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Tesla Roadster 1

Tesla Roadster

Manufacturer Tesla Motors

Also called Code name: DarkStar[1]

Production 20082012

Class Roadster

Body style(s) 2-door Roadster

Layout Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive

Transmission(s) Single speed BorgWarner fixed gear

Wheelbase 2352 mm (92.6 in)

Length 3946 mm (155.4 in)

Width 1873 mm (73.7 in)

Height 1127 mm (44.4 in)

Curb weight 2723 lb (1235 kg)

Related Lotus Elise

Designer Tesla Motors

The Tesla Roadster is a battery electric vehicle (BEV) sports car produced by the electric car firm Tesla Motors.

The Roadster is the only highway-capable electric vehicle in serial production (as opposed to prototype or evaluation

fleet production) in North America or Europe. Tesla had produced more than 1,200 Roadsters sold in at least 28

countries as of July 2010.[2]

Tesla began producing right-hand-drive Roadsters in early 2010 for the British Isles,

Australia, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore.[2]

The Roadster is the first production automobile to use lithium-ion battery cells and the first production BEV

(all-electric) to travel more than 200 miles (320 km) per charge.[3]

The world distance record of 501 km (311 mi) for

a production electric car on a single charge was set by a Roadster on October 27, 2009 during the Global GreenChallenge in outback Australia.

[4]In March 2010, a Tesla Roadster became the first electric vehicle to win the Monte

Carlo Alternative Energy Rally and the first to win any Federation Internationale de l'Automobile-sanctioned

championship when a Roadster driven by Formula One driver Erik Comas beat 96 competitors for range, efficiency

and performance in the three-day, nearly 1,000-kilometer challenge.[5]

According to an independent analysis from the U.S. EPA, the Roadster can travel 244 miles (393 km) on a single

charge of its lithium-ion battery pack, and can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in 3.7 seconds. The

Roadster's efficiency, as of September 2008, was reported as 120 mpgge

(2.0 L/100 km). It uses 135 Wh/km

(21.7 kWh/100 mi or 490 kJ/km) battery-to-wheel, and has an efficiency of 92% on average.[6]

[7]

The Roadster has a net base price of US$101,500[8]

after a $7,500 U.S. federal tax credit is discounted ($109,000

MSRP price), and there are other tax credits and incentives in several states. The Roadster has a base price of

86,950 in the UK and 84,000 in continental Europe. As an electric vehicle, the Roadster also qualifies for several
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Tesla Roadster 2

government incentives throughout Europe.[9]

[10]

History

The car was officially unveiled to the public on July 19, 2006, in Santa Monica, California, at a 350-person

invitation-only event held in Barker Hangar at Santa Monica Airport.[11]

The San Francisco International Auto Show, held on November 1826, 2006, was the Tesla Roadster's first auto

show. Tesla Roadsters have been featured in numerous subsequent auto shows, including international shows in Los

Angeles, Detroit and Frankfurt.

The first Tesla Roadster was delivered in February 2008 to Tesla co-founder, chairman and product architect Elon

Musk. The company produced 500 similar vehicles through June 2009. In July 2009, Tesla began production of its

2010 model-year Roadsterthe first major product upgrade since Tesla began production in 2008.[12]

Simultaneously, Tesla began producing the Roadster Sport, the first derivative of Tesla's proprietary, patented

powertrain. The car accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 3.7 seconds, compared to 3.9 seconds for the standard Roadster.

Changes for the 2010 model-year cars include[13]

:

An upgraded interior and push-button gear selector, including "executive interior" of exposed carbon fiber andpremium leather, and clear-coat carbon fiber body accents.

Locking, push-button glove box wrapped in leather.

A centrally mounted video display screen to monitor real-time data, including estimated range, power

regenerated, and the number of barrels of oil saved. This convenient screen is visible to the driver and passenger.

Adjustable, custom-tuned suspension with the option of sport and comfort settings.

More powerful and immediate heating, ventilation and air-conditioning.

More efficient motor and hand-wound stator. The new motor generates more kilowatts per ampmore

mechanical powerthan the predecessor.

A suite of sound-deadening measures to dramatically reduce noise, vibration and harshness. For instance,

engineers added pellets to a member of the chassis side rail. These pellets expand by 5,000 percent during theadhesive heating cycle to eliminate rattles.

Beginning mid-March 2010, Tesla Motors, in an effort to show off the practicality of its electric cars, sent one of its

Roadsters around the world. Starting at the Geneva autoshow, the roadster will travel until its arrival at the Paris

Autoshow on September 28, 2010.[14]

In July 2010, Tesla introduced the "Roadster 2.5," the latest update of the Roadster.[2]

New features in Roadster 2.5

include:

A new look, which includes a new front fascia with diffusing vents, and rear diffuser reflecting the future of Tesla

design

Directional forged wheels available in both silver and black New seats with improved comfort, larger more supportive bolsters and a new lumbar support system

Power control hardware that enables spirited driving in exceptionally hot climates

An optional 7" touchscreen display with back-up camera

Improved interior sound reduction including new front fender liner material make the cabin even quieter

The Roadster is the most expensive prize ever offered on The Price Is Right, $112, 845, in a playing of Golden Road

on April 22, 2010.
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Tesla Roadster 3

Development

The Roadster was developed by Tesla Motors to mass produce AC Propulsion's tzero concept car. The production

idea was conceived by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning who were then joined by financier Elon Musk; Musk

currently (2009) serves as Tesla's Chairman, CEO and Product Architect.[15]

[16]

He has said that he aimed to

incorporate touches from his two favorite kinds of carsPorsche and McLaren.[17]

British sports car maker Lotus

helped with basic chassis development. The Roadster has a parts overlap of roughly 6 percent with the Lotus Elise.

Tesla's designers chose to construct the body panels using resin transfer molded carbon fiber composite to minimize

weight; this choice makes the Roadster one of the least expensive cars with an entirely carbon fiber skin.

Initially, Tesla Motors licensed AC Propulsion's EV Power System design and Reductive Charging patent which

covers integration of the charging electronics with the inverter, thus reducing mass, complexity, and cost. Tesla

Motors then designed and built its own power electronics, motor, and other drivetrain components that incorporated

this licensed technology from AC Propulsion.[18]

[19]

[20]

Given the extensive redevelopment of the vehicle, Tesla

Motors no longer licenses any proprietary technology from AC Propulsion. The Roadster's powertrain is unique.[17]

Several prototypes of the Tesla Roadster were produced from 2004 through 2007. Initial studies were done in two

"test mule" vehicles based on Lotus Elises equipped with all-electric drive systems. Ten Engineering Prototypes

(EP1 through EP10) which led to many minor changes were then built and tested in late 2006 and early 2007. Tesla

then produced at least 26 Validation Prototypes (VP1 through VP26[21]

) which were delivered beginning in March,

2007. These final revisions were endurance and crash tested in preparation for series production.[22]

In January, 2008, the NHTSA announced that it would grant a waiver of the advanced air bag rule[23]

noting that the

Tesla Roadster already includes standard air bags; similar waivers have been granted to many other small volume

manufacturers as well, including Lotus, Ferrari, and Bugatti.[24]

[25]

[26]

Production

Interior

Tesla cumulative production of the Roadster reached 1,000 cars inJanuary 2010.

[27]The Roadster is an American car with a vehicle

identification number common to all cars considered American

manufactured, but it has parts from around the world. The body panels

come from French supplier Sotira. These are sent from France to

Hethel, U.K., where Tesla contracts with Lotus to build the Roadster's

unique chassis.[28]

[29]

The Roadster shares roughly 6 percent of its

components with the Lotus Elise; shared components include the

windshield, air bags, some tires, some dashboard parts, and suspension

components. The Roadster's single-speed gearbox is made in Detroit to

Tesla's specifications by Auburn Hills, Michigan-based supplier BorgWarner. Brakes and airbags are made by Siemens in Germany, and some crash testing was conducted at Siemens as

well.[30]

For Roadsters bound for customers in North America, the chassis is then sent to Menlo Park, California, for final

assembly. For Roadsters bound for customers in Europe or elsewhere outside of North America, the chassis is sent to

a facility near Hethel, U.K., for final assembly. At these final assembly locations, Tesla employees install the entire

powertrain, which consists of the battery pack, power electronics module, gearbox and motor. Tesla also performs

rigorous "pre-delivery inspection" on every car before customers take ownership.
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Tesla Roadster 4

History of production

Subsequent to completion of production car number one at Hethel, the company announced problems with

transmission reliability. The development transmission, with first gear enabled to accelerate 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97

km/h) in 4 seconds, was reported to have a life expectancy of as low as only a few thousand miles. Tesla Motors'

first two transmission suppliers were unable to produce transmissions, in quantity, that could withstand the gear-shift

requirements of the high torque, high rpm electric motor. In December, 2007, Tesla Motors announced plans to shipthe initial Roadsters with the transmissions locked into second gear to provide 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h)

acceleration in 5.7 seconds. The first production car was not delivered with this interim solution; P1 has both

transmission gears enabled. According to the plan, the initial transmissions will be swapped out under warranty

when the finalized transmission, power electronics module (PEM), and cooling system becomes available. The EPA

range of the car was also restated downward from 245 to 221 miles (394 to 356 km). The downward revision was

attributed to an error in equipment calibration at the laboratory that conducted the original test.[31]

[32]

[33]

During the first two months of production, Tesla produced a total of three Roadsters (P3/VINF002, P4/VINF004,

and P5/VINF005). Production car # 1 (P1) and P2 were built prior to the start of regular series production, which

began March 17, 2008.[34]

By September 10, 2008, Tesla had delivered 27 of the cars to customers. It was also reported that a newer, better

transmission had been developed and that production of the car was hoped to reach 20 per week by December,

2008, and 40 per week by March, 2009.[35]

Over the next 20 days, however, only 3 more cars had been delivered

to customers which brought the total to 30 as of September 30, 2008.[36]

By November 19, 2008, more than 70 of the cars had been delivered to customers.[37]

By December 9, 2008, the 100th car had been delivered to its customer.[38]

By February 11, 2009, 200 Roadsters had been produced.[39]

By April 2, 2009, 320 Roadsters had been delivered.[40]

In May 2009, Tesla issued a safety recall for all 345 of its Roadsters that were manufactured before April 22,

2009. Tesla sent technicians to customers' homes to tighten the rear, inner hub flange bolts. Tesla Motors told

customers that without this adjustment, the driver could lose control of the car and crash. The problem originated

at the Lotus assembly line that builds the Roadster and Lotus is also recalling some of its own vehicles. Tesla

reminded customers that millions of cars are recalled every year.[41]

[42]

By the end of May 2009, the 500th Roadster had been delivered.[43]

Tesla made its first profit ever in July 2009, when it shipped 109 vehicles, the most ever so far for a single

month.[44]

By September 15, 2009, 700 Roadsters had been delivered.[45]

Tesla announced on January 13, 2010 that it had produced its 1,000th Roadster. The company has delivered

vehicles to customers in 43 states and 21 countries worldwide.[46]

In 2009 Tesla began taking orders from

customers in Canada, and Canadian deliveries began in February 2010.[47]

[48]

In January 2010, Tesla began producing its first right-hand-drive Roadsters for the UK and Ireland. The 2010

model-year right-hand-drive Roadster includes a suite of unique noise-reduction materials and an upgraded sound

system. The Roadster starts at 86,950 and costs about 1.5p per mile.

On 29 January 2010, in a Form S-1 filing of its preliminary prospectus with the U.S. Securities and Exchange

Commission, the company stated that it would halt production of the Roadster in 2011 and replace it with a new

model which would not be introduced until 2013 at the earliest: "...we do not plan to sell our current generation

Tesla Roadster after 2011 due to planned tooling changes at a supplier for the Tesla Roadster, and we do not

currently plan to begin selling our next generation Tesla Roadster until at least one year after the launch of the

Model S, which is not expected to be in production until 2012..."[49]

[50]

[51]

On 16 March 2010, Tesla Motors announced that it had "negotiated agreements with key suppliers that will

increase total Roadster production by 40 percent and extend sales into 2012",[52]

also indicating that it would

expand into the Asian and Australian markets by 2011.[52]
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Tesla Roadster 5

Sales

Tesla had delivered more than 1,200 cars to customers in more than 25 countries by July 2010.[2]

Tesla CEO,

Chairman and Product Architect Elon Musk said in June 2009 that the company would begin producing a

right-hand-drive version of the car in 2010.[53]

The base price for the 2010 models, which began shipping to

customers in July 2009, was US$109,000. The Roadster has a bumper-to-bumper 3-year, 36000-mile (58000 km)

warranty. Tesla also offers an extended powertrain warranty and a battery replacement warranty. Options ranging

from colors to audio to high-power connectors for faster charging will increase the price.

In July 2009, Tesla announced that US consumers could finance the Roadster through Bank of America. Financing is

available for up to 75 percent of the total vehicle purchase price. A customer approved for a 5-year financing term on

a base Roadster could put down as little as $20,000 before taxes and net of the US federal tax credit. The monthly

payment would be approximately $1,700 at a 5 percent annual percentage rate (APR). That monthly payment is

typical for high performance, although the Roadster costs roughly $4 to refuel and does not require routine oil

changes or exhaust system work. Unlike internal combustion engines, Teslas get a 100 percent waiver on sales,

luxury and use taxes in at least four states, and they qualify for commuter lane privileges, free parking and free

charging in many regions.[54]

Tesla sells Roadsters directly to customers. It sells online, in 13 showrooms and over toll-free phone lines in North

America and Europe. Tesla does not operate through franchise dealerships but operates company-owned stores. The

company has said that it takes its retail cues from Apple, Starbucks and other non-automotive retailers.[55]

Outside the United States

The company has been shipping cars to European customers since the summer of 2009. Tesla sold out of its EU

special-edition vehicle, which had a 2010 model-year production run of 250 cars, with a base price of 99,000.[56]

Tesla opened a showroom in London, its first outside the US, on June 25, 2009, and announced at the same time that

it would start building right-hand-drive models from early 2010.[57]

Tesla opened a store in Munich in September

2009 and a store in Monaco in November 2009. It opened stores in Zurich and Copenhagen in the summer of 2010.

Reservations for the 2010 Roadster are available for a 3,000 Euro refundable reservation fee.[58]

[59]

Tesla on display at the 2010 Canadian

International Autoshow in Toronto
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Tesla Roadster 6

Service

Rear view of the vehicle

Electric vehicles require much less service and maintenance than

internal combustion engine vehicles. They do not require routine oil

changes. They do not have any tailpipe emissions and therefore do not

require any muffler or exhaust system work. They do not require

replacement spark plugs, pistons, hoses or belts. The conventional

parts of the carincluding the brakes, body work and any interior and

HVAC workcan be performed by any qualified automotive

technician, exotic car garage or other local provider.

Tesla recommends that customers bring their car to a service center for

an antifreeze change every five to seven years. Tesla's website

recommends the owner bring the vehicle in for service "once a year or every 12,000 miles".[60]

For other concerns

with Tesla's all-electric powertrain, Tesla has created a "mobile service unit" that dispatches company-trained

technicians to customers' homes or offices in case the owner is experiencing problems. Tesla charges the customer

according to the distance the service unit needs to travel: one US dollar per mile roundtrip with a 100 dollarminimum.

[60]Technicians drive company vans equipped with numerous tools and testing equipment to do "in the

field" repairs, enhancements and software upgrades. Tesla debuted its "house call" approach in the spring of 2009,

when the company announced a recall due to a manufacturing problem in the Lotus assembly plant, which also

affected the Lotus Elise and other models from the British sports car maker.[61]

The first Tesla Motors service center, in Los Angeles, California, was opened on Santa Monica Boulevard on May 1,

2008.[62]

Tesla Motors publicly opened their second showroom and service area in Menlo Park, California on July

22, 2008. The Menlo Park location is also the final assembly area for Tesla Roadsters. Tesla also operates service

centers in New York City, Miami, Florida, Chicago, Illinois and Seattle, Washington.

Tesla plans to build additional service centers over the next few years to support sales of its next vehicle, the Model

S sports sedan. Planning is underway for an additional 15 service centers in United States major metropolitan

locations.[63]

Possible locations for sales and service locations in Europe were announced in a letter to customers[64]

in May, 2008.

Specifications

Motor

The roadster is powered by a 3-phase, 4-pole electric motor, producing a maximum net power of 248 hp (185

kW).[65]

Maximum torque is 200ft-lbf (270 Nm), obtained at 0 rpm and almost constant up to 6,000 rpm, a

common feature of electric motors and one of the biggest differences (from the performance point of view) withinternal combustion engines. The motor is air-cooled and does not need a liquid cooling system. The Sport Model

introduced during the 2009 Detroit Auto Show includes a motor with a higher density, hand-wound stator that

produces a maximum of 288 hp (215 kW).[66]

Both motors are designed for rotational speeds of up to 14,000 rpm,

and the regular motor delivers an efficiency of typically 90%, or 80% at peak power. It weighs less than 70

pounds.[67]
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Tesla Roadster 7

Transmission

Starting in September, 2008 Tesla Motors selected BorgWarner to manufacture gearboxes and began equipping all

Roadsters with a single speed, fixed gear gearbox (8.2752:1) with an electrically actuated parking lock mechanism

and a mechanical lubrication pump.[7]

The company previously worked with several companies, including XTrac and Magna International, to find the right

automatic transmission, but a two-gear solution proved to be too challenging. This led to substantial delays in

production. At the "Town Hall Meeting" with owners in December, 2007, Tesla announced plans to ship the initial

2008 Roadsters with their interim Magna transmissions locked into second gear, limiting the performance of the car

to less than what was originally stated (0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in 5.7 seconds instead of the announced 4.0

seconds). Tesla also announced it would upgrade those transmissions under warranty when the final transmission

became available.[31]

[33]

[68]

At the "Town Hall Meeting" with owners on January 30, 2008, Tesla Motors described

the planned transmission upgrade as a single-speed gearbox with a drive ratio of 8.27:1 combined with improved

electronics and motor cooling that retain the acceleration from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in under 4 seconds and an

improved motor limit of 14,000 rpm to retain the 125 mph (201 km/h) top speed.[69]

The upgraded system also

improved the maximum torque from 200 to 280 ftlbf (270 to 380 Nm) and improves the Roadster's quarter mile

times.

Performance

The Roadster's 0 to 60 mph (097 km/h) acceleration time is 3.9 seconds for the Standard Model and 3.7 seconds for

the 2010 Sport Model. MotorTrend, which performed the first independent instrumented testing of the Roadster

Sport, confirmed the company's reported 0 to 60 mph time of 3.7 seconds (MotorTrend recorded 0 to 60 mph of 3.70

seconds; it recorded a quarter-mile test at 12.6 sec @ 102.6 mph).[70]

The top speed is electronically limited to

125 mph (201 km/h). The Roadster covers the quarter-mile drag strip in 12.757 seconds at 104.74 mph (168.56

km/h).[71]

It weighs about 2700 lb (1200 kg) and is rear wheel drive; most of the car's weight is centered in front of

the rear axle. Its body style and smooth underbody result in a Cd of 0.35.

[72]

Tesla began delivering the higher performance Sport version of the Roadster in July 2009. The Roadster Sport has

adjustable dampers and a new hand-wound motor, capable of 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in 3.7 seconds.[73]

Scotty

Pollacheck, a high-performance driver for Killacycle, drove a 2010 Tesla Roadster Sport at the Wayland Invitational

Drag Race in Portland, Ore., in July 2009. He did a quarter-mile (~400 m) in dry conditions in 12.643 seconds,

setting a new record in the National Electric Drag Racing Association among the SP/A3 class of vehicles.[74]

The EPA combined range (specifying distance traveled between charges) measured in February 2008 for early

production Roadsters was 231 mi (372 km) city, 224 mi (360 km) highway, and 227 mi (365 km) combined

(city/highway).[75]

In August 2008, additional testing with the newer Powertrain 1.5 resulted in an EPA combined

range of 244 mi (393 km).[7]

The vehicle set a new distance record when it completed the 241-mile (388 km) Rallye

Monte Carlo d'Energies Alternatives with 36 miles (58 km) left on the charge.[76]

Simon Hackett and Emilis Prelgauskas broke the distance record for an electric vehicle, driving 501 km (311 miles)

from Alice Springs to Marla, South Australia, in Simon's Tesla Roadster.[77]
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Tesla Roadster 8

Battery system

Hooked up power supply.

Tesla Motors refers to the Roadster's battery pack as the Energy

Storage System or ESS. The ESS contains 6,831 lithium ion cells

arranged into 11 "sheets" connected in series; each sheet contains 9

"bricks" connected in series; each "brick" contains 69 cells connected

in parallel (11S 9S 69P). The cells are 18 mm (0.71 in) in diameter and

65 mm (2.6 in) long (18650 form-factor); this type of lithium-ion cell

is also found in most laptop computer batteries. The pack is designed

to prevent catastrophic cell failures from propagating to adjacent cells,

even when the cooling system is off. Coolant is pumped continuously

through the ESS both when the car is running and when the car is turned off if the pack retains more than a 90%

charge. The coolant pump draws 146 watts.[78]

[79]

[80]

[22]

[81]

A full recharge of the battery system requires 3 hours using the High Power Connector which supplies 70 amp, 240

volt electricity; in practice, recharge cycles usually start from a partially charged state and require less time. A fully

charged ESS stores approximately 53 kWh of electrical energy at a nominal 375 volts and weighs 992 lb (450 kg).[82]

Tesla Motors stated in February 2009 that the current replacement cost of the ESS is slightly under USD$36,000,

with an expected life span of 7 years/100000 mi (160000 km), and began offering owners an option to pre-purchase

a battery replacement for USD$12,000 today with the replacement to be delivered after seven years. The ESS is

expected to retain 70% capacity after 5 years and 50000 miles (80000 km) of driving (10000 miles (16000 km)

driven each year). Tesla Motors provides a 3 year/36,000 mile warranty[83]

on the Roadster with an optional 4

year/50,000 mile extended warranty available at an "additional cost" (2008 Roadster buyers received the 4/50

extension at no cost while later purchasers need to pay). A non-ESS warranty extension is available for USD$5,000

and adds another 3/36 to the coverage of components, excluding the ESS, for a total of 6 years/72,000 mi

(120,000 km).[84][85]

Tesla Motors announced plans to sell the battery system to TH!NK and possibly others through its Tesla Energy

Group division. The TH!NK plans were put on hold by interim CEO Michael Marks in September, 2007.[86]

[87]

[88]

Recharging

The Tesla Roadster uses a unique charging connector, although Tesla has indicated they will convert to the SAE

J1772 standard. The vehicle can be recharged using:[89]

a wall-mounted 208240 volt 70 amp maximum Home Connector. This appears to be the TS-70 charging station

from ClipperCreek.[90]

a portable 120240V 40A max Universal Mobile Connector cable that can plug into a NEMA 14-50 receptacle,and other 240V receptacles using adapters.

a portable 120V 15A maxSpare Mobile Connector cable that plugs into a standard North American domestic

socket.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NEMA_connector%23NEMA_14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charging_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAE_J1772http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAE_J1772http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Think_Nordichttp://www.teslamotors.com/blog2/?m=200805http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithium_ion_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_future_is_coming.jpg


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Tesla Roadster 9

Energy efficiency

Evolution of the Roadster's plug-to-wheel

efficiency (smaller values indicate better

efficiency).

In June, 2006, Tesla Motors reported the Roadster's battery-to-wheel

efficiency as 110 Wh/km (17.7 kWh/100 mi) on an unspecified

driving cycle (either a constant 60 mph (97 km/h) or SAE J1634 test)

and stated a charging efficiency of 86% for an overall plug-to-wheel

efficiency of 128 Wh/km (20.5 kWh/100 mi).[91][92][93]

In March 2007, Tesla Motors reported the Roadster's efficiency on the

EPA highway cycle as "135 mpg [U.S.] equivalent, per the conversion

rate used by the EPA" or 133 Wh/km (21.5 kWh/100 mi)

battery-to-wheel and 155 Wh/km (24.9 kWh/100 mi)

plug-to-wheel.[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

In August, 2007, Tesla Motors' dynamometer testing of a Validation

Prototype on the EPA combined cycle yielded a range of 221 mi (356 km) using 149 Wh/km (23.9 kWh/100 mi)

battery-to-wheel and 209 Wh/km (33.6 kWh/100 mi) plug-to-wheel.[31]

[98]

In February, 2008, Tesla Motors reported improved plug-to-wheel efficiency after testing a Validation Prototype car

at an EPA-certified location. Those tests yielded a range of 220 mi (354 km) and a plug-to-wheel efficiency of 256

mpgge

, or 199 Wh/km (32.1 kWh/100 mi).[99]

[100]

In August, 2008, Tesla Motors reported on testing with the new, single-speed gearbox and upgraded electronics of

Powertrain 1.5 which yielded an EPA range of 244 mi (393 km) and an EPA combined cycle, plug-to-wheel

efficiency of 174 Wh/km, 630 kJ/km (28 kWh/100 mi).[6]

The Roadster's motor efficiency, battery-to-wheel, is 92% on average and 85% at peak power.[101]

For comparison,

internal combustion engines have a tank-to-wheel efficiency of about 15%.[102]

Petroleum-equivalent efficiencyThe Roadster does not actually use gasoline; therefore, petroleum-equivalent efficiency (mpg, l/100 km) cannot be

measured directly but instead is calculated using one of several different methods:

A number comparable to the typical Monroney sticker's "pump-to-wheel" fuel efficiency can be calculated based on

regulations from the DOE and its energy content for a U.S. gallon of gasoline of 33,705Wh

gal

(also called the Lower

Heating Value (LHV) of gasoline):[103]

[104]

For CAFE regulatory purposes, the DOE's full petroleum-equivalency equation combines the primary energy

efficiencies of the USA electric grid and the well-to-pump path with a "fuel content factor" that quantifies the value

of conservation, scarcity of fuels, and energy security in the USA.[103]

This combination yields a factor of

82,049Wh

gal

in the above equation and a regulatory fuel efficiency of 293 mpggeCAFE

.

Recharging with electricity from the average USA grid, the factor changes to 12,307Wh

gal

US[103]

to remove the

"fuel content factor" =1

0.15and the above equation yields a full-cycle energy-equivalency of 44.0 mpg

ge full-cycle.

For full-cycle comparisons, the sticker or "pump-to-wheel" value from a gasoline-fueled vehicle must be multiplied

by the fuel's "well-to-pump" efficiency; the DOE regulation specifies a "well-to-pump" efficiency of 83% for

gasoline.[103]

The Prius' sticker 46 miles per US gallon (5.1 L/100 km; 55 mpg-imp

)[105]

, for example, converts to a

full-cycle energy-equivalent of 38.2 mpgfull-cycle

.[103]

Recharging with electricity generated by newer, 58% efficiency CCGT power plants,

[106]

changes the factor to21,763

Wh

gal

[103]in the above equation and yields a fuel efficiency of 77.7 mpg

ge.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CCGThttp://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/compx2008f.jsp?year=2008&make=Toyota&model=Prius&hiddenField=Findacarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_cycle_energy_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_heating_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_heating_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monroney_stickerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_cycle_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Graph_Evolution_of_Tesla_Roadster_Efficiency.PNG


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Tesla Roadster 10

Recharging with non-fossil fuel electricity sources such as hydroelectric, solar power, wind or nuclear, the petroleum

equivalent efficiency can be even higher as fossil fuel is not directly used in refueling.[107]

Monetary cost offers another way to find an equivalent fuel efficiency. Tesla Motors reports an energy cost of

approximately US$0.01/mile using PG&E's E-9 night-time incentive charging[108]

. Comparison with a gasoline

price of US$3.00/ U.S. gallon, for instance, results in an equivalent of 300 mpgge

using E-9 or 100 mpgge

using retail

pricing.

Reviews

Tesla Roadster reviews can be grouped in two main categories: reviews on cars in serial production (model year

20082010) and older reviews of "validation prototypes," typically from 20062008, before Tesla began serial

production and customer deliveries.

In the March 2010 print edition of British enthusiast magazine EVO (p. 120), editor Richard Meaden was the first to

review the all-new right-hand-drive version of the Roadster. He said the car had "serious, instantaneous muscle."

"With so much torque from literally no revs the acceleration punch is wholly alien. Away from traffic lights you'd

murder anything, be it a 911 Turbo, GT-R or 599, simply because while they have to mess about with balancing revsand clutch, or fiddle with launch controls and invalid warranties, all you have to do is floor the throttle and wave

goodbye."

In December 2009, Wall Street Journal editor Joseph White conducted an extended test-drive and determined that

"you can have enormous fun within the legal speed limit as you whoosh around unsuspecting Camry drivers, zapping

from 40 to 60 miles per hour in two seconds while the startled victims eat your electric dust." White, a Pulitzer

Prize-winning journalist, praised the car's environmental efficiency but said consumer demand reflected not the

environmental attributes of the car but its performance. "The Tesla turns the frugal environmentalist aesthetic on its

head. Sure, it doesn't burn petroleum, and if plugged into a wind turbine or a nuclear plant, it would be a very

low-carbon machine. But anyone who buys one will get the most satisfaction from smoking someone's doors off.

The Tesla's message is that "green" technology can appeal to the id, not just the superego."[109]

In December 2009, MotorTrend was the first to independently confirm the Roadster Sport's reported 0 to 60 mph

time of 3.7 seconds. (MotorTrend recorded 0 to 60 mph of 3.70 seconds; it recorded a quarter-mile test at 12.6 sec @

102.6 mph.) Engineering Editor Kim Reynolds called the acceleration "breathtaking" and said the car confirms

"Tesla as an actual car company. ...Tesla is the first maker to crack the EV legitimacy barrier in a century."[110]

In November 2009, Automobile Magazine West Coast editor Jason Cammisa spent a week driving a production

Tesla Roadster.[111]

Cammisa was immediately impressed with the acceleration, saying the car "explodes off the

line, pulling like a small jet plane. ... It's like driving a Lamborghini with a big V-12 revved over 6000 rpm at all

times, waiting to pouncewithout the noise, vibration, or misdemeanor arrest for disturbing the peace." He also took

the car to Infineon Raceway in Sonoma, California, and praised the car for its robustness, saying the Roadster,

"wins the Coolest Car I've Ever Driven award. Why? Despite the flat-out sprints, the drag racing, the

donuts, the top-speed runs, and dicing through traffic like there's a jet pack strapped to the trunk, Pacific

Gas and Electricwhich generated power for the Teslareleased into the atmosphere the same amount

of carbon dioxide as would a gasoline-powered car getting 99 mpg. And the Roadster didn't break. It

didn't smoke, lock up, freeze, or experience flux-capacitor failure. Over the past ten decades, no

company has been able to reinvent the carnot General Motors with the EV1, not Toyota with the

Prius. And now, a bunch of dudes from Silicon Valley have created an electric car that really worksas

both an environmental fix and a speed fix."

In May 2009, Car and Driver technical editor Aaron Robinson wrote a review based on the first extended test-drive

of a production Tesla Roadster. Robinson had the car for nearly a week at his home. He called the Roadster "theultimate in plug and play" and "a small carbon footprint in carbon fiber." "Always leave space in your life for objects
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux_capacitorhttp://www.pge.com/mybusiness/environment/pge/cleanair/electricdrivevehicles/charging/index.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroelectricity


11/19

Tesla Roadster 11

that bring out your inner child," he wrote.[112]

In February 2009, automotive critic Dan Neil of the Los Angeles Times called the production Tesla Roadster "a

superb piece of machinery: stiff, well sorted, highly focused, dead-sexy and eerily quick." Neil said he had the car

for 24 hours but "caned it like the Taliban caned Gillette salesmen and it never even blinked."[113]

In February 2009,Road and Tracktested another production vehicle and conducted the first independently verified

metered testing of the Roadster. Engineering editor Dennis Simanitis said the testing confirmed what he called"extravagant claims", that the Roadster had a 4.0 s 0 to 60 mph acceleration and a 200-mile (320 km) range. They

said the Roadster felt like "an over-ballasted Lotus Elise", but the weight was well-distributed, so the car remained

responsive. "Fit and finish of our Tesla were exemplary", which Road and Track thought fit the target market.

Overall, they considered it a "delight" to drive.[114]

Testing a pre-production car in early 2008, Road and Track said

"The Tesla feels composed and competent at speed with great turn-in and transitioning response", though they

recommended against it as a "primary grocery-getter".[115]

In January 2009, automotive critic Warren Brown of the Washington Post called the production Roadster "a

head-turner, jaw-dropper. It is sexy as all get-out." He described the feeling behind the wheel as, "Wheeeeeee! Drive

a Tesla, even if you have to fly to Tesla's Menlo Park, Calif., headquarters, to get your hands on one for a day. ... If

this is the future of the automobile, I want it."[116]

In the autumn of 2008, Top Gear'sJeremy Clarkson reviewed two production Roadsters with the v1.5 transmission

and described the driving experience with the exclamations "God almighty!", "Wave goodbye to the world of

dial-up, and say hello to the world of broadband motoring!" and "This car is Biblically quick!" when comparing the

acceleration versus a Lotus Elise. Clarkson also noted, however, that the handling of the car was not as sharp as that

of the Lotus Elise: "through the corners things are less rosy."[117]

The Stig recorded a time of 1:27.2 on a moist track,

faster than a Nissan 370Z on a dry track but slower than a Porsche 911 C2S also on a damp track, and also slower

than the Lotus Exige, Exige S and Evora.[118]

The segment also showed the car's batteries running flat after 55 miles

(89 km), saying that the recharge would take 16 hours and also that the car then broke down. Tesla Motors'

spokesperson responded with statements in blogs and to mainstream news organizations that the cars provided toTop Gear never had less than 20% charge and never experienced brake failure.

[119]In addition, neither car provided

to Top Gear needed to be pushed off the track at any point.[120]

Finally, although Clarkson showed a limp windmill

and complained that it would take countless hours to refuel the car using such a source of electricity, the car can be

charged from a 240V outlet in as little as 3.5 hours.[121]

[122]

After numerous blogs and several large news

organizations began following the controversy,[123]

the BBC issued a statement saying "the tested Tesla was filmed

being pushed into the shed in order to show what would happen if the Roadster had run out of charge. Top Gear

stands by the findings in this film and is content that it offers a fair representation of the Tesla's performance on the

day it was tested," without addressing the other misrepresentations that Tesla highlighted to the media.[124]

After

several weeks of increasing pressure and inquiries from the BBC, Clarkson wrote a blog for The Times of London,

acknowledging that "that the film we had shot was a bit of a mess."

[125]

In the months that followed Clarkson'sacknowledgment, the original episodeincluding the misstatementsreran on BBC America and elsewhere without

any editing, though the BBC is still looking into Top Gear's journalism standards, according to British media

reports.[126]

In a review of a Roadster prototype before the cars were in serial production,Motor Trend gave a generally favorable

review in March 2008, stating that, it was "undeniably, unbelievably efficient" and would be "profoundly humbling

to just about any rumbling Ferrari or Porsche that makes the mistake of pulling up next to a silent, 105 mpg Tesla

Roadster at a stoplight."; however, they detected a "nasty drive-train buck" during the test drive of an early Roadster

with the older, two-speed transmission.[127]

In a July 8, 2007 review of a prototype Roadster, Jay Leno wrote, "If you like sports cars and you want to be green,

this is the only way to go. The Tesla is a car that you can live with, drive and enjoy as a sports car. I had a brief drive

in the car and it was quite impressive. This is an electric car that is fun to drive."[128]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Lenohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motor_Trendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Lenohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Lenohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motor_Trendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lotus_Exigehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porsche_911http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_370Zhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Stighttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lotus_Elisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Clarksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_Gear_%282002_TV_series%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_and_Trackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lotus_Elise


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Tesla Roadster 12

In a November 27, 2006, review of a prototype Roadster in Slate, Paul Boutin wrote, "A week ago, I went for a spin

in the fastest, most fun car I've ever ridden inand that includes the Aston Martin I tried to buy once. I was so

excited, in fact, that I decided to take a few days to calm down before writing about it. Well, my waiting period is

over, I'm thinking rationally, and I'm still unbelievably stoked about the Tesla."[129]

Awards INDEX: Award 2007

[130]

BusinessWeek: Best Product Design of 2007, Ecodesign[131]

Forbes: Best Cars 2006: New car that best lived up to the Hype[132]

Time: Best Inventions 2008Transportation Invention[133]

Time: Best Inventions 2006Transportation Invention[134]

Popular Mechanics: Breakthrough Awards 2006[135]

Global Green USA: Product/Industrial Design[136]

[137]

CarDomain: People's Choice: Most Exciting 2007 Car Launch[138]

2009 Best Green Exotic, duPont REGISTRY[139]

See also

Tesla BlueStar

Tesla Model S

List of fastest cars by acceleration

List of production battery electric vehicles

References

"Performance Specs 2008 Model Year"[140]

.

"The Tesla Roadster Battery System" [141] (PDF).

white papers[142]

and presentation[143]

External links

Tesla Motors[144]

website

Tesla Motors Club[145]

Owners and enthusiasts site

Tesla Motors' list of media articles written about their product[146]

Wired News: "Batteries Included"[147]

First public review of the car.

Tesla Sport Roadster[148]

Wired Product Reviews

Motor Trend First Drive of 2008 Tesla Roadster [149]

Renew America Roadtrip America's First Green, Charity Drive Cross-Country in an all electric production

sportscar[150]

website

Tesla Review by FutureCars.com[151]

Tesla Owner First Drive in Chicago[152]
http://www.vimeo.com/8777058http://www.futurecars.com/reviews/tesla-roadster.htmlhttp://www.renewamericaroadtrip.com/http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/alternative/112_0803_2008_tesla_roadster/index.htmlhttp://www.wired.com/reviews/product/pr_tesla_sporthttp://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.08/tesla.htmlhttp://www.teslamotors.com/media/media_coverage.php?js_enabled=1http://www.teslamotorsclub.com/http://teslamotors.com/http://www.teslamotors.com/display_data/bconverted.swfhttp://www.teslamotors.com/learn_more/white_papers.phphttp://www.teslamotors.com/display_data/TeslaRoadsterBatterySystem.pdfhttp://www.teslamotors.com/performance/perf_specs.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_production_battery_electric_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fastest_cars_by_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_Model_Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_BlueStarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DuPonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CarDomainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Green_USAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_%28magazine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BusinessWeekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INDEX:_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slate_%28magazine%29


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Tesla Roadster 13

References

[1] Martin Eberhard, Tesla Motors CEO (2007-01-24). "Vintage Oil and Other Hare-Brained Ideas" (http://www.teslamotors.com/blog1/

?p=47). Tesla Motors. . Retrieved 2007-05-21.

[2] (http://www.teslamotors.com/about/press/releases/tesla-unveils-roadster-25-newest-stores-europe-and-north-america)

[3] "Tesla Motors Moving Quickly to Commercialization of an Electric Car" (http://www.greencarmagazine.net/2009/07/

tesla-motors-moving-quickly-to-commercialization-of-an-electric-car/). GreenCar Magazine. 2009-07-09. . Retrieved 2009-08-01.

[4] "Internode Electric Tesla sets world distance record in 2009 Global Green Challenge" (http://www.globalgreenchallenge.com.au/assets/media/event/TESLA WORLD RECORD IN GLOBAL GREEN CHALLENGE.doc). Global Green Challenge. . Retrieved 2009-11-03.

[5] (http://www.teslamotors.com/about/press/releases/tesla-sweeps-monte-carlo-alternative-energy-rally)

[6] "Tesla Motors" (http://www.teslamotors.com). . Retrieved 2008-10-29. "*[244 mile] Range is based on our most recent testing with a

Validation Prototype car at a location certified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in August 2008. EPA-certified electricity

consumption is 28 kWh per 100 miles (17 kWh/100 km or 630 kJ/km) on EPA combined cycle. EPA range and electricity consumption are

subject to change pending future testing. Actual range and electricity consumption will vary with driving conditions and charging location.

[Pennies per mile] Cost calculated using average winter/summer PG&E schedule E-9 off-peak "rate A" tariff, as of March 1, 2007."

[7] Tesla Motors (2008-09-09). "Tesla Motors Selects BorgWarner for Production of New Gearbox for Tesla Roadster" (http://www.

teslamotors.com/media/press_room.php?id=968). Tesla Motors. .

[8] Tesla Showroom (http://www.teslamotors.com/buy/buyshowroom. php) Tesla, 2010. Retrieved: 15 April 2010.

[9] "Growing Number of EU Countries Levying CO2 Taxes on Cars and Incentivizing Plug-ins" (http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/04/

acea-tax-20100421.

html#more). Green Car Congress. 2010-04-21. . Retrieved 2010-05-21.[10] Adam Vaughan (2010-02-25). "Electric vehicle grants scheme backfires as taxpayers subsidise 87,000 sports cars" (http://www.guardian.

co.uk/environment/2010/feb/25/green-sports-cars-subsidise-taxpayers). London: The Guardian. . Retrieved 2010-05-21.

[11] Tesla Motors (2006-07-20). "Tesla Motors Hosts World Debut Of Tesla Roadster Offering Performance, Style & EfficiencyWith A

Conscience" (http://www.teslamotors.com/media/press_room.php?id=42). Press release. . Retrieved 2007-04-24.

[12] Eric Mayne (2009-09-04). "Drive Tesla Roadster; Forget What You Knew About Acceleration" (https://www.teslamotors.com/

display_data.php?data_name=WardsAutoArticle) (PDF). WardsAuto.com (http://wardsauto.com). . Retrieved 2010-06-21.

[13] "Tesla Roadster 2" (http://www.automobilesreview.com/auto-news/tesla-roadster-2/16337/). Automobiles review (http://www.

automobilesreview.com/). 2009-07-22. . Retrieved 2010-06-21.

[14] Wayne Cunningham (2010-04-30). "Globe-trotting Tesla Roadster Reaches Moscow" (http://reviews.cnet.com/

8301-13746_7-20003938-48. html?tag=mncol). The Car Tech Blog. CNET.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-03.

[15] Eberhard v. Musk, Case No.: CIV-484400 (http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/autopia/2009/06/tesla_counterclaim_02.pdf)

(Superior Court of the State of California County of San Mateo 2009-07-29). From defendant's filing: During a conversation with Musk in

2003, J.B. Straubel ("Straubel"), who later became Tesla's Chief Technology Officer, learned of Musk's interest in the development of an

all-electric automobile. Following this conversation, he introduced Musk to Tom Gage and Al Ciccone at AC Propulsion, a company that had

built an all-electric concept sports car call the Tzero. Musk was enthusiastic and encouraged Gage and Ciccone to put the Tzero concept into

production. Though Musk was unable to persuade AC Propulsion to mass produce the Tzero, Gage offered to give Musk's contact information

to two groups who did have such an interest, one of which included Eberhard, Marc Tarpenning ("Tarpenning"), and Ian Write ("Wright").

[16] Terence Chea (2006-06-28). "Racing back to the future with new-age electric cars Technology International Herald Tribune" (http://

www.nytimes.com/2006/06/28/technology/28iht-ptcar.2071067. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2009-10-02.

[17] Elon Musk (2009-06-22). "Tesla Leadership" (http://74.125. 155. 132/search?q=cache:Ss1C_qyafl4J:www.teslamotors.com/blog2/?p+

site:teslamotors.com+unfunded). Tesla Motors. Archived from the original (http://www.teslamotors.com/blog2/?p=73) on July 25, 2009.

. Retrieved 2009-08-01. "Tesla Motors, Inc. consisted of Eberhard, Tarpenning and Wright, plus an unfunded business plan and they were

looking for an initial round of funding to create a more advanced prototype than the AC Propulsion Tzero. While there was a basic corporation

in place, Tesla hadn't even registered or obtained the trademark to its name and had no formal offices or assets. To save legal fees, we just

copied the SpaceX articles of incorporation and bylaws for Tesla and I invested $6.35M (98%) of the initial closing of $6.5M in Series Afunding. Eberhard invested $75k (approximately 1%)."

[18] "Reductive Charging, AC Propulsion's Reductive Charger Integrated Charging for the Electric Vehicle" (http://www.acpropulsion.com/

technology/reductivecharging.htm). AC Propulsion. . Retrieved 2007-03-07.

[19] Sam Abuelsamid (http://www.autobloggreen.com/bloggers/sam-abuelsamid) (2008-06-24). "AutoblogGreen Q&A: Tesla Motors

Chairman Elon Musk Part 2 Transmission shifts" (http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/06/24/

autobloggreen-qanda-tesla-motors-chairman-elon-musk-part-2-tran/). . Retrieved 2008-06-24.

[20] Tarpenning, Marc; Martin Eberhard (2007-08-24). "Well-to-Wheel Energy Efficiency" (http://www.teslamotors.com/efficiency/

well_to_wheel.php). Tesla Motors. . Retrieved 2009-03-20. "The AC Propulsion lithium-ion charging system (the basis for the design of the

Tesla Roadster charging system)..."

[21] http://www.teslamotorsclub.com/tesla-roadster/429-validation-prototypes-vps-6.html

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Download - Wikipedia.en -- Tesla Roadster

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