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WHO and Beyond: Practical Strategies for Myeloid
Neoplasms
Kathryn Foucar, [email protected]
2019 Hawaii HemepathConference
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Objectives:• Define the Pathologists’ expanding
role in disease classification• Discuss blood and bone marrow
features that are clues to subtypes of myeloid neoplasms
• Discuss new WHO 2016 classification criteria
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Myeloid Neoplasms- WHO 2016
3
AML: 25 subtypes; 3 new genetic entities(numerous prognostic “types”)(new criteria for blast enumeration)(new familial/germline predisposition category)
MDS: 7 subtypes(all new names; some integration of molecular)
MDS/MPN: 5 subtypes; 1 new entity(new molecular genetic criteria)
MPN: 8 subtypes(new molecular genetic criteria)
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Complexity of Classification• WHO 2016: Many exclusionary criteria within
some entities • Elaborate morphologic criteria for MDS despite
evidence of limited reproducibility (Major issue when genetic studies normal)
• 25 subtypes of AML with many additionalgenetic features contributing prognostic information
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Diagnostic Approach • Morphology and clinicopathologic
correlation are still step 1• CBC and blood smear review • Count blasts, assess dysplasia • Determine lineage of blasts by flow
cytometry, especially when increased• Integrate unique morphologic features
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Blast Enumeration • Morphology is gold standard for
blast enumeration • Cytochemical stains uniquely
helpful in some circumstances• Flow blast percent does not replace
morphologic blast present 6
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Blast Lineage Determination • Flow cytometry required for all
acute leukemias to confirm lineage
• IHC can be used for blast lineage determination in selected circumstances
7
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Systematic Approach• Recognize blasts and blast equivalents • Promonocytes always included in blast percentage• Promyelocytes only included in blast percentage in
APL• Blast percentage based on total BM cells for all
AML subtypes (revised erythroleukemia criteria)• Blast enumeration based on morphologic
differential cell count (not flow cytometry percents)8
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Myeloid Blasts
9Morphologic Assessment/Enumeration
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Blast Lineage?
10Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
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Clumps of Abnormal Cells
11Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
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Systematic Approach: Dysplasia• What morphologic features constitute dysplasia?• Dysplastic cells must exceed 10% in a lineage in MDS;
≥50% in AML-MRC• Dysplasia assessment very challenging
– lack of consensus at 10% threshold– better consensus at 40% threshold, especially for
megakaryocytes • Dysplasia assessment based on blood and BM aspirate
smears for erythroid and granulocytic lineages• Megakaryocyte dysplasia based on evaluation of at
least 30 megakaryocytes on core biopsy sections 12
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13
Dysplasia in Each Lineage
Percent Dysplastic cells critical
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Megakaryocyte Assessment for Dysplasia
14Increased, hypolobated megakaryocytes
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Dysplasia Caveats• Many benign causes of RBC
pathology in blood and bone marrow
• Excellent stain quality essential to assess neutrophils, identify blasts
• Adequacy of BMA and Bx key• Know key MDS mimics 15
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Routine Assessment for Myeloid Neoplasms Blood: CBC
Morphology (dysplasia assessment)Blast percent
BMA: Morphology (dysplasia assessment)Blast percentPossible MPO, NSEIron stain essential
BM bx, clot section:
CellularityBone Confirm BMA findingsAssess megakaryocytes morphology and distribution
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CBC findings at presentationAML Hematopoietic failure (markedly reduced RBC,
absolute neutrophil and platelet counts);usually no maturation
Variable % blasts; highly variable WBC
MDS Cytopenia(s) requiredDysplasia (≥ 10% required)Virtually never have leukocytosis at presentation Variable blast % (<20%)
MDS/MPN Hybrid blood pictureAt least one elevated and one reduced HP lineage Variable blast % (<20%)
MPN At least one elevated lineage (cytosis) No cytopenias in stable phaseLow blast % in stable phase
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MDS MPN AML
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Comparison of Blood Features
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MDS CML AML
19
Comparison of Bone Marrow Features
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Atypical CML
2073y/o F: WBC 160, Hgb 8, PLT 112
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Integration of CBC, Blast %, and Dysplasia Assessment
• Reasonable prediction of correct WHO category (exceptions)
• Allows for upfront determination of appropriate specialized testing
• Allows pathologist to alert clinician regarding potential medical emergencies (e.g. APL)
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Reporting Requirements • WHO Subtype of Myeloid Neoplasm• All standard items (Bld, CBC,
morphology, special stains, IP and cytochemical stains)
• Percent blasts in blood and BM for all myeloid neoplasms
• Dysplasia percent (each lineage): MDS, MDS/MPN, AML
• Flow cytometry findings 22
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Specialized Testing Goals• Lineage of blasts and potential MRD
monitoring by FCI• Confirmation of specific myeloid
neoplasm subtypes by genetic testing, also used in MRD monitoring
• Prognosis assessment by genetic testing; clonal evolution assessment
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Final Integrated Report• Once all specialized (often referral) testing completed
• ASH-CAP CPG requirement for all acute leukemias
• Most feasible at referral centers24
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In the world of Myeloid Neoplasms, CML has always led
the way25
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Battle between Bennett
and Virchow
Leukemia First Described in 1845
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Clinico-Pathologic Correlation
Blood:Buffy Coat CML:WBC > 900,000WBC’s
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Unstained
130 years ago150 years ago 28
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1960Nowell and Hungerford
291st Neoplasm linked to cytogenetic abnormality
Philadelphia Chromosome
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Courtesy J. Anastasi
1973
30
t(9;22) (q34.1;q11.2)
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31Courtesy J. AnastasiDavid Baltimore, 1980’s
1980’s; different groups
31
t(9;22) (q34.1;q11.2)
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Ph1: reciprocal translocationBCR-ABL1 fusion gene
1982-1985
Translocation results in constitutive tyrosine kinase activity CML 32
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CML
•1st genetically defined leukemia
•Must document BCR-ABL1fusion gene for diagnosis
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Source: Kalidas, et al. NEJM 2001; 286:895-898
Leukemogenic Effects
of Constitutive
Non-Receptor Tyrosine
Kinase Activation
34
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Source: Kalidas, et al. NEJM 2001;286:895-898
Therapy to Block Tyrosine Kinase Activity (1987-1998 )
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Blast-Phase in CML: 1983-present
Source: Hehlmann, R. How I treat CML blast crisis. Blood 2012;120:737.
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CML•First genetically defined
distinct clinicopathologicentity
•Diagnosis cannot be made without genetic confirmation of BCR-ABL1.
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Clincopathology Entity Model Applied to all WHO Neoplasms
• Entities based on clinical features, morphology, IP, cytogenetics or molecular (2001-Present)
• Entire new group of germline predisposition neoplasms added (family history and molecular genetic confirmation)
• Entitles based on Clinical Advisory Committee discussions
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia• Blast enumeration, dysplasia assessment and
lineage confirmation by flow cytometry still essential
• Progressively greater role of molecular genetic testing in defining entities, refining prognosis assessment, minimal residual disease monitoring, and identifying patients for possible targeted therapies.
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AML: Many Diseases• 198 recurrent mutations (molecular)• 819 recurrent structural chromosomal
abnormalities (CC)• Ongoing recognition of additional
mutations or relevant combinations of mutations
40Watt, Knowles Neoplastic Hematopathology, 3rd edition, 2014
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AML – Types of Mutations
41Source: CDWatt,et al. Knowles Neoplastic Hematopathology. 2014.
Class I: Non-specificClass II: AML-definingClass III: Epigenetic
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Source: NEJM 366(12):1079-89, 2012
Molecular Fine Tuning of Prognostic Group
42Integration of molecular with karyotype
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Additional Reporting Requirements
•Integrate cytogenetics, FISH and molecular results in terms of diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy
43
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Myelodysplasia and MDS/MPN
44
• Key CBC parameters, morphologic features and blast percentage
• Lesser role of genetics in defining entitles (some exceptions)
• Major role of genetics in risk stratification, possible targeted therapy
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CMML
45WBC 24.3, Hgb 8.1, PLT 349
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CMML-BX
46Hypercellular; Gran.pred, abnormal megas
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Other Myeloid Neoplasms
47
• Similar clinicopathologic approach to define specific entities in neoplasms with <20% blasts
• MPN: Key CBC parameters, BM morphology, evidence of splenomegaly and additional genetic testing beyond BCR-ABL1 are key (e.g. JAK2, CALR, MPL, and CSF3R)
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48
•59a36
BM: hyperlobulated megas; Bld: ↑ ↑ plts
Essential Thrombocythemia1.7 million plts
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Role of the Pathologist
49
Primary care setting1. Recognition of myeloid neoplasm and general
neoplasm category2. Exclusion of myeloid neoplasm lookalikes3. Rapid diagnosis or recognition of possible
APL4. Oversee acquisition of specimens for all
necessary specialized testing (unless patient transferred)
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Role of the Pathologist
50
Tertiary care setting
1. Integrate routine and esoteric testing
2. Provide comprehensive risk stratification information
3. Monitor treatment response and minimal residual disease testing