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The Seven Deadly Nyms1. Contronyms 2. Heteronyms 3. Polyonyms 4. Homonyms 5. Capitonym6. Caconyms 7. Exonym
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Nyms (1)
1. Contronyms is a single word that has multiple meanings that contradict the others– Examples:
• Fast - moving quickly vs. firmly stuck in place• Hysterical - overwhelmed with fear vs. outrageously
funny
2. Heteronyms are words that are spelled identically but have different meanings when pronounced differently:– Examples: bow, desert, object
3. Polyonyms are different words have the same meaning – Examples: Jupiter, Zeus, Oden
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Nyms (2)
4. Homonyms are words that have the same sound but a completely different meaning
– Examples: to, too, two– Comment: Some homonyms are also
contronyms
5. Capitonym is a word that changes pronunciation and meaning when it is capitalized.
– Examples:• You polish silver with ammonia and silicon, though
you'd never dream of applying the same to a Polish sausage.
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An Ode to the Spelling Chequer
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Nyms (3)
6. Caconym is an erroneous name, especially in taxonomic classification.
– Caconyms might be useful for tracking down archaic or outdated usage but misleading otherwise.
7. Exonym is a place name that foreigners use instead of the name that natives use.
– Examples: Cologne:Koln; Morocco:Maroc.– Using exonyms as search terms will likely
net results biased toward foreign information
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How to learn more about Nyms?• Dictionary
• Thesaurus• Examples:
– WordNet http://wordnet.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn
– Synonym http://www.synonym.com/synonym/ – Webster online www.webster.com– www.Thesaurus.com– www.visualthesaurus.com (pay) – Google define:– Google ~
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Thesaurus• Semantic network (graph) of related
terms.• Can be created manually or generated
automatically using statistics.• Relations in the thesaurus can be
weighted.• Can be used to enhance and refine
queries.Love
LikeSimilar
Adore
3
22
3
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Water pipe
Synonyms: conduit, hookah, hubble-bubble, kalian, main, nargileh, plumbing, sluice, steam pipe, water conduit, water
MainSource: Roget's New Millennium™ Thesaurus, First Edition (v 1.3.1)
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Webster
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Thesaurus - example• http://www.thesurus
.com • Query: “can”
http://thesaurus.reference.com/search?q=can
– able– container – toilet – and many more…
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שימוש בתיזראוס גנרי
http://thesaurus.reference.com/search?q=WATER
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Visual Thesaurus
http://www.visualthesaurus.com
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Visual Thesaurus
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I-Tools Language Tools• Shortcuts to many dictionaries,
thesauri, and other tools.• http://www.itools.com/lang/
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Thesauri @ I-Tools• http://www.itools.com/lang
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מילון ותזאורוס בעבריתבתשלום (גישה לאוניברסיטאות)•
• http://www.ravmilim.co.il/tour/defaultTour.asp
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Learning Synonyms from Google
• Using ~ and - to find all synonyms• example process:
– ~car returns keywords in bold (car, cars, auto, BMW, etc.)
– ~car -car returns all except car (cars, auto, BMW, etc.)
– ~car -car -cars -auto -BMW (motor, van, etc.)
– repeat the process to discover different synonyms (up to 31)
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Coping with Nyms• Learn the different
meanings (using tools)• Disambiguate:
– add words to query – remove (-) words from
query
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Thesaurus – Historical AltaVista Query Refinement• http://www.altavista.com/
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Historical AltaVista Query Refinement (cont.)
• http://www.altavista.com/
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Using Synonyms with Google
• Using ~ and - to select synonyms– Example:
• ~Aluminum• retrieves:
– aluminum– Alumina– Al– Metals
• New Query: ~aluminum -ElAl -al-qaida• When looking for children related but not
family oriented websites use:– ~child –family
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טבלת העזר לתכנון השאילתא
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לסיכום: שלבי הפעולה באסטרטגיית חיפוש
לגבש את אוצר מילות המפתח, שלב א': •הביטויים הנרדפים והנושאים הקשורים.
: לגבש את מבנה החיפוש (להציב שלב ב'•תנאי חיפוש בין הביטויים)
: להריץ את השאילתות ולבדוק את שלב ג'•יעילותן .
מעמי סלנט
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Exercises1. What is the problem that can be
associated with each of the following terms? Which category of Nym does it belong to?
a. Content b. Rootc. Convictd. Florence e. Week f. Record
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Exercises
2. What are the different terms describing the word cheap according to Google?
3. You are looking for stores for cheap buys of goods, which terms would be right to use? (hint try ~ -)
4. What terms does Google find related to fly?
5. Try searching for fly in the thesaurus and visual thesaurus.
6. If you are interested in the recreation related to fly, which are the correct terms to use or remove?
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References
• The Seven Deadly Nyms http://searchenginewatch.com/searchday/article.phpr/2160501
• List of Heteronyms http://www-personal.umich.edu/~cellis/heteronym.html
• http://www.fun-with-words.com/
