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What’s so special?What’s so special?
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身體星座彩繪
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Hong Kong University Undergraduates’ Perceived Validity
of Sun Sign Personality & Belief in Astrology
Victoria Hui
Vincent Lam
Ambony Wong
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• Introduction
• Design
• Result
• Contrast with Previous Studies
• Discussion
• Interview
• Implication
• Q & A Session
Outline:Outline:
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Introduction …Introduction …
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Stonehenge, near Salisbury, England
ArchaeoastronomyArchaeoastronomy
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- - StonehengeStonehenge - -Temple of the Sun & MoonTemple of the Sun & Moon
PredictsEclipses of the Sun and Moon
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希特勒曾召開希特勒曾召開““預言家大會”預言家大會”2003 年 5 月 16 日滾動新聞
曾不聽占星預言而政變慘敗 1938 年召開 “瓦爾特堡預言家大會” 德國即將戰敗的預言不中聽 , 怒將大師關進集中營
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斯科拉里找占星士選巴西國腳斯科拉里找占星士選巴西國腳
2001 年 11 月 7 日大紀元新聞
• 自己掏錢請占星人挑選合適的巴西國家隊成員
• 被刊登自己開給兩位占星人的1000 美元支票
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諾貝爾奬物理學家轉行占星諾貝爾奬物理學家轉行占星
2002 年 10 月 7 日太陽報
夏帕克 ( 諾貝爾物理學獎得主 ) 與布羅克 ( 法國尼斯大學自然學研究單位主任 )合著《變成巫師和智者》
夏帕克強調絕非導人迷信,反而是企圖應用或然率拆穿種種神祕主義的面紗
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Objective OneObjective One
What are the internal and external factors that are related
to people’s belief in astrology?
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DesignDesign
Participants:
• 100 CUHK undergraduates
• 45 males and 55 females
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DesignDesign
Materials• Locus of
Control Scale (Rotter, 1966)
• Belief in Astrology Questionnaire
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Result (1):Result (1):
• Method: Correlation
• r = .258*** (p < .001)
• Locus of control is slightly and positively related to Belief in astrology
Aquarius
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ConContratrastst wiwith th PrePreviovious us StuStudidieses
• Confirmed previous findings.
E.g. Plug, C. (1975); Scheidt, R. (1973); Sosis, R. H., Strickland, B. R., & Haley, W. E. (1980); Groome, D. (2001)
• External locus of control is related
to people’s belief in astrology
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ConContratrastst wiwith th PrePreviovious us StuStudidieses
Different from previous research.
• Chinese participants
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DiscussionDiscussion
• External locus of control – tend to believe in astrology
• Internal locus of control – tend not to believe in astrology
Aries
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DesignDesign
Materials:• Awareness of
Astrology Questionnaire (Blackmore & Seehold, 2001)
• Belief in Astrology Questionnaire
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Result (Result (33))
• Method: Correlation
• r = .531*** (p < .001)
• Knowledge in astrology positively related to Belief in Astrology
Libra
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ConContratrastst wiwith th PrePreviovious us StuStudidieses
• Confirmed previous findings.
E.g. Eysenck, H. J. (1979); Eysenck, H. J. (1981); Pawilk, P., & Buseil, L. (1979)
• If we are more familiar with astrology, we will have a higher tendency to believe in astrology
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ConContratrastst wiwith th PrePreviovious us StuStudidieses
Different from previous research.
• Chinese participants
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DiscussionDiscussion
• Exposure more - higher tendency to believe
• Believers will take the initiative to find the materials concerning the astrology Pisces
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DesignDesign
Materials• Negative Life Event
and Crises Questionnaire (Lillquist & Lindeman, 1998)
• Belief in Astrology Questionnaire
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Result (2)Result (2)
• Method: Correlation
• r = .094 (p > .05)
• There is no significant relationship between Amount of Negative Life event and Belief in Astrology.
Cancer
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• Different from Lillquist and Lindeman’s (1998) finding.
• People won’t have a higher or lower tendency to believe in astrology because of the negative life event they have experienced
ConContratrastst wiwith th PrePrevioviousus StuStudidieses
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Different from previous research
• Chinese participants
ConContratrastst wiwith th PrePrevioviousus StuStudidieses
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Discussion (1):Discussion (1):Depend on people’s locus
of control• Internal - Power to
change the future (Believe)
• External - Lack the power to change the future (Don’t believe)Capricorn
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Discussion (1):Discussion (1):
Enforce our finding
• Locus of control +ve related to Belief in Astrology
Gemini
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Newspaper Newspaper CuttingCutting
玄學嘉年華安慰失意港人 • 經濟不景,失業率高企,不少人求神問
卜。近期中西方的玄學界,便成了失意人尋求心靈慰藉的避難所。他們希望藉 占卜、術數、水晶,甚至一些自然療法改變逆境。 ( 外在控制觀 )
取自 :太陽報 2003 年 3 月 3日
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Discussion (2)Discussion (2)
Still young
• Have more chance to change the future
Leo
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Objective 2Objective 2
Can Sun-Sign Can Sun-Sign Astrology accurately Astrology accurately
describe people’s describe people’s personality?personality?
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DesignDesign
Materials • Questionnaire
• Based on The Modern Text-book of Astrology
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DesignDesign
Participants
36 CUHK students
15 male
21 female
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ResultResult
• Failed to confirm that Sun-sign astrology can accurately describe people’s personality
Sagittarius
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ConContratrastst wiwithth PrePrevioviousus StuStudidieses
Same as previous findings• Sun-sign astrology cannot
accurately describe people’s personality
• E.g. Hume, N. (1977), Fourie, D. P. (1984); Russell, J., & Wagstaff, G. F. (1983)
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ConContratrastst wiwithth PrePrevioviousus StuStudidieses
Different from previous
findings
• Studied 4-Element and 3-Quality division
• Chinese participants
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Newspaper CuttingNewspaper Cutting
• 據 AdAge.com 報導,目前雅虎的付費內容服務已經擁有了 50 多萬個註冊用戶,在該公司提供的 25 種線上內容服務中,占星術和虛幻足球是最受用戶歡迎的。
– 取自新浪新聞 2002 年 4 月 23 日
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Newspaper CuttingNewspaper Cutting• 亞西西神學院早前召開「安
布利亞境內迷信、巫術及撒殫主義」大會,指出約一千二百萬名意大利人每年向占星術人士求問,情況令人震驚。
– 取自普世教會第 2939 期
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Our results highly inconsistent Our results highly inconsistent with the popularity of with the popularity of astrological service?astrological service?
NO !NO !
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DiscussionDiscussion• We only tested the
Sun-sign aspect of Astrology
• 星相專家彭喜豪指出太陽星座不過只佔了一個人個性中的百分之三十Scorpio
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DiscussionDiscussion
Other planetary
influence• The Natal Chart From: www.astro.com
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DiscussionDiscussion
• Upbringing experience also plays a role in the formation of a person’s personality
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占星術很準?占星術很準?2003 年 8 月 18 日太陽報2003 年 8 月 20 日民聲時報
• 迪安 (澳洲科學家 ) 和凱利(加拿大心理學家 )
• 1958 年追蹤研究• 收集 2000 名在同年三月份某時段出世的嬰兒資料
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占星術很準?占星術很準?• 迪安和凱利發現 , 這 2000 人
在一百個事項裡 ,沒有一方面是十分相似的
• 這結果證明以出生年月日時為準的占星根本不準
• 國內反應強烈• 占星界極度不滿 ,更反駁這項研
究太簡單和未能全面分析資料
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Objective 3Objective 3
What make people perceive astrology What make people perceive astrology can accurately describe people’s can accurately describe people’s
personality?personality?
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Design:Design:
Materials• Personality
description questionnaire
–With sun sign labels
–Without sun sign labels (“I am”)
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Design:Design:Participants:• 100 CUHK
undergraduates
• 36 people without sun sign labels
• 64 people with sun sign labels
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Result:Result:• Method: ANCOVA• After controlling the
influence of people’s knowledge and belief in astrology,
12 sun sign division• F(1,96) = 7.908, p < .006• F(1,95) = 3.892, p < .051 Taurus
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ResultResult
• Only under 12 sun sign division, does the presence of sun sign labels lead people to perceive that astrology can accurately describe their sun sign personality.Virgo
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ConContratrastst wiwithth PrePrevioviousus StuStudidieses
Same as previous findings
• The effect of giving the sun sign labels is supported.
E.g. Snyder, C. R. (1974); Silverman, B. I. (1971); Van Rooij, J. J. F. (1999); Fichten, C. S., & Sunerton, B. (1983)
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ConContratrastst wiwithth PrePrevioviousus StuStudidieses
Different from previous research
• Chinese participants
• 4 Element division
• 3 Quality division
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DiscussionDiscussion
Possibly because …
Only oneone sun sign label in each 12 sun sign personality description
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4 Element Division4 Element Division
Sun sign
(based on date and month of birth)
Fire (Aries, Leo, Sagittarius)
Earth (Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn)
Air (Gemini, Libra, Aquarius)
Water (Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces)
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3 Quality Division3 Quality Division
Sun sign
(based on date and month of birth)
Cardinal (Aries, Cancer, Libra, Capricorn)
Fixed (Taurus, Scorpio, Leo, Aquarius)
Mutable (Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius, Pisces)
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DiscussionDiscussion• But twotwo and threethree sun sign labels in
each 4 Element and 3 Quality personality description respectively.
Refer to Snyder, C. R., Shenkel, R. J., Lowery, C. R. (1977)
NotNot speciallyspeciallyDerived for youDerived for you
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InterviewInterview (1) (1)
Name: Mr. Mok
Title: Pastor of the Grace
Evangelical Church
From: Christian point of view
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Mr. Mok (Pastor)Mr. Mok (Pastor)
Standpoint: Doesn’t BelieveReason:
–He is a Christian
–No scientific backup
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Mr. Mok (Pastor)Mr. Mok (Pastor)
• People who have high education still have emotional and spiritual needs that make them purse unscientific matters.
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InterviewInterview (2) (2)
Name: Professor Susan Ho
Title: Professor of School of Pharmacy
From: Scientific point of view
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Professor Ho (Pharmacy)Professor Ho (Pharmacy)
Standpoint: Doesn’t BelieveReason: She is a Christian
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Professor Ho Professor Ho (Pharmacy)(Pharmacy)
• Cultural + Age factor (older generation believe in Chinese Astrology instead)
• People selectively believe in astrological descriptions that are in favor to themselves.
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Interview (3)Interview (3)Name: Professor Darius Chan
Title: Associate Psychology Professor
From: Psychological point of view
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Professor Chan Professor Chan (Psychology)(Psychology)
Standpoint: Doesn’t believeReason:
There is no scientific backup, even worse than Fung Shui (風水 )
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Professor Chan Professor Chan (Psychology)(Psychology)
• People who believe in zodiac are not highly educated and their abilities to analyze are relatively poor.
• People just take horoscope as an entertainment.
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Interview (4)Interview (4)Name: Dr. Yung Chor Wing, Linda
Title: Doctor in Economics
From: Economic point of view
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Dr. Yung (Economics)Dr. Yung (Economics)
Standpoint: Doesn’t believeReason: Not mentioned
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Dr. Yung (Economics)Dr. Yung (Economics)
• People often confuse the causality between astrological claims and real-world phenomena
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Dr. Yung (Economics)Dr. Yung (Economics)• Authors of astrology books
often use their analysis of famous people to prove their claims
• People who hate risk have a higher tendency to believe in astrology
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Implication (1)Implication (1)
• Rationally analyze those claims people made about using sun sign as a way to predict people’s personality
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Implication (2)
• Understand that the use of astrology to soothe one’s feelings yields only a short-term benefit. In the long run, people must face their adversities or seek help from possible source.
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Implication (3)Implication (3) Further studies can investigate astrology in greater detail and recruit non-Europeans as well as non-Americans as participants.
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QQ && AA SSeessssiioonn
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Reference (Books):Reference (Books):
Brodeur, M. G., & Lenard, L. (2000). The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Astrology (2nd Ed.). Alpha Books.
Hone, M. E. (1951). The Modern Text-Book of Astrology. London: LN Fowler & Co
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Reference (web sites):Reference (web sites):
http://ericwonghk.com:9999/autumn/trip/page5.htm
http://www.aaistars.org/include/demo06.htm
http://www.sunmoon.pair.com/astro/daniel1.html#c
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Reference (Literatures):Reference (Literatures):
Sosis, R. H., Strickland, B. R., & Haley, W. E. (1980). Perceived locus of control and beliefs about astrology. Journal of Social Psychology, 110, 65-71.
Groome, D. (2001). Astrology. In Roberts, R., and Groome, D. (Eds.), Parapsychology: The Science of Unusual Experience, pp.60-77. London, Arnold.
Lillqvist, O., & Lindeman, M. (1998). Belief in astrology as a strategy for self-verification and coping with negative life-events. Eurpoean Psychologist, 3(3), 202-208.
Fichten, C. S., & Sunertonn, B. (1983). Popular horoscopes and the “Barnum Effect”. Journal of Psychology, 114, 123-134.
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