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Transporting COTransporting CO22
John Davison
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
Workshop on CCS, KEPRI, 19th October 2007
www.ieagreen.org.uk
How can COHow can CO22 be Transported? be Transported?
Onshore
Onshore
Truck/rail
Truck/rail
Pipeline
Pipeline
Offshore
Offshore
Ship Ship
Or any combination
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COCO22 Compression Compression
• Dakota Gasification Plant
• CO2 for Weyburn EOR project
• MAN Turbo geared centrifugal compressors
• Power ~14 MW
• Mass Flow: 125 tonnes/hr
• Inlet Pressure: 1 bar
• Discharge Pressure: 190 bar
• 2 units started operation in 2000
• 3rd unit started operation in June 2006
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Pipeline TransmissionPipeline Transmission
• Pipeline transmission of CO2 is well established
• Large pipelines have been used to supply CO2 for
EOR since the early 1970s
• Most pipelines are in the USA (Texas/New Mexico)
• About 4000 km are in use today
• Most of the CO2 is from natural sources
• Individual pipeline capacities are up to 20 Mt/y
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Weyburn PipelineWeyburn Pipeline
• Pipeline from USA to Canada• 330 km long
• CO2 from coal gasification
used for enhanced oil recovery
• CO2 contains about 1% H2S
and traces of mercaptans• Good for detecting small leaks
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COCO22 Pipeline Design Pipeline Design
• Pipeline pressures: 10-20 MPa (existing pipelines)
• CO2 is a “dense phase” fluid (about 0.8 t/m3)
• No free water to avoid corrosion and hydrate formation
• Special steels are not required
• Non-condensibles, e.g N2 should not exceed 4mol%
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Pipeline Safety Pipeline Safety • CO2 is not flammable or explosive• CO2 is an asphyxiant and is heavier than air• Leaking CO2 may accumulate in low-lying places• Odourless and colourless, so difficult to detect• The number of incidents per pipeline-km is similar for
existing CO2 and natural gas pipelines• No deaths or injuries from CO2 pipeline accidents• Existing pipelines are mostly is sparsely populated regions• Existing pipelines pass through some small built-up areas• Further work is needed to assess potential hazards in
some situations, e.g. for offshore EOR
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Shipping COShipping CO22 by Tanker by Tanker
• CO2 can be transported by
ship as a liquid • Typically >0.6 MPa, <-55°C
• CO2 tankers are similar to
LPG tankers
• Ships could be attractive • For long distances
• For small, short term projects
CO2 tanker
LPG tankerLarge LPG tanker
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COCO22 Pipeline Costs Pipeline Costs
Source: IPCC Special Report on CCS
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Mass flow rate (Mt/y)
Co
sts
(U
S$/t
CO
2/2
50
km
)
Onshore(high and low estimates)
Offshore(high and low estimates)
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COCO22 Transmission Costs Transmission Costs
Transport of 6Mt/y of CO2 Source: IPCC Special Report on CCS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Distance (km)
Sh
ip t
ran
sp
ort
co
sts
(U
S$
/tC
O2
)
Ship
Offshore pipeline Onshore pipeline