Yritystilastojen ja
tiedonlähteiden EU-
haasteita
Heikki Salmi
Tilastokeskus 3.12.2009
Hyvän päätöksen lähtökohdat
• Faktat ensin, sitten päätöksenteko ja
politikointi
• Tiedätkö vai luuletko tietäväsi?
• On myös oltava näkemystietoa
EU: 493 million people – 27
countries
Member states of the European Union
Candidate countries
GDP per inhabitant: the spread
of wealthGDP per inhabitants in Purchasing Power Standards, 2007
Index where the average of the 27 EU-countries is 100
280
144
131 129 127 123 121 118 117 113 113104 102 100
94 89 8779 77 75
67 66 6358 56 53
38 37
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg
Ire
lan
d
Neth
erl
an
ds
Au
str
ia
De
nm
ark
Belg
ium
Sw
ed
en
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Fin
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Fra
nc
e
Ita
ly
Sp
ain
EU
-27
Cyp
rus
Gre
ec
e
Slo
ve
nia
Cze
ch
Re
pu
bli
c
Ma
lta
Po
rtu
ga
l
Es
ton
ia
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
va
kia
Lit
hu
an
ia
La
tvia
Po
lan
d
Ro
ma
nia
Bu
lga
ria
EU-Politiikan painopisteitä 2010
• Economic and social recovery
• Climate change and sustainable Europe
• Putting citizen first
• Europe as a world partner
• Lisbon Treaty and institutional changes
• Next multi-annual financial framework
• Better regulation and transparency
6
Financial crisis - needs for data and analysis
• Better financial stability analysis
Financial soundness indicators, balance-sheet analysis, structured
products, derivatives, leverage, gross border exposures, early warning
indicators etc.
• Better macroeconomic analysis
Identification of bubbles, better understanding of external imbalances
etc.
• Better understanding of the international financial linkages
• Better understanding of the linkages between the financial and real
economy
• Better information of FDI and international investment positions
• Valuation issues in economic statistics (SNA in particular)
Eurostat - action plan & TF on the accounting consequences of …
Source: The Global Financial Crisis: What are We Learning about Policy-Makers’ Data Needs? Tessa van der
Willigen and Pedro Rodriguez, IMF, December 2008
Yritysten ja yrityspolitiikan
haasteita
• Kilpailukyky globaaleilla markkinoilla
• Paremmat sisämarkkinat
• Energia ja ilmaston muutos
• Teknologian kehitys
• Väestön ikääntyminen
• Byrokratia, hallinnolliset kustannukset
• Finanssimarkkinoiden ja talouden kriisi
Yrittäjyyden haasteet
- Europeans show low risk taking
- Stigma of failure
- Too much red tape
- Rapid “entrepreneurial” growth is
relatively rare in Europe
- Too low capacity of innovation
- Access to funds, Venture capital
- Access to new markets
To measure globalisation
- Competitiveness – how to compete better
- Investments – products- services –labour
- International sourcing
- National – EU – Outside EU
- Structural adjustment of enterprises
- SME - entrepreneurship aspect
- Degree of globalisation
The modularisation of the production process
started in the textile industry, Tanska
OPT
Outward Processing Traffic
(1985-1990)
CMT
Cut, Make and Trim
(1990-1995)
SOD
Sourcing from own
Design
(1995-2000)
Based on suppliers
Design (2000-)
Design DK DK DK DK
Logistics DK DK DK Abroad
Procurement DK DK Abroad Abroad
Treatment of materials DK Abroad Abroad Abroad
Cutting DK Abroad Abroad Abroad
Sewing Abroad Abroad Abroad Abroad
Packing Abroad Abroad Abroad Abroad
Quality Control DK Abroad Abroad Abroad
Marketing DK DK DK DK
The Lisbon Policy Goal
Growth and Jobs
Better
regulation
Budgetary programmes
Internal
market
Industrial
policy
SME
policy
Inno-
vation
policy
Key challenges 2005-2008 (National
Reform Programmes)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Sustain
abili
ty pub
lic finan
ce
Short-
term
bud
getary
stabi
lity
Nom
inal con
verg
ence
, ado
ptio
n of
eur
o
Exter
nal o
penn
ess
Exter
nal a
ccou
nt d
eficit
R&
D-inn
ovatio
n
Bus
ines
s en
viro
nmen
t/ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p
Sustain
able d
evelop
men
t
Com
petit
ion
Infras
tructur
eIC
T
Efficienc
y of
pub
lic adm
inistra
tion/
serv
ices
Util
isatio
n of
labo
ur
Edu
catio
n an
d sk
ills
Social s
ecur
ity and
coh
esio
n
Reg
iona
l em
ploy
men
t dispa
rities
Nu
mb
er o
f M
S
MACRO-ECONOMIC MICRO-ECONOMIC EMPLOYMENT
-0.14
-0.12
-0.10
-0.08
-0.06
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
EU25-US EU - US gap
21%
20%
18%
6%
-1%
-2%
-2%
-4%
-9%
-11%
-12%
-15%
-23%
-38%
-49%
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5
M ed/high-tech manuf. employ.
Community designs
Community trademarks
S&E graduates
EPO patents
M ed/high-tech R&D
Public R&D
ICT expenditures
Triad patents
Broadband penetration
High-tech exports
Business R&D
Early-stage venture capital
Tertiary education
USPTO patents
"2006" "2002-2004"
The innovation gap with the US
• The innovation gap between the US and the EU keeps narrowing, but it is still substantial
• The gap can be largely explained by the US superior performance in:
early-stage venture capital availability
share of population with tertiary education
and number of US patents granted
Innovation drivers
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
TRM T PTROHU EL IT SK CZ PLBGCY LV LUHR DEES AT SI LT EE IE BEFR NL IS US UK NOCH JP DK SE FI
Knowledge creation
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
HR TR SK EE PTRO LVBG EL LT PLM TCY ES HUCZNO SI BEUK IT LU FR DKNL IE IS CH AT DEUS JP FI SE
Innovation & entrepreneurship
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
CYHR JP TR US ES SKROHU PLBG IT M TNO SI EL NL CZ AT LT FR IE PT LV BE UK DECH LU IS EE FI DKSE
Applications
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
JP TR US LV CY LT EL PTHR NOPLBGRO EE ES IT NL IS AT HUBE SI DKFR IE CH SK LU CZ SE UK FI DEM T
Intellectual property
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
ROBG TRHR LT SK LV EL PL EE HUCZ SI PTM TCYNO ES IE IS IT UK FR BEUS JP NL AT DKSE FI LU DECH
Country profiles
ES
FI
SMEs and internationalisation
Very low level of internationalisation of EU SMEs
Only 8% of SMEs export (Year 2007, EU 27)
European SMEs are not raising to the challenge of globalisation.
Less than satisfactory use of the internal market by SMEs.
Challenging needs
• Data by industrial sector
• Productivity
• Knowledge of labor force
• Services
• Investments, intangibles, IPR
• Globalization- global sourcing –delocalisation
• Cluster approach
• Rest of the world, USA, China, India, Japan, Brasil
Sustainable Industrial Policy and data
needs
• Business, environment, energy statistics and
indicators for policy development and monitoring
• Product policy: market share of various labels
and energy efficient appliances
• Eco-industry: value added, innovation,
productivity, employment, SMEs
• Energy Intensive Industries: Emissions by
industrial sector
Mihin tarvitaan?
• Competitiveness analysis and reports
• Sectoral analysis
• For policy relevant indicators, scoreboards
• Basis for legislation proposals
• Basis for other policy initiatives
• Monitoring of the policy results
• Impact assessments (economic, environmental, social)
Deficiencies and problems
• Timeliness
• Time series. Stocks and flows
• Coverage - EU 27 and still mostly by country
• Rest of the world, USA, China, India, Japan, Brasil ….Competitors of Europe – comparable data
• Consistency of different statistics
• Too many missing data
• Confidentiality of statistical data
• Data bases – more user friendly
• Access to individual data
Information sources
• Commission own analysis and studies of policy developers
• Eurostat, OECD, WB, IMF
• Research institutes
• Private and public databases, KLEMS
• Consultants, experts
• Ad hoc surveys, Eurobarometer
Monitoring of global economy
- outside the scope of national statistics
• GEM - Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (London Business School etc)
• WEF: Global Risk Network Report
• WEF/IMD: Global/World Competitiveness Report/Yearbook
• European Commission: Business and Consumer Surveys
• OECD/IMF/World Bank; World/Global Economic Outlook
• Manpower: Global Employment Outlook Survey
• Mercer HR consulting; Cost of Living Survey - worldwide ranking
• PriceWaterhouseCoopers: Global CEO Survey
• OECD: System of Unit Labour Cost Indicator etc.
• World Bank: Doing Business Rankings (regulatory environment)
22
Beyond GDP - Stiglitz commission
• Classical GDP issues
– inside the NA emphasize other indicators than GDP
– improve the empirical measurement of key production activities (services)
– bring out the household perspective (most important for living standard)
– add information about income and wealth distribution
– widen the scope of national accounts
• Quality of life
– conceptual approaches; subjective well-being, notion of capabilities, notion of fair
allocation
• Sustainable development and environment
– “extended wealth” or “stock -based “ approach to sustainability, weak/strong
sustainability
– dashboards, composite indexes, adjusted GDPs, indexes measuring
overconsumption
– limited number of indicators is OK, monodimensional view remains certainly out of
reach
Source: The Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance
and Social Progress. Draft Summary, June 2009
23
European Commission:
Vision of a modernised statistical productive system
• Challenges;
– the financial turmoil, increasing new requirements, need of flexibility, time
constraints etc.
– limited and decreasing resources, call for global statistical vision
– upcoming regulatory framework for financial markets, new rules for company
accounting
• Data warehouse approach (integration of data sets, micro-data linking etc.)
• Horizontal integration (holistic approach, from domains to clusters)
• Vertical integration (processes developed through co-operation with NSIs and
Eurostat)
• Exploiting of synergies and joint structures within the ESS, standardised IT-tools etc.
• Change in the professional paradigm of NSIs; “from data collectors to re-users of data”
• Product harmonisation will be complemented by process harmonisation
• Promotion of common values and the sharing of knowledge throughout the ESS
Source: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the
Council on the production method of EU statistics: a vision for the next decade (August
2009)
Statisticians under pressure
Provide us with more information
• Demand for data in an increasing number of (changing) areas
• Demand for increasingly detailed information
Deliver better quality
• Be more timely, achieve higher accuracy, coherence, comparability …
• Use state-of-the-art methods
Reduce the burden for the respondents
• Reduce the number of (primary) surveys
• Reduce the length of the surveys,
• Use voluntary instead of mandatory surveys
Do all this with less resources
Source: Federal Statistical Office, IV-A Business Register, Roland Sturm