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White Blood Cells
By:
Dr Asma Jabeen
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▪ Also called leukocytes
▪ Mobile units of body’s protective
system
▪ Most of them are specifically
transported to areas of serious infection
and inflammation thereby providing a
rapid and potent defense against
infectious agent
White Blood Cells
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Leukocytes
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Polymorphonuclear• Neutrophil• Eosinophil• Basophil
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
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White blood cells
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Granulocytes Non-GranulocytesNeutrophils MonocytesEosinophils LymphocytesBasophils
Polymorphonuclear MononuclearNeutrophils MonocytesEosinophils LymphocytesBasophils
Phagocytes Non-phagocytesNeutrophilsMonocytes LymphocytesMacrophagesEosinophils Basophils
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Neutrophils 62%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 5.3%
Eosinophils 2.3%
Basophils 0.4%
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
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Genesis of WBCs
Genesis of white blood cells. The different cells of the myelocyte series are 1, myeloblast; 2, promyelocyte; 3, megakaryocyte;4, neutrophil myelocyte; 5, young neutrophil metamyelocyte; 6, “band” neutrophil metamyelocyte; 7, polymorphonuclear neutrophil; 8,eosinophil myelocyte; 9, eosinophil metamyelocyte; 10, polymorphonuclear eosinophil; 11, basophil myelocyte; 12, polymorphonuclear basophil;13-16, stages of monocyte formation.
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Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Neutrophil myelocyte
Young neutrophil metamyelocyte
Band neutrophilmetamyelocyte
Polymorphonuclearneutrophil
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▪ Granulocytes ,monocytes are formed
only in bone marrow▪ Lymphocytes, plasma cells are formed
in spleen, lymph nodes, thymus etc▪ WBCs stored in the bone marrow until
needed in the circulatory system(3 times the quantity as circulate in entire blood)
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Life Span of WBCs
➢ 4 to 8 hrs circulating in the blood and 4 to 5 days in tissues where they areneeded.
➢ Serious infection shortens life span
➢ Monocytes 10 to 20 hrs in blood, after that wander to tissues, can live for months as tissue macrophages
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Properties of white blood cells
▪ Neutrophils can attack and destroy
bacteria in circulating blood
▪ Tissue macrophages begin life as monocytes (little ability to fight infections) but in tissues are extremely capable of combating intra tissue diseaseagents
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Margination
White blood cells
align themselves
along the vessel wall
before leaving the
vessel.
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• Neutrophil attracted by glycoproteins(selectins) on endothelial cells
• Adhesion
• Emigration that is
purposeful, directed
and ameboid
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Diapedesis
▪ Neutrophils &
monocytes can
squeeze through
pores of blood
capillaries
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Ameboid motion
▪ Neutrophils and macrophages can
move through tissues by ameboid
motion
▪ Some cells move through tissue spaces
at velocities 40µm/min
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Chemotaxis
Chemical substances in the tissues cause
neutrophils and macrophages to move
towards the source of the chemical.
▪ Depends on concentration gradient of
chemotactic substance
▪ Effective upto 100 µm away from
inflamed tissue
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Chemotactic substances
• Bacterial or viral toxins
• Degenerative products of the inflamed tissues themselves, leukotriens and chemicalsreleased from lymphocytes, basophils and mast cells
• Several reaction products of complement themselves(C5a)
• Several reaction products caused by plasma clotting in inflamed area (activated factor XII)
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Phagocytosis
➢ Cellular ingestion of the offending agent.
➢ Most important function of the neutrophils and macrophages
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Why phagocytosis is selective?
▪ Smooth surfaces of natural tissues
resist phagocytosis
▪ Protective protein coats of natural substances repel the phagocytes
▪ Antibodies (IgG) adhered to bacteria makethem susceptible for phagocytosis
▪ Presence of Complement (C3b) moleculeson bacteria
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The selection and phagocytosis process
is called OPSONIZATION.
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Phagocytosis by neutrophil
• Neutrophil attaches to cell and projects
pseudopodia• Fusion of pseudopodia and formation of
enclosed vesicle• Free floating phagocytic vesicle • A single neutrophil phagocytize 3 to 20
bacteria
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Phagocytosis by macrophage
• Much more powerful than neutrophil
• Capable for phagocytizing 100 bacteria• Engulf larger particles like RBC, malarial
parasites• Extrude the residual products and
survive for many more months
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• Lysosomes filled with proteolytic enzymesfuse with phagosome to make it a digestivevesicle.
• Lipases in macrophages
Bactericidal agents help in killing bacteria Oxidizing agents by peroxisomes
▪ Superoxide
▪ Hydroxyl ions▪ Hydrogen peroxide▪ myeloperoxidase
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Thank you