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WHS AP Psychology
Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Essential Task 8-3: Essential Task: Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators.
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We are here
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources Measures
Theories
Effects Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction
TheoryArousal Theory
Intrinsic/Extrinsic
Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression,
achievement and sex)
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Essential Task 8-3:
• Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior – Instincts for animals– Biological factors like
• Drives (Primary vs. Secondary)• Homeostasis
– Operant conditioning factors• Incentives• intrinsic motivators• Extrinsic motivators
Outline
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Motives vs. Emotions
• Motive– Specific need or desire, such as hunger,
thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior
– a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
• Emotion– Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that
underlies behavior
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Instincts for animals NOT humans.
• Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
Outline
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Humans don’t have instincts
• Fell out of favor in psychology• A Meta-analysis during the height of this
craze found 5759 ‘instincts’• Most important human behavior is
learned• Human behavior is rarely inflexible and
found throughout the species• Humans have reflexes but not instincts.
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Biological Drives (Primary Drives)
• Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals
- Motivate behavior necessary for survival• Hypothalamus
– Hunger– Thirst– Sex
• Evolutionary biology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).
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Homeostasis – explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives.• The ability or tendency of an
organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance.
• A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.
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Secondary Drives – not biologically dictated
• Learned drives• Wealth• Success• Fame
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Operant Conditioning Factors
• Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive.
• When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior
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Intrinsic Motivators
• Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.
• It is stronger than external motivation
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Extrinsic Motivators
• Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.