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WOUND BALLISTICSWOUND BALLISTICS
Rattaplee Pak-art, MD, FACSDepartment of Surgery
Chulalongkorn UniversityKing Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital
The Thai Red Cross Society
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Mechanisms of Wounding:Treat the wound not the weapon
• Crush - laceration• Stretch - cavitation• Blast• All are the effect of a transfer of energy.
Available Kinetic Energy
MV2
EK = -------------2
•Energy Expended
• M (V12 – V2
2)
•E EXP = -----------------------
• 2
The velocity of the missile is the most significant determinant of its wounding potential
The velocity of the missile is the most significant determinant of its wounding potential
•Low energy : knife or hand-energized missiles
•Medium energy : handguns
•High energy (>600 m/s) : military or hunting rifles
•Low energy : knife or hand-energized missiles
•Medium energy : handguns
•High energy (>600 m/s) : military or hunting rifles
Factors affecting the severity of projectile trauma: the projectile
Shape: • bullets are aerodynamic, fragments are irregular
(air friction)Construction:
• metal jacket, hollow-tip; stability of bullet after impact; stress fragments bullet which creates secondary projectiles
Stability in air: • range, age of weapon, temperature of barrel,
interference in flight (ricochet)
Pistol Revolver Rifle
Bullet
Case
Powder
Primer
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เขาเล็ก ออกใหญ ??
Non-deforming rifle bullet:full metal jacket (FMJ) military bullet
Full metal jacket rifle bullet (FMJ) in soft tissue
FMJ in soft tissue
QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Fragmented FMJ
Fragmentation occur at point ofMaximum Kinetic Energy transfer
small exit hole
small entry hole
Entry and exit wounds: FMJ-bullet, rifle
small exit hole
small entry hole
large exit
small entry hole
Penetration of the shoulder FMJ-Bullet
Impact
Entry
Exit Fracture
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Entry
Exit
EntryExit
Remaining tissue loss after
excision and healing
Deforming and fragmenting rifle bullets: dum-dum
Semi-jacketed rifle bullet (SJ) in soft tissue: "dum-dum"
Behaviour of projectilesComparison FMJ- versus SJ-bullet
same energy and same
scale
FMJ Vs. SJ bullets
Equal transfer of kinetic energySame volume cavity
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Ricochet bullets• Effect on a bullet after collision with an obstacle
Ricochet
FMJ rifle bullet
Ricochet: FMJ bullet Wound from ricochet
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Comparison FMJ-Bulletversus SJ-Bullet
FMJ SJ FMJ SJ
Bone injuries
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heavy
lightweight fast
Fragments
Same energy
Fragment in soap
Fragment wound lower leg Non deforming handgun bullet
Deforming handgun bullets
Handgun
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Boundary effect
6363
Grazing gunshot of a 9 mm Luger full metal jacketed bullet
350 m/s
6464
FMJ350 m/s
Lead bullet220 m/s
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Factors affecting the severity of projectile trauma:
the tissues
• elastic properties of the tissues to which the energy transfer is applied:
• limiting boundaries of tissues: brain in cranium
Tissue factors
• Tissue elasticity ; severity of damage
• Excellent Tolerance ; Lung ,Skin
• Good tolerance ; Skeletal muscle, Empty bowel wall
• Non-elastic ; Brain, Liver, Spleen, Kidney Rupture
• Fluid-fill organs ; Heart, Full bladder, Full stomach,
• Intestine ; may be rupture
• Bone fracture from direct impact or energy transfer
GSW
Clean or Dirty
Red textile fibres transferred in a retrograde direction are macroscopically
visible
Cavity
Textile fiber
Microscopic demonstration of displaced jeans fibres from the entrance region (blue) and the exit region (red) in a bullet track of series 1 at a distance of 15 cm from the
bullet entrance site (×100 magnification)
Clinical applications
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Conclusions
• High index of suspicion
• Don’t believe what you see
• Use knowledge guiding imagination
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