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THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
What does science mean to you?
Investigate Explain Make predictions
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THINKING LIKE A SCIENTIST
Observations – gathering information and recording data
quantitative – involves characteristics that can be measured
qualitative - involves characteristics that are not measured
Interpret data – inferences may be made
Propose a hypothesis – possible explanation for an observed phenomenon or possible answer to a scientific question; must be testable
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THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
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THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
State the problem – statement or question based on an observationFormulate a hypothesis – possible explanation of observed phenomenon
Set up a controlled experiment where only one variable is changed
independent variable – what you are changing dependent variable – what you are measuring
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THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Record and Analyze Results – using notebooks, drawings, computers
Drawing a Conclusion – use the evidence from the experiment to support or refute the hypothesisPublish results – allows other scientists to repeat the experiment in order to verify the results
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_09/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit1/bio_ch01_0029_ab_expdes.html (The Experimental Design)
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DOES THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WORK FOR EVERYTHING?
How would you observe elephant behavior?
Field study – observations made without human interference
Would it be ethical to observe the effect of LSD on elephants? Lysergic acid diethylamide, a synthetic crystalline compound, that is a potent hallucinogenic drug
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CAN SCIENCE ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS?
Is this painting beautiful?
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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HYPOTHESIS, A
THEORY, AND A SCIENTIFIC LAW
A theory is well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations (Fig. 1-13)A scientific law is true and is usually associated with a mathematical equation (Charles’ Law - Assuming that pressure remains constant, the volume and absolute temperature of a certain quantity of a gas are directly proportional. V/T=K)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Nerve Cell
Striated Muscle
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
All living things reproducesexual – two parents produce offspring that are genetically
uniqueasexual – one parent, offspring
are genetically identical
All living things are made up of cells which are the smallest units of life (Fig. 1-15)
unicellular – single celled multicellular – many celled
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA (amoeba – a single celled organism)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12OmszObAkM (hydra – a multicellular organism)
http://www.arkive.org/brown-hydra/hydra-oligactis/video-09.html (budding in hydra - asexual reproduction)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Growth and Developmentgrowth is an increase in the size and/or number of cells
development is when cells become specialized or differentiate http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-FO8tZQGfk&feature=related (seed growth)
Based on a universal genetic code
DNA – is the molecule that carries this code and determines the inherited traits of all organisms
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Obtain and Use Materials and Energy
Metabolism – all the chemical reactions within an organism
Respiration – process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules
aerobic – oxygen is requiredanaerobic – oxygen is not
required
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Obtain and Use Materials and Energy
Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy in the
process of photosynthesisAnimals obtain their energy by
eating plants or other animals.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Maintain a stable internal environment which is known as
Respond to changes in the environmentseed germinates when wateredsome animals migrate when temperatures change
Homeostasis
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Groups of living things evolve over time. Changes are the result of characteristics being selected for or selected against.
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION(FIG. 1-21)
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
International System of Units
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
International System of Units
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
Analyzing Data
(See Fig. 1-24)
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
Light microscope
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
Light microscope
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
Light microscope – any device that uses light to produce an enlarge view of an object
magnification – ratio of image size to object size
(ocular x objective)resolution – ability of microscope to show
two pointsthat are close together separately
(sharpness of image)compound microscope – 2 lenses, prepared
specimens must be thin enough for light to pass
through (see Appendix D)stereomicroscope – study external or surface
structure ofspecimens
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
Electron Microscope
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
transmission electron – electron beams hit specimen and pass through, are absorbed, or scattered
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
scanning electron – electron beam is focused and passed back & forth over a surface; produces 3D images
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http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_09/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit1/bio_ch01_0021_ab_cells.html
This site shows how various cells look when viewed through different types of microscopes.
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
Laboratory Techniquescell cultures – maintain living cells or tissue
in a culture medium outside of the body
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTSLaboratory Techniques
cell fractionation – cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated at various speeds and durations to isolate components of different sizes, densities and shapes
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
Laboratory Techniquescentrifugation – liquid separation based on
densities
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
Laboratory Techniqueselectrophoresis – uses electric current to
separate substances
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TOOLS & PROCEDURES OF SCIENTISTS
Laboratory Techniquescomputers – collect, store, analyze data,
generate images of body tissue