World War IWorld War I: : Causes, Controversies Causes, Controversies and Consequences and Consequences

The Great WarThe Great War

Michael Quiñones, NBCTwww.socialstudiesguy.com

Macro ConceptsMacro Concepts

ConflictConflict-problem or troubling -problem or troubling issue that can cause issue that can cause problems without problems without compromise.compromise.

   PowerPower-the authority to -the authority to

control citizens by using control citizens by using regulations and laws.regulations and laws.

LeadershipLeadership-the method of -the method of setting examples positive or setting examples positive or negative for others to follow.negative for others to follow.

IdealismIdealism-a way of thinking -a way of thinking that stresses optimism and that stresses optimism and positive thinking.positive thinking.

Micro ConceptsMicro ConceptsMilitarismMilitarism-a focus on heavy build up -a focus on heavy build up and use of military equipment.and use of military equipment.

AlliancesAlliances-the cooperation and -the cooperation and organization of nations into teams.organization of nations into teams.

ImperialismImperialism-the act of stronger -the act of stronger nations taking over weaker nations.nations taking over weaker nations.

NationalismNationalism-an extreme and -an extreme and sometimes dangerous devotion to a sometimes dangerous devotion to a nation/country.nation/country.  

TradeTrade-the act of buying and selling -the act of buying and selling goods between nations.goods between nations.  

IsolationismIsolationism-the act of staying away -the act of staying away from alliances and foreign nations.from alliances and foreign nations.

MobilizationMobilization-the act of coming -the act of coming together to gather war supplies to together to gather war supplies to win a war.win a war.

Key VocabularyKey Vocabulary NationalismNationalism PropagandaPropaganda MilitarismMilitarism Causes of WWICauses of WWI Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Triple EntenteTriple Entente IsolationismIsolationism Modern war techniquesModern war techniques Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris

(Versailles)(Versailles)

Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge IdealismIdealism PacifismPacifism Bolshevik Bolshevik

RevolutionRevolution Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 Points ReservationistsReservationists League of Nations League of Nations

Alliances[Provide an explanation in your own words for what the above term means and how it may have led to WWI]

Militarism[Provide an explanation in your own words for what the above term means and how it may have led to WWI]

Nationalism[Provide an explanation in your own words for what the above term means and how it may have led to WWI]

Imperialism/Isolationism[Provide an explanation in your own words for what the above term means and how it may have led to WWI]

Causes of World War I M.A.I.N.

Key incident #2 that provoked the United States-______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Key incident #1 that provoked the United States-________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Who were the “good guys” and why?____________________________________________________________________________________

Who were the “bad guys” and why?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

MMilitarismilitarism Two principal reasons Two principal reasons

for the rise of for the rise of militarismmilitarism::

(1) Desire to be (1) Desire to be powerfulpowerful in order to in order to take overtake over other other countries.countries.

(2) Desire to defend (2) Desire to defend themselves from themselves from powerful countries.powerful countries.

AAllianceslliances

An alliance is essentially a group An alliance is essentially a group of countries that pledges of countries that pledges (promises) to offer protection and (promises) to offer protection and support each other in case of support each other in case of military attack by another foreign military attack by another foreign country or alliance. country or alliance.

BenefitsBenefits: Members of alliances are : Members of alliances are not on their own.not on their own.

DetrimentsDetriments: Members of alliances : Members of alliances are obligated to defend all are obligated to defend all members even if they disagree or members even if they disagree or had no role antagonizing a war. had no role antagonizing a war.

Example of Pre-World War I Alliance Example of Pre-World War I Alliance was the was the Central PowersCentral Powers of Europe: of Europe:

GermanyGermanyAustria-HungaryAustria-HungaryItalyItaly

GoalGoal: : Protect members of their alliance.Protect members of their alliance.

To dominate Europe and control it.To dominate Europe and control it.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

German Chancellor Bismarck [Led Germany until 1890]

AAllianceslliances

Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Russia, France Russia, France

and England.and England.

GoalGoal: : protect protect

themselves themselves from the Triple from the Triple alliance.alliance.

IIsolationism: solationism: American InvolvementAmerican Involvement France got their butts France got their butts

kicked by Germanykicked by Germany and and needed help.needed help.

The United States wanted The United States wanted to remain neutral and to remain neutral and isolate [isolationism] isolate [isolationism] itself from the rest of the itself from the rest of the world. world.

The United States came to The United States came to their aid and joined their their aid and joined their alliance in 1917.alliance in 1917.

AmericanAmerican firepower and firepower and industrial power was the industrial power was the key the key the Triple Entente’s Triple Entente’s victoryvictory..

NNationalismationalism Extreme feelings of pride Extreme feelings of pride

for a country.for a country.

What can this lead to?What can this lead to?

Feeling jealous, envious, Feeling jealous, envious, suspicious, fearful or suspicious, fearful or hateful toward another hateful toward another country.country.

These “feelings” can be These “feelings” can be exploitedexploited by a by a government’s leadership.government’s leadership.

Some causes of WWISome causes of WWI

In June of 1914 The Archduke of In June of 1914 The Archduke of Autria-Hungary wasAutria-Hungary wasassassinated by a “crazy” person assassinated by a “crazy” person who did not like him.who did not like him.

Germany, his country’s ally, Germany, his country’s ally, believed its enemies were behind believed its enemies were behind his murder and started to get its his murder and started to get its troops ready to attack countries troops ready to attack countries such as France and England. such as France and England.

Sinking of RMS LusitaniaSinking of RMS Lusitania

•In May of 1915 a passenger cruise ship, RMS Lusitania, was sunk by a German U-Boat [submarine] off the coast of Ireland killing nearly 2,000 people including almost 200 Americans.

•This aggression caused the Americans to be even angrier at Germany and made them confident they made the correct decision to fight them and eventually win.

Taking SidesTaking Sides Europe had a Europe had a ““trouble trouble

maker maker ”” from the from the 1850s-1914.1850s-1914.

Who was it?Who was it?

Many people believed Many people believed that to be that to be GermanyGermany because of its because of its imperialist tendencies. imperialist tendencies.

The The KaiserKaiser [German [German monarch] wanted monarch] wanted more land and power.more land and power.

Weapons of WarWeapons of War Many Many new weaponsnew weapons were were

invented for use during invented for use during the the Great WarGreat War..

Such as?Such as?

Machine guns, Machine guns, warplanes, land mines, warplanes, land mines, tanks, chemical gas tanks, chemical gas and gas masks.and gas masks.

Purpose?Purpose?

To kill or injure as To kill or injure as many people as many people as possible.possible.

Weapons of WarWeapons of War TanksTanks-- Soldiers were able to travel on the battlefield quickly with Soldiers were able to travel on the battlefield quickly with

protection and heavy firepower.protection and heavy firepower.

LandminesLandmines- - Soldiers were able to place explosive devices beneath the Soldiers were able to place explosive devices beneath the ground in order to injure, maim or kill without great risk to themselves.ground in order to injure, maim or kill without great risk to themselves.

Mines activated by weight pressure of person walking on top of mine. Mines activated by weight pressure of person walking on top of mine. Exception: Landmines would sometimes malfunction and kill the Exception: Landmines would sometimes malfunction and kill the

person placing it.person placing it.

Striving to be the bestStriving to be the best The principal The principal goal of wargoal of war is to is to destroy the enemy.destroy the enemy.

Two basic goals during war.Two basic goals during war.

Attacking (offense) or defending against attack (defense).Attacking (offense) or defending against attack (defense).

Tactic used both on offense and defense were Tactic used both on offense and defense were trenchestrenches. .

No Man’s LandNo Man’s Land The most dangerous area on the World War I battlefield was The most dangerous area on the World War I battlefield was No No

Man’s LandMan’s Land..

The area between enemy trenches exposed troops to enemy fire The area between enemy trenches exposed troops to enemy fire and land mines.and land mines.

Stalemates were often ended when troops entered No Man’s Land.Stalemates were often ended when troops entered No Man’s Land.

How can a government convince its How can a government convince its people to think or feel a certain way?people to think or feel a certain way?

Using propaganda.Using propaganda.

What is that?What is that?

Speeches, books, Speeches, books, posters or images used posters or images used to influence someone.to influence someone.

Sometimes they are Sometimes they are meant to meant to scarescare, , warnwarn, , helphelp oror encourageencourage people.people.

The Zimmerman Note [telegram]The Zimmerman Note [telegram]

•The foreign secretary of Germany, Arthur Zimmerman, in January of 1917 sent a telegram [old version of a text message] to the president of Mexico in “code” asking him to attack the U.S. in exchange for return of territories [Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona].

•The telegram was intercepted and angered the U.S. to the point of joining the allies against Germany.

What are these things and how and why were they used during World War I?

Unrestricted Submarine WarfareUnrestricted Submarine Warfare To attempt to control Germany’s up and coming powerful navy To attempt to control Germany’s up and coming powerful navy

the British decided to the British decided to blockadeblockade German ports. German ports.

Every ship German or not was stopped by England and inspected Every ship German or not was stopped by England and inspected for for contrabandcontraband [illegal cargo including military weapons]. [illegal cargo including military weapons].

Germany responded by declaring it would sink any ship around Germany responded by declaring it would sink any ship around English waters using English waters using U-boatsU-boats [submarines]. [submarines].

Germany sank many ships including the Lusitania in 1915.Germany sank many ships including the Lusitania in 1915.

The The IdealismIdealism of Wilson of Wilson President Wilson for several years attempted to keep President Wilson for several years attempted to keep

the U.S. neutral and isolated from European conflict.the U.S. neutral and isolated from European conflict.

He hoped his idealism could be viewed as He hoped his idealism could be viewed as constructive to world peace.constructive to world peace.

However, after German aggression via unrestricted However, after German aggression via unrestricted U-boat submarine warfareU-boat submarine warfare and plotting with and plotting with Mexico to invade the U.S. he had no choice but to Mexico to invade the U.S. he had no choice but to enter WWI.enter WWI.

Wilson promised to break off connections with Wilson promised to break off connections with Germany if they continued unrestricted submarine Germany if they continued unrestricted submarine warfare. Germany got nervous and promised to end warfare. Germany got nervous and promised to end its bombing called the its bombing called the Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge..

To supply military personnel the U.S. Congress To supply military personnel the U.S. Congress passed the passed the Selective Service ActSelective Service Act in 1917 requiring in 1917 requiring men 21-30 to register for the draft.men 21-30 to register for the draft.

A random lottery would determine who was called to A random lottery would determine who was called to serve first. serve first.

President President Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 Points Towards the very end of World War I President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech Towards the very end of World War I President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech

to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918.to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918.

The purpose of the speech was to assure the United States that The purpose of the speech was to assure the United States that America’s America’s purpose in the war and its aftermath was justpurpose in the war and its aftermath was just..

Wilson laid out 14 main points but perhaps the most important were points 1-5 Wilson laid out 14 main points but perhaps the most important were points 1-5 and 14.and 14.

[1] There should be an end to all secret diplomacy amongst countries.[1] There should be an end to all secret diplomacy amongst countries.

[2] Freedom of the seas in peace and war[2] Freedom of the seas in peace and war

[3] The reduction of trade barriers among nations[3] The reduction of trade barriers among nations

[4] The general reduction of armaments[4] The general reduction of armaments

[5] The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as [5] The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the colonial powersof the colonial powers

[14] A [14] A league of nationsleague of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike."independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike."

Election of 1916Election of 1916

Because of the power of Big Business and his crusade against Because of the power of Big Business and his crusade against them Wilson almost lost his re-election bid in 1916.them Wilson almost lost his re-election bid in 1916.

However, because many citizens did not want to change However, because many citizens did not want to change president during the war Wilson won the election by less that president during the war Wilson won the election by less that 500,000 votes.500,000 votes.

DemocratWoodrow Wilson

RepublicanCharles Evan Hughes

IsolationismIsolationism and and PacifismPacifism Isolationism was rejected by Isolationism was rejected by

most Americans after most Americans after Americans died aboard the Americans died aboard the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Lusitania and the Zimmerman Telegram was made public.Telegram was made public.

The first woman elected to the The first woman elected to the U.S. Congress U.S. Congress Jeanette Jeanette RankinRankin to represent a district to represent a district in Montana.in Montana.

She voted against a She voted against a declaration of war against declaration of war against GermanyGermany and she was ruined and she was ruined publicly.publicly.

She voted for a draft to get She voted for a draft to get Americans to think about the Americans to think about the consequences of a world war.consequences of a world war.

WWI U.S. SoldiersWWI U.S. Soldiers: : DoughboysDoughboys

Millions of American men were drafted or Millions of American men were drafted or volunteered for service in World War I.volunteered for service in World War I.

Almost Almost 400,000 African-American 400,000 African-American men men were drafted as well but they were were drafted as well but they were unfortunately placed into segregated units unfortunately placed into segregated units with only white commanders.with only white commanders.

American soldiers who fought fiercely and American soldiers who fought fiercely and victoriously came to be known as victoriously came to be known as doughboysdoughboys..

The origin of the name is unclear but The origin of the name is unclear but many people believe it either came from many people believe it either came from the chalky white dust that covered the chalky white dust that covered uniforms during the Mexican-American uniforms during the Mexican-American War or from the types of food they cooked War or from the types of food they cooked in the field which was usually biscuits and in the field which was usually biscuits and rice. rice.

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing Commander of the Commander of the American American Expeditionary ForceExpeditionary Force

General John J. Pershing, also known as General John J. Pershing, also known as Black jackBlack jack had been well known for his had been well known for his pursuit of Mexican rebel leader Pancho pursuit of Mexican rebel leader Pancho Villa in 1911.Villa in 1911.

General PershingGeneral Pershing was assigned by was assigned by President Wilson to lead the President Wilson to lead the American American Expeditionary ForceExpeditionary Force [U.S. armed forces [U.S. armed forces army and marines] against the Central army and marines] against the Central Powers in Europe.Powers in Europe.

Pershing was well known for his refusal to Pershing was well known for his refusal to allow U.S. troops to be integrated [mixed allow U.S. troops to be integrated [mixed into] into British and French forces.into] into British and French forces.

He believed He believed U.S. forces should be lead by U.S. forces should be lead by U.S. commandersU.S. commanders. Wilson supported his . Wilson supported his decision.decision.

The Peace at ParisThe Peace at Paris The The Allied PowersAllied Powers [led by the [led by the U.S.] U.S.] defeateddefeated the the Central Central PowersPowers by 1918. by 1918.

The Germans were forced to The Germans were forced to surrender.surrender.

Everyone involved in the war met Everyone involved in the war met at Versailles to negotiate a treaty.at Versailles to negotiate a treaty.

Forced to pay Forced to pay reparationsreparations [pay [pay damages].damages].

Forced to sign a Forced to sign a guilt clauseguilt clause [take blame for starting the war] [take blame for starting the war] on the treaty.on the treaty.

Forbidden to possess a militaryForbidden to possess a military

The U.S. Senate refused to The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the treaty because it ratify the treaty because it would limit its exclusive power would limit its exclusive power to declare warto declare war..

The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 During WWI Russia had been part of the Triple Entente [later the Allied During WWI Russia had been part of the Triple Entente [later the Allied

Powers.Powers. The Russian Tsar [King] had not handled Russia's involvement very well and The Russian Tsar [King] had not handled Russia's involvement very well and

many many Russian citizens suffered food and fuel shortagesRussian citizens suffered food and fuel shortages .. Many Russian citizens were furious with the Russian royal family. Many Russian citizens were furious with the Russian royal family. Tsar Tsar

Nicholas II Nicholas II abdicated [gave up] his throne in 1917.abdicated [gave up] his throne in 1917. The Bolshevik Party, led by The Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin, overthrew the temporary , overthrew the temporary

Russian government that was set up after the Tsar abdicated.Russian government that was set up after the Tsar abdicated. Bolsheviks withdrew from the Allied Powers to focus on creating a strong Bolsheviks withdrew from the Allied Powers to focus on creating a strong

communist party and made Germany’s task to win the war easier.communist party and made Germany’s task to win the war easier.

The League of NationsThe League of Nations President Wilson’s 14President Wilson’s 14thth Point Point

wanted to create a wanted to create a League of League of NationsNations..

The League of Nations was The League of Nations was intended to act as a world wide intended to act as a world wide alliance to prevent future wars.alliance to prevent future wars.

However, members of the U.S. However, members of the U.S. Senate who were known as Senate who were known as ReservationistsReservationists because they because they had reservations [doubts] about had reservations [doubts] about the League refused to allow the the League refused to allow the treaty to be ratified.treaty to be ratified.

According to the According to the Senator Henry Senator Henry Cabot LodgeCabot Lodge [leader of the [leader of the reservationists] only Congress reservationists] only Congress had the power to declare war and had the power to declare war and this treaty would give foreign this treaty would give foreign nations power to bring the U.S. nations power to bring the U.S. into future wars.into future wars.

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