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Core Issues in Comparative Politics(PO233)
Module Director: Dr. Renske DoorenspleetAssociate Professor in Comparative Politics
director Centre for Studies in DemocratizationDepartment of Politics and International Studies
University of Warwick, UK
www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/staff/doorenspleet/www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/research/csd/
e-mail: [email protected]
Content Lecture week 3
(A) What are concepts and measurements?
(B) Adcock’s and Collier’s framework &the example of ‘democracy’
(C) Homework seminar week 3
Some ‘big questions’
• Why do people vote and why do they vote the way they do?
• Why do people support racist and xenophobic ideas?
• Why are some countries (or people) more corrupt than others?
• Does Islam have a negative impact on democracy?
(A)Concepts and measurements
from The Guardian (October 12th, 2006)
‘Security threat. Gaza sliding into civil war. Economic crisis worsens clashes between Hamas and Fatah’
(A)Concepts and measurements
ESSENTIAL part of research process
Theory
Research Questions
Concepts
New theory
Data analysis
Data collection
Case Selection
(A)Concepts and measurements
See Figure 1 in Adcock and Collier (2001)
Conceptualization Level 1: Background Concept
Level 2: Systematized Concept
Measurement Level 3: Indicators
Level 4: Scores for Cases
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
Conceptualization Level 1: Background Concept
the broad constellations of meanings and understandings related to a given concept
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
Different types of concepts• direct observables (colour of apple)
• indirect observables (historical events)
• constructs (IQ and Power)See Babbie’s book for more information
Measurement Level 2: Systematized concept
specific formulation of a concept that uses ideas of (group of) scholars, an explicit definition of the concept
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
Measurement Level 3: Indicators
measures or operationalization
On level 3, your task is to develop – on the basis of the systematized concept –
one or two indicators which can be used to score or classify the cases
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
e.g. is water consumption an indicator of welfare or of sustainability? see also: www.sustainablemeasures.com
e.g. is number of children an indicator of poverty or of welfare? see also: www.worldbank.org/data
Context-specific: in rich countries, it is an indicator of welfare, while in poor countries it is an indicator of poverty
Measurement Level 4: Scores for cases
use the indicators to produce scores for the cases
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
Level 1: Background Concept(see Adcock and Collier 2001: p. 531)
Democracy is a highly contested concept
Brainstorm: what is democracy in your opinion?
Meaning according to different surveys around the world
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
Level 2: Systematized Concepts / Clear Definition (see Adcock and Collier 2001: p. 531)
Democracy is a political system with:
• Competition: competitive struggle for votes
• Inclusiveness: right to vote
(Dahl 1971)
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
Level 3:Measurements / Operationalizations / Indicators
There are many different measurements of democracy (see Appendix 1 in Doorenspleet 2005)
Problems:• Limited to years/periods• Limited to developing countries
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
Still… Two Interesting Measurements
• Freedom House– See data: www.freedomhouse.org
• Polity IV– See data: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
Level 4:Scores for cases
Freedom House scale from 2 till 14
South Africa Zimbabwe
Argentina, India North Korea
See: www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2007
2 = most free 14 = not free
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
Polity IV Project scale from -10 till 10
China Mongolia
Libya Switzerland
See: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity/report.htm
-10 = most autocratic 10 = most democratic
Problems of Polity IV scale
• Insufficient validity: definition is not same as measurement (focus on competition, but inclusiveness is ignored). So, level 1 and 2 = not level 3 and 4
• Insufficient reliability: who are the coders?
Movie.lnk
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
So, how to measure democracy?
1. Use Freedom House
2. Use Polity Project
3. Develop your own measurement which:- Uses the framework of A&C- Is related to concept (e.g. Dahl’s two dimensions)- Is worldwide in scope, and from 1800 until 2000
(see Doorenspleet 2005)
(B) A&C framework and Concept of Democracy
(C ) Homework seminar week 4
1. Preparation seminar: Choose two countries and describe their level of democracy or regime change. Discuss the concepts of democracy, and the measurements (including the validity and reliablity of the scales of the polity IV and Freedom House). Give a presentation (5 minutes) and time for Q&A (5 minutes)
2) read the required literature of week 3. 3) collect interesting statements on the basis of the required
literature of week 3. WRITE YOUR STATEMENTS DOWN!