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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 1
What is motivation?
Basic motivational concepts• Motivation—the forces within the individual that
account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work.
• Reward—a work outcome of positive value to the individual
• Extrinsic rewards—valued outcomes given to someone by another person.
• Intrinsic rewards—valued outcomes that occur naturally as a person works on a task.
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 2
To achieve maximum motivational potential in
linking rewards to performance …
• Respect diversity and individual differences to best
understand what people want from work.
• Allocate rewards to satisfy the interests of both
individuals and the organization.
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 3
Types of motivation theories• Content theories
• Human needs and how people with different needs may respond to different work situations.
• Process theories
• How people give meaning to rewards and make decisions on various work-related behaviors.
• Reinforcement theory
• How people’s behavior is influenced by environmental consequences.
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 4
What are the different types of individual needs?
Needs
• Unfulfilled physiological and psychological desires of
an individual.
• Explain workplace behavior and attitudes.
• Create tensions that influence attitudes and behavior.
• Good managers and leaders facilitate employee need
satisfaction.
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 28
Types of content theories:
•Hierarchy of needs theory
•ERG theory
•Two-factor theory
•Acquired needs theory
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 29
Hierarchy of needs theory• Developed by Abraham Maslow.
• Lower-order and higher-order needs affect workplace behavior and attitudes.
• Lower-order needs:
• Physiological, safety, and social needs.
• Desires for physical and social well being.
• Higher-order needs:
• Esteem and self-actualization needs.
• Desire for psychological growth and development.
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 30
ERG theory• Developed by Clayton Alderfer.
• Three need levels:• Existence needs — desires for physiological and
material well-being.
• Relatedness needs — desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships.
• Growth needs — desires for continued psychological growth and development.
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 31
ERG theory
• Any/all needs can influence behavior at one
time.
• Frustration-regression principle.
• An already satisfied lower-level need becomes
reactivated when a higher-level need is frustrated.
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 32
Two-factor theory• Developed by Frederick Herzberg.
• Hygiene factors:• Elements of the job context.
• Sources of job dissatisfaction.
• Satisfier factors:• Elements of the job content.
• Sources of job satisfaction and motivation.
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 33
Acquired needs theory• Developed by David McClelland.
• People acquire needs through their life experiences.
• Needs that are acquired:• Need for Achievement (nAch)
• Need for Power (nPower)
• Need for Affiliation (nAff)
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 34
Acquired needs theory• Need for Achievement (nAch)
• Desire to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks.
• People high in (nAch) prefer work that:• Involves individual responsibility for results.
• Involves achievable but challenging goals.
• Provides feedback on performance.
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 35
Acquired needs theory• Need for Power (nPower)
• Desire to control other persons, to influence their behavior, or to be responsible for other people.
• Personal power versus social power.
• People high in (nPower) prefer work that:• Involves control over other persons.
• Has an impact on people and events.
• Brings public recognition and attention.
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Management Fundamentals - Chapter 14 36
Acquired needs theory
• Need for Affiliation (nAff)
• Desire to establish and maintain friendly and warm relations with other persons.
• People high in (nAff) prefer work that:
• Involves interpersonal relationships.
• Provides for companionship
• Brings social approval.