban areas and rural (utting out system)
Peole urchased more goods1 e&anded economy Dinancial indeendence young eole own homes 2arriages not longer "or economic interest marry "or
lo+e
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9e%ogra(hic and /ocial *hanges!cont"
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2utually rein"orcing cultural1 olitical andeconomic comonents that changed theower balance in the world
9lder ci+ili0ations in decline or holding theirown
Small Euroean states #e&ing their musclesChanges encouraged Euroeans to +enture
across the seas to !oin the hemisheres
Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e)verall
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+e%is(heres :nitedDocus on the relationshis"ormed between the ,ew Worldand the 9ld and theconse'uences o" !oining the
hemisheres
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Across the water;<
Peole had tra+eled theri+ers- reeks1 Phoenicians1 8oman
shis crossed 2editerranean- Chinese !unks and dhows
tra+ersed the .ndian 9cean
- Trade atterns intensied- Polynesians e&lored andsettled the islands
- Scandina+ians made their wayto ,orth America
.n the Americas1 the Arawakwere tra+eling theCaribbean- All o" these +entures laid the
basis "or e&tensi+e sea tra+eland made it ossible "or sea4based states to gainreeminent ower in the world
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Atlantic a giant barrier between Euroe1 A"rica1 and theAmericas
Chinese sailors went on incredible +oyages led by ZhengHe who was commissioned by Emeror Mongle (2ingdynasty)- Se+en maritime e&editions
- Dleets with as many as
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+e%is(heres :nited=heng +e.s o$ages !cont"
Boyages ended with a"ter the death o"Emeror Mongle
What i" theyKd continuedQ Would theChinese ha+e Fdisco+eredG the AmericasQ Timing about the same as the Euroeans6- Some historians think Zheng He went to
Cali"ornia but most disagree Either way1 the 2ing stoed the +oyages
which made sense gi+en the dynasty/sorientation to the world
Mongle e&cetional emeror- ,ot sketical about contact with "oreigners1 as
later 2ing emerors tended to be
- To start and sto +oyages re#ects ChinaKs onagain o@ again attitude toward the world Trade was +ital to ChinaKs greatness but it
could also bring harm and destruction- 9n to o" that1 money was needed to contain
attacks "rom the nomadic eole to the northand west and the +oyages were e&ensi+e
+e%is(heres :nited
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+e%is(heres :nitedPortgese and /(anish o$ages and*olonies
Portuguese and Sanish led the way- Consolidated their go+ernments had
built strong militaries 9n the Atlantic close to the Strait o"
ibraltar- Benice and enoa dominated
2editerranean which had "orged tradealliances with 2uslim states Sain and Portugal insired by new
cultural and economic "orcestrans"orming Euroe interested innding con+erts
Sain united under Derdinand and.sabelle- E&elled 3ews- 8eligious de+otion couled with
centrali0ed olitical ower ro+ided theincenti+e to sread Christianity
+e%is(heres :nited
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+e%is(heres :nitedPortgese and /(anish o$ages and*olonies !cont"
Portuguese aware o" cara+ans o" gold andsla+es mo+ing across the Sahara 7 sail alongthe A"rican coast in hoes o" establishingtrade contacts
Henry the ,a+igator led the rst +entures- Created a na+igation school
- 3ewish cartograhers- Studied and imro+ed na+igation technology- 2agnetic comass and astrolabe- Ad+ancements in designs "or shis the cara+el
; Smaller than a Chinese !unk but si0e allowede&loration o" shallow coastal areas and ri+ers
; Strong enough to withstand storms; Two set o" sails; S'uare to catch bree0es "or seed; %ateens "or maneu+erability
Cannons made it a ghting shi
+ i h : it d
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2any thought southern watersboiling hot and "ull o" monsterstook time to con+ince others
Students o" Henry1 most
notably ias and da ama1 setout set out to nd the ti o"A"rica and connect to the .ndian9cean- $y the end o" the 5>th c their "eat
was accomlished 4 a"ter years o"e&eriments with wind and ocean
currents and disco+ering the"astest and sa"est way to returnhome to Portugal
Bentured away "rom the coast- Cabral (5>??) sailed too "ar and
reached South American coastclaimed $ra0il "or Portugal
+e%is(heres :nitedPortgese and /(anish o$agesand *olonies !cont"
+e%is(heres :nited
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Sanish e&lorationless gradual
Columbus con+incedDerdinand and .sabelleto sonsor +oyage- Osed PtolemyKs
calculationsunderestimated thedistance
- Thought heKd reachedEast .ndies
- Three +oyages insistedheKd reached Asia
,ew World named "orAmerigo Besucci1e&lorer sonsored byPortugal and Sain
+e%is(heres :nitedPortgese and /(anish o$agesand *olonies !cont"
i h i d
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Portugal and Sain disagreeo+er control o" Americas- %ook to the Church "or guidance- Agree on an imaginary line to
di+ide the lands: Treaty o"
Tordesillas (line shi"ted) E+entually argue about lands
around the Pacic also 2agellan commissioned by
Sain to nd a way through the
Americas1 cross the Pacic1 andreturn home to Sain
ied en4route in the Philiinesone shi made it back
+e%is(heres :nitedThe Treat$ o# Tordesillas
+e%is(heres :nited
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Treaty "ate"ul agreement "or both- Docused Sain on the Americas and
Portugal on A"rica and the .ndian 9cean Portgese encountered well
established trade routes and ortscontrolled by many di@erent eole- Were able to dominate due to cannons on
shis- $urned many Swahili city4states- i@erent orts connected the trading
community1 no one enemy to de"eat- Portuguese had to be content with 'uick
rots and seldom settled in orts they
controlled 2uslims1 $uddhists1 and Hindus little
interest in con+ersion /(anish disco+ered that a"ter the
con'uest o" two clear enemies1 theA0tecs and the .nca1 all would betheirs and began to trans"orm theAmericas
+e%is(heres :nited The Treat$ o# Tordesillas!cont"
+e%is(heres :nited
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+e%is(heres :nitedThe /(anish '%(ire in theA%ericas
Combination o" religious "er+or anddesire "or riches
Con'uistadores- Cortes
; A0tec; Aided by Amerindian eole
; 2alint0in; 2onte0uma welcomed Saniards
(uet0alcoatl returning home); ,ati+es had ne+er seen men with beards
descritions gi+en to 2onte0uma may ha+esounded like the "eathered serent
; Sanish took o+er the city and imrisoned2onte0uma killed
; How did ?? men take o+er a cityrotected by thousandsQ; Amerindians; isease; Weaons; Sanish swords
+e%is(heres :nited
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Pi0arro- .nca- Atahuala de"eated his brother "or the throne in a ci+il war emire weakened- Pi0arroKs soldiers sei0ed Atahuala and imrisoned him- Atahuala aid ransom- $ati0ed Christian then strangled- 2assi+e nati+e rebellion "ollowed causing the .nca con'uest to take longer than the A0tec
With these two con'uests the con'uistadores marched through other arts o" the
Americas- Claiming land as they went- Con+erting nati+es to Christianity- Searching "or gold
$y the end o" the 5th c they had built a massi+e colonial emire in the ,ew World
+e%is(heres :nitedThe /(anish '%(ire in the A%ericas!cont"
+ i h : it d
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Sain and Portuguese tookcontrol o" the landscon'uistadores had claimed
Portgese reoccuied withinterests in A"rica and Asia- Biceroys aointed to administer
$ra0il The /(anish established two
centers o" authority- 2e&ico and Peru- %ater di+ided into "our
+iceroyalties and the Audiencia o"
Chile- $uilt 2e&ico City on old A0teccaital o" Tenochtitlan
- $uilt administrati+e buildings inold .nca centers in Cu0co
- Caital in %ima along the coast
+e%is(heres :nitedIberian *olonial )rgani>ation
+e%is(heres :nited
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Biceroys were the kingKs reresentati+es- Iing had audiencias1 secial courts- Communication diNcult +iceroys oerated "airly
indeendently- Biceroys set u go+ernment in urban areas
members o" bureaucracy li+ed nearby- Ontil 5=th C most oNcials were born in Sain but
o+er time osts gi+en to some o" the newgeneration Orban settlement atterns in $ra0il were
similar- 3esuits and riests arri+ed to con+ert nati+es- Set u residences and churches- Priests also saw to the siritual needs o"
Euroeans and established schools- Amerindians con+erted as a result o" closecontact with riests
- E+entually some riests rotested Sanishe&loitation
+e%is(heres :nitedIberian *olonial )rgani>ation!cont"
+e%is(heres :nited
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reatest societal di+ision between Euroeans andAmerindians- Political administrators1 military leaders and soldiers1
lantation and mine owners were Euroean- Workers were Amerindian- A0tec and .nca class di+isions wied out treated the same
by Euroeans
Social Structure- Children o" Sanish and Portuguese (the eninsulares) were
creoles (o+er time gained more ower)- Dew women "rom the 9ld World1 took nati+e
wi+esmistresses6 Children mesti0os- When sla+es arri+ed1 children o" Euroeans and A"ricans
were mulattoes- 2ulattoes and mesti0os comosed castas1 middle le+el
status
Patriarchal society- Dather authority o+er children
- Women couldnKt hold olitical ositions1 run a lantation ormines
- Women did control dowry and ran business a"ter husbandsdied
- Women had "ull rights to inheritance
+e%is(heres :nitedThe *olonial 'cono%$ in atinA%erica
+e%is(heres :nited
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The 2etherlands de+eloed as center o"trade in the 2iddle Ages
2oti+ated by the Protestant work ethic- Encouraged indi+iduals to work towards gaining
wealth Took o+er the .ndian 9cean trade "rom
Portuguese in 5=th C- 2uslim traders re"erred the Protestants didnKt
try to con+ert to Christianity- Osed cannons to back u business deals- 3oint4stock comany: East .ndia large and
ower"ul- Seciali0ed in the sice and lu&ury trade
Shi"ted attention in late 5=th c to the trans4Atlantic sla+e trade- 5U the utch West .ndia Comany established
,ew ,etherland caital on 2anhattan .sland
+e%is(heres :nitedThe ',(loration and /ettle%ent o#2orth A%erica
+e%is(heres :nited
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British coloni0ation started later due tointernal ower struggles- War o" the 8oses
; rained resources
- Also struggles between Catholics and Anglicans Eli0abethKs de"eat o" the Sanish Armada
(5>RR) demonstrated $ritish na+al ower
- Dirst +enture 8oanoke (lost colony) adisaointment
$ritain "ormed !oint4stock comanies to beginsettlement and established di+erse colonieson the east coast- 3amestown 5?=- Puritans in 2assachusetts-
uakers in Pennsyl+ania- Catholics in 2aryland 3oint4stock comanies intended to make
rots economic goals 5UU English sei0ed ,ew ,etherlands and
renamed ,ew Mork- English solidied their control o" the Atlantic coast
WorldKs leading na+al ower by the late 5=th
C
+e%is(heres :nitedThe ',(loration and /ettle%ent o#2orth A%erica !cont"
+e%is(heres :nited
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8rench also entered the race "orcolonies late- E&lored waterways o" the ul" o" St6
%awrence and the St6 %awrence ri+ers- Colonies at Port 8oyal (,o+a Scotia)
and uebec
- Con+ert nati+es to Catholicism; 3esuits- .nterested in "ur market- Traded guns1 te&tiles1 alcohol "or "urs
; %ed to o+erhunting and guns "orAmerindians
Drench colonies grew slowly cold
Canadian colonies held littleaeal- Drance didnKt allow Protestant
Huguenots to settle- Trader li"estyle1 constantly on the
mo+e to "ollow tras1 not conduci+e to"amily li"e
- Contrast: English colonies o"ten settled
by "amilies to "arm and ro+ide work"or !oint stock comanies
+e%is(heres :nitedThe ',(loration and /ettle%ento# 2orth A%erica !cont"
+e%is(heres :nited
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English and utch tried to control economies throughmercantilism- oal o" economic gain to benet mother country- oods and ser+ices that originated in mother country to colonies and
colonial goods to mother country
9+erall1 ,ew World endea+ors e&anded the mother countryKs(Drance1 Sain1 Portugal1 ,etherlands1 England) economy "arbeyond the borders1 heling to tilt the balance o" ower in theworld toward Euroe
+e%is(heres :nitedThe ',(loration and /ettle%ent o#2orth A%erica !cont"
+e%is(heres :nited
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utch and English coloniesri+ately nanced moreindeendence than %atin Americancolonies
Charters selled out rights andresonsibilities
o+ernments not all the same- 2aryland was a rorietary colony
(granted to %ord $altimore)- Iing assumed control o+er Birginia
English colonies had assemblieswith two houses- Colonists came to think they should
share the right to determine rules andregulations
,o ower"ul authoritarian +iceroysand no large urban areascomarable to 2e&ico City or %imauntil much later
+e%is(heres :nitedGovern%ents in 2orth A%erica
+e%is(heres :nited
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Amerindian oulationssmaller in ,orth America(comared to A0tec.nca)- Slashburn agriculture or
nomadic easier to dislace
Suscetible to diseaseoulation "urther reduced
Pushed westwardadated to newen+ironments by hunting- Horses made it ossible
Some migrated to landsother nati+es claimed- territorial wars
+e%is(heres :nitedRelations with A%erindians
+e%is(heres :nited
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(Relations with A%erindians!cont"%ess rigid social classes Euroeans and
Amerindians led searate li+es in the early days- Euroeans oulated colonies- As settlers ressed westward more intermingling
Southern colonies de+eloed strict socialclasses between blacks and whites (mi&ed raceconsidered black)- $elie+ed blacks to be in"erior
Social classes that de+eloed within the middleand northern colonies mainly among Euroeansand more #uid than %ain America
Drench took nati+e wi+es and relationshigenerally more cooerati+e
+e%is(heres :nited
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(Relations with A%erindians!cont"
Dorced labor systemsdi@erent than %atin America(mitKa and encomienda)
English colonists came tosettle
- Darm or trade Sla+es not ractical in areas
with small "arms in ,ewEngland
2iddle colonies 7 indenturedser+itude
- Same as "ree settler but boundby contract "or "our to se+enyears
- End o" contract 4small iece o"land1 tools1 and clothing
+e%is(heres :nited?
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(*o%(arative *olonies in theA%ericas
atin A%erica Encomienda1 2itKa1 Sla+e
labor Single men soldiers
married nati+e women Authoritarian go+t1
+iceroys1 no assemblies1elaborate bureaucracies
Amerindians "orced into
labor Hierarchal social
structures se+eralclasses based onethnicity
2orth A%erica
Sla+ery and indenturedser+ants
Damilies came1 lessintermarriage untilmo+ement west
o+t more indeendent1assemblies with lesselaborate bureaucracies
Amerindians ushed
aside1 not generallyused "or labor Hierarchal social classes
in the south1 lesshierarchal and rigid inthe ,orth
+e%is(heres :nited
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Sustained contact hadro"ound imlications "oralmost all areas o" theworld- $iological
; Plants1 "ood1 animals1 humanbeings1 and disease
- Commercial; 2anu"actured goods1 non4
biological raw materials andmoney
$oth tyes o" e&changescombined to establish
global networks o" tradeand communications suchas had not been seenbe"ore in world history
+e%is(heres :nitedGlobal ',changes
+e%is(heres :nited
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lobal di@usion o" cros1 other lants1 humanbeings1 animals1 and disease- Pre+iously #ora and "auna de+eloed searately
When the worlds were brought together +astchanges occurred in natural en+ironments1health1 and demograhic atterns
+e%is(heres :nitedThe *ol%bian ',change
+e%is(heres :nited
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High death rates in the,ew World noimmunities to diseases- Smallo& deadliest but
o"ten combined withother disease toincrease mortality rates
Highest in denselyoulated areas (A0tecand .nca)- 9nly limited historical
roo" that diseases weresread intentionally
Euroean immigrantsto the Caribbean dyingo" malaria
isease also imacteddeath rates in 9ceania
(The *ol%bian ',change!cont"
The Great 9$ing wascased b$ s%all(o, andother disease ger%s
carried b$ the conerors
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.ncreased world oulationo+erall Sulies o" "ood increased
- Bariety o" a+ailable "ood- Caloric intake increased
%i+estock altered en+ironment
- Cattle1 igs1 horse1 and sheemultilied raidly
- estroyed natural +egetation- Sulied meat1 milk1 hides and
wool Horse robably single most
imortant- ,ati+es tra+el "urther- Hunt more eNciently- Wage a di@erent tye o" war"are
(The *ol%bian ',change!cont"
+e%is(heres :nited
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Caitalism andmercantilism alied toe&changes across theAtlantic
.n+estors sought rots inthe roduction and e&orto" cash cros
Some cros "rom ,ew Worldto 9ld (tobacco)
$ra0il and the Caribbeanrincial sources o" sugar("rom Eastern Hemishere)- ,eeded to be raised on large
lantations- 8aw sugar cane could not
sur+i+e the ocean !ourneys; Processed be"ore it was
shied- Producer needed growing
elds and a rocessing lant; %arge in+estment small
"armers couldn/t sur+i+e- Sla+e labor
(The Great *ircit and the Atlantic'cono%$
/gar Plantation &ill CardIsland o# Antiga*aribbean@ 1DE<
+e%is(heres :nited
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Great *ircit- ,ew roducts- E&erimentation with labor systems- ,ew methods o" transortation- ,ew lands- Caitalistic enterrise
All combined to create a clockwisenetwork o" sea routes
'ro(e to Arica- uns1 te&tiles1 manu"actured goods
&iddle PassageF A#rica to A%ericas- Sla+es to the Americas (brought "oods such as
okra and rice contributed to di+ersity o""oods)
2ew World to 'ro(e- oods roduced in the new world included
sugar1 tobacco1 gold1 sil+er1 "ood Shis also crossed Pacic
- 2anila galleons
; Traded sil+er "or u Asian lu&ury goods
(The Great *ircit and the Atlantic'cono%$ !cont"
+e%is(heres :nited
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$y 5th C many orts o" the world are connected (e&ect Australia andmuch o" 9ceania)- Trade atterns established continued into later times
Those who (roted the %ost gained econo%ic (ower in additionto (olitical and social control !generall$ 'ro(eans"
The Great *ircit and the Atlantic'cono%$ !cont"
+e%is(heres :nited
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This eriod brought tremendous change to the Americas- Western Hemishere had de+eloed in relati+e isolation- The Americas now became an integral art o" the world trade network- The rst truly global economy de+eloed
Changes in one art o" the world otentially imacted others- A0tec and .nca relaced by Sanish and Portuguese- ,ati+es in ,orth America ushed inland- Drench traers traded with nati+es along interior waterways
En+ironmental and demograhic changes- ,ewly introduced lants and animals changed diets and li"estyles and altered the
natural en+ironment Poulation increases in Euroe surred interest in the ,ew World
- ,ew business and transortation inno+ations allowed migrations to the Americas ,ati+e oulation decreased
- Poulations later rebound as nutritional and economic benets o" the Columbiane&change began to take e@ect
)verall
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A#rica.n+estigate the imact o" thenew world economy on A"rica
A#rica and the 2ew World
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A#rica and the 2ew World'cono%$
old1 salt1 and i+ory tradebrought wealth to A"ricankingdoms
These connections led A"ricadirectly into the new worldeconomy
A"ricans layed a +ital rolein the new trade atternsthat de+eloed- 2ost +aluable contribution was
human beings the second lego" the Atlantic Circuit as sla+esheaded to the new World
The sla+e trade trans"ormedthe arts o" A"rica that ittouched1 but many artswere una@ected by thechanges swirling aroundthem
'arl$ *ontact with
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'arl$ *ontact with'ro(eans
Sla+e trade e&isted be"orethe Euroeans gotin+ol+ed- .nternals sla+e trade- P9W
;Sla+es not seen as roertycontrollers amass wealththrough their labor
- Sla+es could obtain "reedomor become members o" clan
Changed a"ter contact withthe Portuguese
5?1???1???V largest"orced migration in worldhistory
'arl$ *ontact with 'ro(eans
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'arl$ *ontact with 'ro(eans!cont"
5>th CE&loratory +oyages
along western coastPrince Henry the
,a+igator
- Established "orts andtrading osts called"actories localA"rican merchantsbrought goods to betraded
.nitial interest ingold and i+orysome sla+esbrought to Portugalby 5UU5
'arl$ *ontact with 'ro(eans
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'arl$ *ontact with 'ro(eans!cont"
Christian missionaries con+erted
royal "amily in Iongo- 8elationshi e'ual tried toEuroeani0e the nati+es (A"ricans asin"erior)
rowing sla+e trade encouragedthe Portuguese to look to theIongo to suly sla+es "or the
2iddle Passage- 5> 7 Iing o" the Iongo went to warwith the Portuguese to sto sla+eraiding
- Portuguese suerior arms heledthem win
Euroeans continued to coloni0e"urther south and set ucometing sla+e trading osts- 9nce the Portuguese rounded the
Cae o" ood Hoe they took o+erSwahili trading cites and intensiedthe sla+e trade already in laceacross the .ndian 9cean
'arl$ *ontact with 'ro(eans
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'arl$ *ontact with 'ro(eans!cont"
Cooeration o" A"rican eliteimortant- Traded war cati+es1 criminals1 and
indi+iduals e&elled "rom theirgrou
- enerally young men +alued "orstrength
Portuguese dominated "or 5>?yearsV As demand grew1 other
Euroeans !oined sla+e trade- Established "orts along A"rican
coast- Sla+es brought to coast as military
cati+es or kidnaed 2any A"rican states were small
and "ragmented their'uarreling roduced warcati+es who ro+ided labor "orthe +ictors
Euroean merchants benetted
h iddl
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The &iddle Passage
Sla+es in secially built holdsacked together- irlsboyswomen searate- Dour to ten weeks
Packed shis to ma&imi0erots
- 2ale sla+es chained together tokee "rom !uming o+erboard- Secial nets to catch any that
decided to !um together 9nce under sail1 men ket
below decks
eath "rom disease1 bad"ood1 dysentery1 re"usal toeat1 whiings1 occasionale&ecution
Th A# i 9i
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The A#rican 9ias(ora
Sreading o" A"ricans- 2ost destined "or sugarlantations in $ra0il and theCaribbean later "or rice1 cottonand tobacco roduction
- Some in Sanish mines orhousehold ser+ants
%arge sugar lantationssla+es +ast ma!ority o"oulation- $ra0il 7 manumission more
common than elsewhere .mact o" diasora on "amily
li"e A"rican women
outnumbered by mene+erywhere in the WesternHemishere- Damily structures seriously
challenged- 2any A"rican con+erted to
Christianity but continued theirnati+e religions
h # h l i
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The I%(act o# the Atlantic/lave Trade in A#rica
.nterior grous not asa@ected (8wanda1$urundi1 2asai1 Turkana)- 2any beneted such as
Asante1 ahomey1 9yo Asante
- Western A"rica- %eader 9sei Tutu united
clans- Controlled gold and sla+e
trade- 2ost ower"ul state in
Sudan- Iingdom cooerati+e
The I%(act o# the Atlantic
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The I%(act o# the Atlantic/lave Trade in A#rica
Benin deendedon traditionalroducts- i+ory- te&tiles
- bron0e9aho%e$ used
rearms to createower base- Authoritarian
leaders usingbrutal "orce "orcomliancekingdom based on"orce
The I%(act o# the Atlantic
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%oss o" millions o" young men creating se& ratioimbalance Sla+e trade brought olitical unrest
- Biolence escalated Euroean weaons
9n the east coast the Swahili states continued
trade ad!usted to Euroean resence- %inks to the interior continued to bring i+ory1 gold1 and
sla+es to the coast
,ew World style lantations on Zan0ibar- Sla+e markets o" the 8ed Sea continue
utch set u Cae Colony at Cae o" ood Hoe- utch mo+ed inland to "arm and deended on sla+e labor
2ost other interior A"rican areas remained relati+eisolated
The I%(act o# the Atlantic/lave Trade in A#rica
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and Based Powers on the
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8ise o" sea4based owers shi"tedthe balance o" world ower- Seen in the gradual weakening o" the
2uslim Emires Three imortant land based
emires didnKt lose ground- Either on the rise or at their eak
; 8ussia; ing China; Tokugawa 3aan
All reached their greatnessthrough traditional land4based
methods All addressed challenges "rom
Euroe in di@erent1 but e'uallysuccess"ul1 ways
and Based Powers on theRise? Rssia and 'ast Asia
and Based Powers on theRi
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$y 5U>? 2ongol controlended1 2usco+y on the rise
,ot as modern as other states- Pre+iously aligned with
$y0antine culture and olitics
- The 2uslim cature o"Constantinole1 the northernlocation1 and the rise o" sea4based owers should ha+eensured 8ussiaKs continuingobscurity
The concentration o" oliticalower1 the actions andolicies o" the tsars1 deedthe odds and roelled 8ussiato the ranks o" the greatemires by 5=>?
Rise?The Rssian '%(ire
and Based Powers on the Rise? The Rssian'%(ire
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As 2ongol resence weakened12oscow rinces continued to aytribute
.+an ... re"used to ay known asIvan the Great- eclared himsel" Tsar- Claimed establishing FThird 8omeG- Ac'uired new lands by marriage1
wars1 and urchase- 8ecruited cossacks (easants) to
settle in new lands in e&change "or"reedom ("ormer ser"s)
A"ter the demise o" the$y0antines1 .+an saw 8ussia as thecarrier o" 8oman tradition
istinct cultural characteristicsincluding Eastern 9rthodo& Church .+an .. head o" go+ernment and
church .n#uence o" the church increased
as .+anKs ower grew
'%(ireThe ',(ansion and *entrali>ation o# RssiaBe#ore 150
and Based Powers on the Rise? The Rssian'%(ire
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Centrali0ation continued under Ivanthe Terrible (.+an .B 7 grandson o".+an the reat)
Economic system based on "eudalism- $oyars (nobles) held land worked by ser"s- 2ilitary resonsibilities similar to Western
Euroe and 3aan
- $oyars resisted centrali0ation o" tsars ower .+an .B resonded by
- 8edistributed the boyars lands to orichniki- Iilling the rebels in cruel ways (cooking
them and skinning ali+e)- E&ecuted his oldest son
FTime o" TroubleG "ollowed .+anKs death- Cometition among boyars "or control o"
throne- ,eighboring kingdoms in+aded- $oyars selected 2ikhail 8omano+ as heir
8omano+Ks ruled until the early ?th Cwhen last tsar e&ecuted by new regimeo" communist leaders
(The ',(ansion and *entrali>ation o# RssiaBe#ore 150 !cont"
and Based Powers on the RiseThe Rssian '%(ire? Peter the
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The Rssian '%(ire? Peter theGreat
Peter the Great- Tsar most resonsible "or
trans"orming 8ussia- Saw 8ussia was "ar "rom
cutting edge- %ooked to the West and
understood the imortanceo" controlling the oceans andseas
- Studied Euroean methodso" shibuilding andengineering
Pulled 8ussia by thebootstras into its newrole as an imortantlayer in global history
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and Based Powers on the RiseTh R i ' i P t th G t
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2ilitary 8e"orm- $uilt si0e o" army by dra"tingeasants to ser+e as ro"essionalsoldiers
- .ncreased ay
- Encouraged western technology(including training on cannons andrearms)
- $uilt roads and bridges to transorttroos and e'uiment
- $uilt na+y bringing in Euroeane&erts on shi4building1 sailing1 andna+igation
- $uilt orts to accommodate shis
The Rssian '%(ire? Peter the Great!cont"
and Based Powers on the RiseTh R i ' i P t th G t
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Social 8e"orm- 9rdered boyars to dress likeEuroeans no more bearskincaes and beards (owner coulday a ne to kee beard)
- 8ussian women traditionallysecluded themsel+es at homewearing +eils when out inublic Peter insisted theyaeared un+eiled in his courtand dress as Euroean ladies
- ecreed that young eole(not their arents) determinedwho they wanted to marry
The Rssian '%(ire? Peter the Great!cont"
and Based Powers on the RiseTh R i ' i P t th G t
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The Rssian '%(ire? Peter the Great!cont"
$ureaucratic 8e"orm- 8eorgani0ed to be more
eNcient gathering ta&es(needed money to ayarmy1 na+y1 and "or there"orms)
- 8elaced boyars withgo+ernment oNcialsselected "rom new Table o"8anks ositions based on
merit
- Eliminated many titles o"nobility and ensured thatnew bureaucrats wereloyal to him
and Based Powers on the RiseTh R i ' i P t th G t
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Peter brought many changes- Con#ict between the Sla+ic traditional ways and the newimetus to westerni0e
- Selecti+ely imitated western ways; %ittle interest in Enlightenment ideas
id not aim to build an international e&ort4
oriented economy Saw economic de+eloment mainly as a way to
suort military e@orts- Continued autocratic rule but sent message to sub!ects to
emulate Euroean ways- Catherine the reat understood the con#ict and continued
the autocratic traditions o" the tsars 8ussians continued their Sla+ic ways1 including
8ussian 9rthodo& religion- A"ter Peter they began to turn one ear toward the West
The Rssian '%(ire? Peter the Great)verall
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The Tsar *annonecannon in 15D< Its tbe weighs 40 tons< Itwas intended #or de#ense o# the re%lin in&oscow@ bt it was never red<
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Tended to think o" Euroeans as backwards lobal e@ects o" Euroean e&ansion were being "elt by
the 5=th and 5Rth C
- SE Asia most a@ected since the Portuguese and utch claimedorts and controlled trade through this crucial link between the.ndian 9cean and South China Sea
Euroeans took o+er Philiines and .ndonesia- Established regimes that "a+ored the Euroean merchants
Philiines
- 2anila center o" Sanish commercial acti+ity .ndonesia
- utch had more tenuous hold hub in $ata+ia on 3a+a China1 3aan1 and Iorea more resistant
Rise?'ast Asia
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2issionaries to ChinadidnKt ha+e much imact
3aanese acti+ely tried tokee Euroeans out
,omadic in+asions
continued to reoccuy2ing
Euroean e&cursion tothe ,ew World only o"marginal interest- China and 3aan +entured
into the seas and tradedmost o" their concerns wereland4based and remained"ocused on their owninternal a@airs
Rise?'ast Asia !cont"
Rise
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'ast Asia? The ate &ing
9$nast$
ynasty began witho+erthrow o" 2ongols andlasted
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Palace eunuchs ser+ed asemerorKs eyes and earswith direct access toemerors
E&anded "orbidden cityE&amination system re+i+ed
- 8e'uired e&tensi+e knowledgeo" Con"ucian thought
2ing armies large1 good
leadershi- Direarms not as ad+anced as the
West
'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$Political *haracteristics
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$
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Commercial acti+ity strong in China 5th C
%arge o" eole engaged in trade andmanu"acture
Portuguese traded ,ew World sil+er "orlu&ury goods beha+ior consideredo@ensi+e
- o+ernment conned their acti+ity to 2acao Orban areas grew under 2ing inland and
ort cities 2ing not interested in technical inno+ation
- Euroeans had adated and imro+ed manyearly Chinese in+entions; unowder and rinting
.n 'uest to reser+e identity1 Chinese tooklittle notice o" technological ad+ances thatwould ro+e undoing- Still1 the brilliance and roserity o" the 2ing are
not o+ershadowed during this era by lack o"technological rogress
'cono%ic Progress and TechnologicalResistance
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$
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2iddle Iingdom didnKt "eel itneeded anything "rom outsiders
High oint in cultural andcommercial relations with 3aan- Shoguns embraced Chinese culture
- 3aanese and Chinese iratesraided together Trade contacts with westerners
limited .mortant oening "or Euroe
was 2ing tolerance o" Christian
missionaries who sharedwestern technology- 2ing "ound Euroean +isitors
amusing and interesting
Trade and *ltral *ontacts with)tsiders
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$
d d * l l * i h ) id
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Earlier Christian e@orts in Chinaalmost eliminated by the lague andcollase o" Muan- 3esuits led the way when e@orts re+i+ed
2atteo 8icci- Onderstood Chinese re+ered learning and
renement; Osed his own curiosity about things Chinese
to imress emeror and to try to accomlishunderlying moti+e o" a establishing China asa Christian nation
- 2astered reading and writing in Chinese- isco+ered the emerorKs interest in
Euroean science1 technology1 and
mechanical in+entions; 3esuits corrected Chinese calendars and
reared world mas (with China as center)- islayed bron0e cannons1 cuckoo clacks1
and mechanical clocks that chimed thehours
Trade and *ltral *ontacts with )tsiders!cont"
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$T d d * l l * i h ) id
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3esuits brought Euroeaninno+ations as gi"ts tookad+antage o" good will- e+ised ways to con+ince emeror
o" similarities betweenCon"ucianism and Christianity
- ,umber o" con+erts low
E+entually Poe becamealarmed about comarisonswith Con"ucianism andChristianity 3esuit missionended- Poe demanded ban on ancestral
+eneration- Chinese emeror banned Christian
roselyti0ing- 2ission weakened
3esuits "ailed in goal o" aChristian China but oenedcountry to Euroean in#uence- Writings stimulated interest in
China and demand "or goods
Trade and *ltral *ontacts with )tsiders!cont"
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$
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Problems de"endingborders- ,omadic grous success"ul
"orays across reat Wall Weak emerors
- Corrution (articularlyamong the long4resentedeunuchs)
- Court "actions bickering "orthe emeror/s "a+or
Peasant rebellions 2anchurians won the
2andate o" Hea+en- 8enamed emire the ing(ure) ynasty
- ,ot Han Chinese- $arbarians "rom the north
Dounded and maintained
a brilliant new era "or
'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$The 9ecline o# the &ing
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Rise'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$
2anchu gained control o"$ei!ing and began camaignto con'uer rest o" 2ingterritory
$y late 5Rth C China reached
largest si0e in history largestcountry in the world- Transition "rom 2ing to ing not
as diNcult as transitions betweendynasties in earlier eriods; 2anchu had been close to Chinese
ci+ili0ation and had adated manyChinese customs and attitudes
; Some ga+e their suort to2anchu in taking o+er go+ernment
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$
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ing encouraged searation between 2anchuand Chinese
Con"ucians sub!ugated to the +ictors (like withthe 2ongols)- Highest osts lled by 2anchu- Con"ucian scholar4gentry ket most ositions in
bureaucracy 2anchu rulers wanted to reser+e ethnic
identity- Dorbade intermarriage- Chinese men "orced to sha+e "ront o" heads and
grow 'ueue as a sign o" submission to dynasty Ci+il ser+ice e&ams became more cometiti+e
with tests gi+en on district1 ro+incial1 andmetroolitan le+els-
2ost student took the test se+eral times State tightly controlled at center Son o"Hea+en +iew clearly in lace
Emeror led secluded but ri+ileged li"e inDorbidden City
FTheatre stateG aarent- Sumtuous alace and customs
- EmerorKs clothing- Iowtow three se arate kneelin s
'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$Political )rgani>ation
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$
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2anchu dynasty strengthened bytwo strong emerors
Iang&i and ianlong Together rule sanned 5
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Proserity based uon- Agriculture high yields "rom newmethods; 8ice1 wheat1 millet
- ,ew "oods "rom Americas; 2ai0e1 sweet otatoes1 eanuts raised on
soil not aroriate "or re+ious cros
- ,ew "oods sustained raid increasein oulation Poulation outaced "ood suly
but not e+ident be"ore 5=>?- Poulation growth suorted by
trade and in#u& o" American sil+er
- Chinese workers roduced silk1orcelain1 and tea ,ew sil+er sulies generally
heled Chinese economy(contrast to 2uslims)
'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$'cono%ic and /ocial *haracteristics
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$
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Patriarchal society- Control o+er women robablyincrease late 2ing to ing
- Con"ucian ideals strong Pre"erence "or male
children clear (only males
could take ci+il ser+icee&am which could boost"amily status)
Women encouraged tocommit suicide a"terhusbands died- Doot binding oular- Women could not di+orce
husbands- 2en could ut wi+es aside "or
disobedience or adultery
H g $ $'cono%ic and /ocial *haracteristics !cont"
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$
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H g $ $'cono%ic and /ocial *haracteristics !cont"
High status o" scholarbureaucrats- istincti+e clothing- .ncome "rom go+ernment ser+ice- %i+ed in urban areas- 9wned land that brought
additional income $elow gentry were easants1
artisans1 and merchants- 2erchants with the lowest status
since easants more worthyconsidered honest work
- 2erchants did not create any
tangible roducts %ower classes o"ten called
mean eoleK which includedsla+es1 indentured ser+ants1and beggars
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$
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$eyond ,eocon"ucianism arich cultural li"e emergedin hilosohy1 literature1and history
Emerors suorted
rinting and distribution o"materials- Mongle sonsored Yongle’s
Encyclopedia- Iang&iKs Collection of oo!s
Poular no+els circulatedtwo o"ten best know tono+els are the oo! of theGolden "ot#s and the$ream of the %edCham&er
'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$*ltral Inences
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Change Over time China’s Long History
8000-600 BCE Earliest know dynasty emerged 1500 BCE
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in ang!i and H"ang He #iver $alleys%$eneration o& &amily an'estors( em)hasison im)ortan'e on writing and learning%*hang overthrown +y ,ho"( instit"ted +elie&
in mandate o& heaven
600 BCE 600 CE Con&"'ianism. /aoism. Legalism develo)edd"ring ,ho" dynasty% *hi H"angdi "ni&iedChina as short-lived in /ynasty "nderLegalism( &ollowed +y Han +ased onCon&"'ianism% /ynasti' 'y'le )atterns wellesta+lished
600 -150 Chaos &ollowed *"i dynasty. then long erao& 2ang emerged% B"ddhist in&l"en'es.Con&"'ians regained 'ontrol%3eo'on&"'ianism% 2ang and *ong '"lt"rallyri'h. military strength greater with 2ang%*ong de&eated +y 4ongols. esta+lished"an% "an overthrown +y 4ing( re+"ilt
Chinese '"lt"ral instit"tions% 4ing hadmied &eeling a+o"t o"tside world%
150 - 150 4ing strong early. lost 'ontrol to 4an'h"s the ing% *trengthened China with armyand 'om)etent r"lers% Largest and one o&strongest 'o"ntries 150%
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3aan organi0ed olitically andeconomically into "eudalistichierarchies- Emeror ruled in name only- Shogun (to military authority) wielded
most real ower
- Power"ul territorial lords1 daimyos1 hadgreat deal o" local control Political ower "ragmented as a
result- Each daimyo ledged allegiance to the
shogun as o+erlord %ate 5>??Ks ci+il war
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi broke ower o"warring daimyos and unied 3aan underhis authority
- reamed o" ruling Iorea1 China and .ndia- ied be"ore "ullled ambitions but his
actions sarked the unication "or therst time in history1 as ste that was acrucial in the countryKs rise to world
ower three centuries later
Rise'ast Asia? a(an
Rise' t A i Th T 6
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aimyos met under leadershi o" Tokugawa .eyasu to establishcentrali0ed go+ernment in 5?<
Also called Tokugawa baku"u tentgo+ernment- .mlying that it was a temorary
relacement "or the ower o" the emeror Tokugawa controlled 3aan until 5R=
- aimyos still retained ower and authority- ShogunKs authority based on military might
; To check daimyoKs ower alternateattendance
; 8e'uired daimyos to send e+ery other yearat Tokugawa court- Weakened daimyos in two ways
; Wealth a@ected because they had tomaintain two households
; aimyos absence "rom lands imaired abilityto establish ower base at home
'ast Asia? The To6gawa
/hognate
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Political unicationencouraged economic growth
rowth rooted in agriculture- Water control
- .rrigation- Ose o" "ertili0er
Similar to China- Mields o" rice and other "oods
meant raid oulation growth
Curbed by birth control1 latemarriage1 abortion1 in"anticide- 3aan had limited sace a+ailable
; %imited geograhy 1 mountainousland1 oor soil
/hognate
'cono%ic and /ocial *hange
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The To6gawa /hognate
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'ast Asia? The To6gawa /hognate'cono%ic and /ocial *hange !cont"
Social hierarchy in#uenced byCon"ucianism- 9bedience and resonsibilities o" eole
o" une'ual ranks 8uling elites included
- Shogun- aimyos- Samurai
2iddle class- Peasants and artisans
2erchants at bottom As eace settled and trade
#ourished1 merchants became more
roserous and were amongwealthiest
Samurai le"t with nothing to do intimes o" eace- Strict social hierarchy re+ented samurai
"rom other ro"essions many "ell intodebt
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The To6gawa
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Culture shaed byCon"ucianism1$uddhism1 andShintoism
- Elite in#uenced by,eocon"ucianism
$uddhism andShintoism morein#uential among
common eole- Shintoism romoted as
imortant source o" 3aanese identity
g/hognate
Arts and earning
an ase owers on e se'ast Asia? The To6gawa/h t
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%iteracy rates high (less charactersthan Chinese)
Wood4block rinting and mo+eabletye made mass roduction o"reading materials ossible
Poetry1 no+els1 social satires1 and
6ab6i lays most common "ormso" urban literature Iabuki
- rama with singing1 dancing1 andelaborate staging
- Setting "or lays o"ten the #oatingworldsK
; Teahouses; Public baths; $rothels
- Allowed eole to escae rigid ublicdecorum
$unraku uet theatre alsooular
/hognateArts and earning !cont"
Rise' t A i d th
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3aanese attemting to uni"y 3aan Euroeanshis on their way to the islands by mid 5th c Euroean traders and missionaries
- Trade and con+ersion main goals- Priests had some success "ocus on con+erting
daimyos; Power"ul daimyo ,obunaga murdered1 successor less
enthusiastic (Hideyoshi); 9rdered missionaries to lea+e the island
- Soon ersecuting Catholic riests and nati+econ+erts
- .eyasu1 rst Tokugawa shogun1 banned Christianity55U; ro+e missionaries out killed any who re"used to go; Con+erts tortured1 imrisoned1 e&ecuted i" wouldnKt
renounce- Tokugawa regime seriously restricted "oreign traders
; 5U?Ks only limited number o" utch and Chinese shisallowed to trade on island o" eshima
'ast Asia? a(an and the
'ro(eans
and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? a(an and the 'ro(eans
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as s a a(a a d e o(ea s!cont"
X Tokugawa set about consolidatingtheir sway o+er the daimyos onceoutside in#uences were controlledX5=>? struggle "or ower betweenshoguns and daimyos still central
XShogunKs court at Edo held
control o+er +assalsX 3aanese ket close eye onEuroean inno+ations through theutchX$y contrast1 Chinese scholar4gentry dismissed Euroeantechnology as work o" barbarians
X 3aanese better understoodthe threat that loomed
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