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Why do elements in the same group/family have similar properties?
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Valence Electrons
• Elements in a group have similar properties–they have the
same number of valence e-
Group Valence Electrons
1A 1
2A 2
3A 3
4A 4
5A 5
6A 6
7A 7
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Representative Elements
• Elements in groups 1A through 8A
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Hydrogen
• 1 valence e-• Lavoisier:
– Named b/c it forms water– Hydro (water) genes (to form)
• Cavendish– Flammable air– Easily reacts with air
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Alkali Metals
• Group 1A• Most reactive metals
–Reactivity increases from the top to the bottom.
–Many are kept under oil to prevent reacting with water or oxygen.
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Alkali Metals
• One Valence e-–Forms atoms with +1 charge
• Soft• Found in nature only in a
compound–NaCl (Table salt)
• Form bases
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Alkaline Earth Metals
• Group 2A• 2 Valence Electrons (form 2+ ion)• Reactivity shown by reactivity with
water• Harder: not as reactive as 1A
–Hard water• Form bases
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Boron Family
• Group 3A• 3 Valence electrons• 1 metalloid (Boron)• Five metals• Aluminum is the most abundant
metal in the Earth’s crust.–Usually combined with oxygen
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Carbon Family• Group 4A• 4 Valence Electrons• Wide range of properties
–1 Nonmetal–2 Metalloids–3 Metals
• Most of the compounds in your body contain carbon.
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Carbon cont
• Forms allotropes– Forms of an element with different structures
and properties• Silicon: 2nd most abundant element in the
earth’s crust after oxygen– (glass, sand, quartz)
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Nitrogen Family
• Group 5A• 5 Valence Electrons• Very different properties• Nitrogen:
–78% of atmosphere–Forms explosive compounds–Fertilizer
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Nitrogen Continued
• Phosphorus– 2 allotropes
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Oxygen Family
• Group 6A• 6 valence e-• Oxygen has 2 allotropes • Sulfur has 10 allotropes
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Halogens
• Group 7A• 7 Valence electrons
– Forms ions with -1 charge• Known as “Salt Formers”• Forms compounds with almost all metals• 5 nonmetals• 1 Unknown: (Astatine: radioactive no known
uses)
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Noble Gases
• Group 8A• 8 Valence Electrons• Un-reactive • Odorless and colorless• Used in light bulbs
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Properties of Metal, Nonmetals,and Metalloids
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Metals versus Nonmetals
• Metals tend to form cations.• Nonmetals tend to form anions.
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Metals
Tend to be lustrous, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
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Nonmetals
• Dull, brittle substances that are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
• Tend to gain electrons in reactions with metals to acquire noble gas configuration.
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Metalloids
• Have some characteristics of metals, some of nonmetals.
• For instance, silicon looks shiny, but is brittle and fairly poor conductor.
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• Ionization: holding on to e-• Electronegitivity: how much I want another
e-
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Answer:
• Because each group/ family has the same amount of valence electrons
• it’s useful in predicting atomic structure and, therefore, chemical properties.
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