Woodrow Wilson and WWI
1914-1918
President Woodrow Wilson, 1908-1913-1921
Foreign Affairs, 1901-1917
Latin America
Venezuela
Mexico
Panama
Colombia
Cuba
Haiti
Nicaragua
The U.S. became more and more involved in foreign affairs. All three Progressive presidents faced challenges abroad.
T. Roosevelt believed in there was difference between “civilized” nations and “uncivilized” nations. Many people agreed with this philosophy
“Speak softly and carry a big stick” Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace prize for
his work in ending the war between Japan and Russia in 1906
The Great White Fleet and “Open Door Policy”
Panama Canal
By 1914, the was U.S. taking a more active role in
foreign affairs:1. Spanish American War Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines 2. Philippines –atrocities committed on
both sides3. Intervened in revolution in Panama4. In 1914 Woodrow Wilson sent
American forces to Mexico to take the port of Vera Cruz and chase Pancho Villa into Mexico
Woodrow Wilson, Pancho VillaThe Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution left the country in chaos and
W. Wilson sent troops to take control of the Port of Veracruz during the conflict
Pancho Villa killed 16 Americans and then crossed the U.S. border and killed 17 more. Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to capture Poncho Villa.
Wilson sent General Pershing to Capture
Pancho Villa
http://www.history.com/videos/the-most-pancho-villa
Trouble in Europe: 4 Primary Factors that Led to WWI in
Europe in 1914 1. The Rise of Nationalism 2. The Growth of Imperialism 3. The formation of (sometimes) secret
alliances 4. Increased Militarism Germany and Great Britain
SPARK the started WWI: Assassination of Francis Ferdinand, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne by Serb Nationalist
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife just minutes before being shot in Bosnia
http://www.history.com/videos/causes-of-world-war-i
Europe at War, 1914-1918
British Empire France Russia *** (until
1917)
U. S., 1917
Germany Austro-Hungarian
Empire Turkey (Ottoman
Empire)
Allies Central Powers
Map of Participants WWI
President Woodrow Wilson1916:“He Kept us Out of War”
Neutrality US divided in support
for Britain and Germany
Isolationists wanted to stay out of war
Interventionists wanted to join the war
Trade with Europe (Britain and France) during WWI led to one of the greatest economic booms in the nation’s history
WWI and Submarine Warfare
Shipping routes
http://www.history.com/videos/u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915
Election of 1916: Wilson Wins“He Kept Us Out of War”
Wilson ran again for president and knew that many Americans wanted to stay out of the war, called pacifistspacifists or isolationists. isolationists.
Theodore Roosevelt and many others felt the U.S. should go to war=interventionists.interventionists.
Wilson tried to remain neutral—not Wilson tried to remain neutral—not taking sides in the wartaking sides in the war
There was a heated debate over preparedness,preparedness, and Wilson finally agreed to expand the armed forces.
Wilson’s Explanation for war:“WAR FOR DEMOCRACY”
1. Wilson knew he needed a REASON for going to war—he had to convince the American people that war was necessary.
2. War as a moral issue—to avoid future conflicts—”the war to end all wars”
3. U.S. would take the role of international leader help create a new world order
4. Wilson wanted “peace without victory” where all nations were treated fairly
5. Wilson wanted to form a “League of Nations”
The Zimmerman The Zimmerman TelegramTelegram
Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign minister The Telegram to Mexico
1. US joined the war in Europe•2. Russian Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution) impacted global alignments for rest of the 20th century
1917---PIVOTAL YEAR IN U.S. 1917---PIVOTAL YEAR IN U.S. AND WORLD HISTORYAND WORLD HISTORY
The Russian Revolution, 1917The Russian Revolution, 1917 Also known as the BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION
or RED REVOLUTION V.I. Lenin took power in Russia withdrew from
WWI The Russian Revolution completely
transformed the global military and political world for the rest of the 20th century—from 1917---to 1989—to the present day.
Led to the rise of Communism, WWII, Korean War, Vietnam War, Nuclear Arms race, the Cold War, fall of the Berlin Wall, and break up of Soviet Union
Reasons why the U.S. Joined Reasons why the U.S. Joined the War in 1917the War in 1917
1. U.S. was becoming more active in international affairs
2. Americans identified with Britain and France and TRADED with them =$$$$
3. Wilson believed the U.S. should take the lead to create new world order, a lasting peace
4. The Zimmerman telegram to Mexico was a direct threat to the US
5. Germany resumed use of submarines to attack U.S. ships
6. It looked as if the Allies would lose the war against Germany if the U.S. did not step in
U.S. declared war in April, 1917
The U.S. at War…..the Battle for the Seas
U.S. Navy helped turn the war around Convoys of ships escorted supplies and troops Mines were used against German U Boats U.S. destroyers attacked German U-Boats
(submarines) NO AMERICAN TROOP SHIP WAS LOST DURING
WWI
African American Soldiers in WWI
General John J. Pershing
New Technology of Warfare
1. Trench warfare 2. Chemical weapons, mustard gas 3. Submarines 4. ***Modern navy and battleships 5. First war to use airplanes 6. Machine guns 7. Mobile weapons=tanks, trucks 8. Flame throwers 9. Wireless telegraphy
American Cemetery in the American Cemetery in the Argonne Forest, FranceArgonne Forest, France
2005 Scientists recover flu virus from victims in a mass grave in Alaska….
1918 Armistice Ended Hostilities, Germany Had Been Defeated
11th hour, 11th day, 11th month 9-10 million killed in war, 20 million
died of flu U.S. lost 112,000 in the war (half
died of flu) U.S. lost 675,000 to the flu epidemic WWI led to profound changes in
Europe, the nature of warfare, the rise of communism (Russian Revolution) and the international position of the U.S.
WWI Transforms American Society
8 Ways WWI Transformed 8 Ways WWI Transformed American Society American Society (T)
1. Selective Service Act (Draft) 2. American Expeditionary Force—men serving abroad 3. The federal government and the business community
worked closely to coordinate and control the wartime economy.
*WWI led to economic boom in the U.S. *War Industries Board and Bernard Baruch *Rationing and price setting * Manufacturing and shipping war supplies *Funding the war—taxes, Liberty Bonds, national debt $2
billion to 20
4. Labor/ workers made some gains * Wages, equal pay for women, 8 hour day, unions had right to bargain
Bernard Baruch, Chairman of WIB
WWI Transforms the nation…. 5. Women, African Americans,
Hispanics and Asians went to work in jobs they had never held
before.
6. American farmers and agriculture—economic
boom as farm prices were higher than had been
in ten years
Women at work in tannery, WWI
WWI Transforms the Nation…. 7. “Great Migration” from the South to
the North 8. Society is divided THE PEACE MOVEMENT LAWS TO SUPRESS DISSENT Espionage Act Sabotage and Sedition Acts Anti-German sentiment
The Great Migration
Wilson and the Treaty of VersaillesThe Fight for the League of NationsParis Peace ConferenceTreaty of VersaillesDebate Over the Treaty and League of Nations
Paris Peace Conference
1. Woodrow Wilson 2. David Lloyd George, Great Britain
(England) 3. Georges Clemenceau, France 4. Vittorio Orlando, Italy
***Wilson arrived in Paris to an overwhelming welcome—was treated like a hero. This changed very quickly.
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points for Peace
The Fourteen Points—Wilson’s plan for a new world order to insure peace in the future
Several points addressed boundaries for European countries and right to national self determination
Other points addressed how to settle international disputes in the future
FINALLY—There was a proposal for a League of Nations – an international peacekeeping organization, which all countries should belong to.
Wilson’s 14 Points in a nutshell… 1. No more secret treaties 2. Countries should reduce their stockpiles
of armies and reduce the size of their armies 3. National self determination should
allow people of the same nationality to govern themselves and one nationality should not have the power to govern another.
4. All countries should belong to the League of Nations
Palace of Versailles where treaty was signed….officially ending WWI
Signing the Treaty of Versailles
Fight for the League of Nations
The League of Nations
After WWI: America in Turmoil
U.S. in turmoil after the war…. Postwar economic depression Strikes and labor unrest Racial unrest Anarchist bombs, Palmer Raids The Red Scare: Fear of
Communism
Steel Strike of 1919
Marcus Garvey
W.E.B. Dubois
Anarchists march in NY City
Anarchists bomb Wall Street, 1920
Sacco and Vanzenette
THE BIG PICTURE:THE BIG PICTURE:WWI and Woodrow WilsonWWI and Woodrow Wilson
U.S. as World Leader
Social changes
Economic changes
After WWI, the U.S. was poised to become the most important political and economic force in the world.
The US retreated into isolationism again