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What is a Fish?
• Poikilothermic – body temperature is identical to surrounding water• Chordates – have developmental characteristics of all vertebrates• Appendages developed as fins• Chief respiratory organs are gills• Body generally covered with scales
“A fish is an aquatic vertebrate with gills and with limbs in the shape of fins” (Nelson 1994)
There are over 25,000 fish species, so there are exceptions to these general characteristics.
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Fish vs. Fishes
“This tank is full of fish.” “The ocean is full of fishes.”
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Anatomical Terminology
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Functional Morphology in Fishes
Functional Morphology – “the study of form and structure in animals as related to the functions of the various body parts”W.A. Gosline, 1971
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From P.W. Webb, 1984
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Acceleration Specialists –Adaptations for Ram Feeding
Posterior-placedMedian Fins
Large Gape
Thick CaudalPeduncleFlexible Body
Maxilla may or may notbe excluded from gape
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Cruising Specialists – Adaptations for Sustained Swimming
bluefin tuna – Thunnus thynnus
LunateTail
CaudalKeels
Finlets
FusiformBody
Narrow CaudalPeduncle
Terminal Mouth
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Maneuvering Specialists – Adaptations for Suction Feeding
Small Gape
Laterally Compressed Body
Laterally Positioned Pectoral Fins
MaxillaExcludedFrom Gape
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Adaptations for Bottom Dwellers
Barbels
Inferior Mouth Dorso-ventrallyCompressed Body
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Adaptations for Surface Dwellers
SuperiorMouth
Counter-colorShading
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Fathead Minnow(Pimephales promelas)
Fish Identification: Color … ?
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Fish Identification: Size… ?
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Fish Identification : Patterns
white bass (Morone chrysops)- stripes
yellow perch (Perca flavescens)- bars
northern pike (Esox lucius)- spots
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Fish Identification : Patterns
white shark (Carcharodon carcharias)-counter-color shading
red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)- eye spot
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Fish Identification: FinsSpiny Dorsal Fin (protection, steering, braking)
Soft Dorsal Fin (forward propulsion, steering, braking)
Caudal Fin (forward propulsion)
Anal Fin (forward propulsion)
Pectoral Fin (braking, steering, propulsion)
Pelvic Fin (braking, steering) Adipose Fin (Ictaluridae, Salmonidae)
Pelvic fins in thoracicposition (derived state)
Pelvic fins in abdominal position (more primitive)
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Fish Identification: Shapes
streamlined
Forked
Rounded
deep
Fins
Body
Mouth
Scales
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
round diamond
vs.
superior terminal inferior
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Fish Identification : Unique Features
Tadpole Madtom
Brook Stickleback
Golden Shiner
Northern PikeBarbels Teeth
Scales Lateral line
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Fish Scale Types
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Fish Scale Types