dowry system 2

8/12/2019 Dowry System 2

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PROJECT REPORT

ON

DOWRY SYSTEM & HUMAN RIGHTS

Submitted To

National Initute in Human Ri!"t

In #a$tial %ul%illment o% t"e $eui$ement

'o$ t"e a(a$d o% de!$ee

HJ)HJHJHHHH

SU*MITTED TO+ SU*MITTED *Y+

M$, Ri"i S"a$ma PRATI*HA SHARMA

-.e/tu$e$0 Cla+ Human Ri!"t 1ndY$

Roll No,2 3456HR61733


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GUIDE CERTI'ICATE

This is to certify that Mr, PRATI*HAclass Roll No. 698, University Roll No.

.. A student of MBA in Deart!ent of Mana"e!ent #tudies, S"a"

atnam 8i intitute o% te/"nolo!9 & mana!ement: #irsa has

successfully co!leted his #u!!er Trainin" in our or"ani$ation fro! %& th

'une (&%( to %&thAu"ust (&%(.)n Reort on *DOWRY SYSTEM & HUMAN

RIGHTS;under !y suervision to+ards the artial fulfill!ent of his de"ree

Master of Business Ad!inistration.


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AC)NOW.EDGEMENT

The resent reort is ased on the study *D)-R ##T/M 0 1UMAN R231T#

in artial fulfill!ent of the re4uire!ent of Master Business Ad!inistration. 2t is

!atter of "reat ride for !e that 2 "ot to co!lete !y trainin" in reuted

co!any li5e 3an"ol #ah5ari Du"dh Utada5 #an"h td. 7artaur Meerut.

.2t is !y sincere duty to eress !y dee sense of "ratitude that suorted

and heled !e in rearation of this roect reort.

2 +ish to eress !y sincere "ratitude to Mr. #he5ar 5u!ar, Mana"er

Mar5etin"of 3an"ol #ah5ari Du"dh Utada5 #an"h td. 7artaur Meerut.

2 +ish to eress !y sincere "ratitude to Ms.Anita Arora, :aculty of

Mana"e!ent, #.#.i 2.of T.0 !"t.#irsa.

+ho has een enou"h to allo+ !e to underta5e !y roect trainin" in

this resti"ious )r"ani$ation. ast ut not the least, than5ful to !y friends

and resondents for the effort they have ut in for "ivin" reort its resent

shae.

2 a! leasant to feel "reat eerience +or5in" in this or"ani$ation

Pla/e+ SIRSA


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INTRODUCTION

THE DOWRY SYSTEM & HUMAN RIGHTS

The Do+ry syste! is so deely rooted in 2ndian culture, that

so!eti!es one feels that there;s "oin" to e no +ay out < at least not for

another century. Do+ry =Dahe> is a for! of +eddin" "ift revalent in

2ndia that is also so!eti!es called rice


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To study the ori"in, etent, revalence of *D)-R ##T/M ercetions of

eole and su""estion and a+are aout do+ry syste!.

Human Ri!"t

:or centuries ast, +o!en all over the +orld have not only, een denied full

ustice, social, econo!ic and olitical ut as C+ea5er sectionC they have een

used, aused, eloited and, then discarded to lead i!!oral, street va"rant

and destitute life till their death. Althou"h they constitute aout half the total

oulation and have contriuted and sacrificed not less than !en in the

national freedo! stru""les at any oint of ti!e ut they have een derived

of their due shares in various areas of activities and have een suected to

inhu!an and hu!iliatin" +ron"s fro!irth to death for no sin.

T$a%%i/=in! in Women and C"ild$en+ Manual %o$ t"e Judi/ia$9 %o$

Gende$ Senitiation

The o!!ission and the Deart!ent of -o!en and hild Develo!ent,

3overn!ent of 2ndia in artnershi +ith UN2/: have reared a 1andoo5

for sensiti$in" the suordinate udiciary on the issue of Traffic5in" of -o!en

and hildren for o!!ercial #eual /loitation. The urose of the

1andoo5 is to sensiti$e the 'udicial )fficers to the actual situation of thetraffic5ed victi!s and to rovide the! +ith a ersective so that they could

roactively safe"uard the ri"hts of victi!ised +o!en and children, throu"h a

sensitive interretation of the la+. The 1andoo5 has een finalised and is

ein" rinted y the UN2/:.

Seniti>ation P$o!$amme on P$e?ention o% Se@ Tou$im and

T$a%%i/=in!

2n order to sensiti$e senior reresentatives of the hotel and touris! industryon various issues relatin" to se touris! and traffic5in", the o!!ission in

collaoration +ith UN2:/M and the -o!enEs 2nstitute for #ocial /ducation,

Mu!ai or"anised a one


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Mate$nal Anaemia and Human Ri!"t

The o!!ission has een concerned aout the ri"ht to health, in articular

aout the deleterious effects of !aternal anae!ia oth on the !other and on

the child. 2t thus too5 u the issue of the +idesread revalence of iron

deficiency a!on" eectant !others, +hich has resulted not only in hi"h

infant and !aternal !ortality ut also in lo+ irth +ei"ht related

develo!ental disailities, esecially a!on" econo!ically disadvanta"ed

sections of the society. 2n order to evolve a lan of action for syste!ic

i!rove!ent in the health care delivery

Combatin! Se@ual Ha$ament o% Women at t"e Wo$= Pla/e

The o!!ission has een receivin" a lar"e nu!er of co!laints alle"in"

seual harass!ent of +o!en at the +or5lace. 2t also oserved that the

#ure!e ourt "uidelines in ?isha5a v #tate of Raasthan case FNo.%99G =6>

# (H% dated %I.8.%99GJ +ere not ein" i!le!ented ade4uately in the

#tatesKUTs, either in the ulic sector or in the rivate sector. Many

institutions are yet to set u o!laints o!!ittee => as envisa"ed in the

#ure!e ourt "uidelines. The o!!ission thus 5ees !onitorin" +ith the

#tatesKUTs. Thou"h !ost of the #tate 3overn!ents have a!ended their

onduct Rules and set u o!laints o!!ittees, so!e #tates and Union

Territories are yet to reort.


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SOURCES O' DATA

PRIMARY DATA CO..ECTION+

7ri!ary data collection !ethod is the est source of infor!ation !ethod

as it is the research you "enerate y as5in" 4uestions, conductin" trials and

collatin" results. 7ri!ary data allo+s the researcher !ore control over

direction, tye and deth of the infor!ation collected. Usin" ri!ary data

allo+s the researcher to collect recise data that is necessary to !eet the

individualEs research oective. 7ri!ary data is also uniased and co!es

directly fro! the oulation. There are also !any disadvanta"es for usin"

ri!ary data collection , the !ost ovious one is that it tends to e !ore ti!e

consu!in" and !ore eensive. As there is a lar"e oulation the findin"

cannot e "enerali$ed as the research done is so s!all.

2n order to collect infor!ation on Do+ry #yste! 0 ?iolence a"ainst

-o!en ri!ary and secondary data analysis +ill e used. The ri!ary data

+ill e collected y intervie+in" articiants, and secondary data of acade!ics

eistin" +or5 +ill e collected. The ri!ary data +ill e co!ared to the

secondary data in order to estalish clear findin"s for the dissertation.

SECONDARY DATA CO..ECTION+

#econdary analysis involves the use of eistin" data, collected for the

uroses of a rior study, in order to ursue a research interest +hich is

distinct fro! that of the ori"inal +or5 this !ay e a ne+ research 4uestion or

an alternative ersective on the ori"inal 4uestion.


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The follo+in" sources that +ere used to collect data +ere oo5s,

ournals, reliale internet sources and ournal dataases, as the infor!ation

that +as needed to co!ile this thesis re4uired infor!ation ased on different

cultures, insi"hts to Do+ry #yste!.


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-hat e"an as "ifts of land to a +o!an as her inheritance in

an essentially a"ricultural econo!y today has de"enerated into "ifts of

"old, clothes, consu!er durales and lar"e su!s of cash, +hich has

so!eti!es entailed the i!overish!ent and heavy indetedness of oor

fa!ilies.

The do+ry is often used y the receivin" fa!ilies for usiness

uroses, fa!ily !e!er;s education, or the do+ry to e "iven for the

husand;s sister. The transaction of do+ry often does not end +ith the

actual +eddin" cere!ony as the fa!ily is eected to continue to "ive

"ifts.


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CAUSES

)ver a eriod of ti!e, the ause of the do+ry ractice has

develoed in 2ndia to the etent that it has eco!e the i""est role!

facin" +o!en. Many !arria"es are strained ecause of the disute over

do+ry, and durin" %98&s, nu!erous cases of *urnin" rides +ere

reorted in the !edia, +here ne+ly +ed "irls either co!!itted suicide

or urnt alive y the in,

and those +ho could not afford an eected do+ry +ere suected to

hu!iliation.

As the +o!en in 2ndia "ot !ore educated, !any of the! thou"ht

that the syste! of do+ry +as de!eanin" to +o!en. The 2ndian courts

have anned the ractice since %96%, for"ettin" that it is indeed a

stron"ly rooted tradition. #o in today;s 2ndia, the do+ry syste! lays a

hu"e, ut lar"ely under"round and ille"al role in !atch

syste! of asurd de!ands, and one of harass!ent of +o!en.


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/cono!ic theory, +hich vie+s the !ar5et for !arria"e as one in

+hich eole ar"ain for a souse +ho !ai!i$es their utility "ains

fro! !arria"e, +hen co!ined +ith the realities of various sociolo"ical

factors, resents an interestin" ersective on the reasons ehind the

eistence of the do+ry syste! in 2ndia. Under the assu!tion of a

erfectly co!etitive !arria"e !ar5et +ith erfect infor!ation, the

eistence of a do+ry can e seen as the co!ined result of a fe+

different forces.


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THE MARRIAGE SBUEEE;

AND ECESS SUPP.Y O' WI

thousand !en in %99%. 1o+ever, there is a funda!ental fla+ in

ea!inin" the total "ender ratio as an indicator of the relative suly of

+o!en in the !arria"e !ar5et, for certain social custo!s of 2ndian

society cause distinct eculiarities in the +ay the 2ndian !arria"e

!ar5et is divided et+een !en and +o!en.

2n 2ndia, 1indu !arria"es are ased on social and reli"ious eliefs

that allo+ !en to !arry at virtually any a"e, +hile +o!en are re4uired

to !arry y a !uch youn"er a"e.


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Althou"h the !ai!u! a"e li!it for !arria"e varies for +o!en in

different re"ions of 2ndia, the central elief is that a dau"hter +ho

re!ains un!arried after the socially deter!ined a"e +ill thereafter e

ineli"ile for !arria"e, and as such, +ill rin" to her fa!ily social

dis"race, the financial liaility of her sustenance, and certain tyes of

econo!ic sanctions i!osed y the rest of the co!!unity. The !ost

si"nificant i!lication of such an ideolo"y is that the 2ndian !arria"e

!ar5et eco!es divided into an older !ale cohort and a !uch youn"er

fe!ale cohort. Thus, the actual "ender ratio in the 2ndian !arria"e

!ar5et cannot e detected in the nationEs total "ender ratio or even in

sa!e a"e "rou or sa!e ti!e eriod "ender ratios. 2nstead, it is the

relative nu!ers of the youn"er fe!ale cohort as co!ared +ith the

older !ale cohort that deter!ines the true ratio of eli"ile !en and

+o!en +ho +ant to !arry. This eculiar "ender division leads to so!e

5ey insi"ht aout the risin" costs of do+ry, for the structure of 2ndiaEs

!arria"e !ar5et is hi"hly affected y one of the nationEs "reatest

ostacles to social and econo!ic ro"ress oulation "ro+th.

Recent e!irical +or5 has sho+n that 2ndiaEs sur"e in oulation

"ro+th over the last several decades has led to a *!arria"e s4uee$e. 2n

theory, a *!arria"e s4uee$e !eans that a oulation +ith a declinin"

!ortality rate and increasin" irth rate +ill have lar"er youn"er cohorts

than older ones. Because +o!en tend to !arry older !en in 2ndian

society, the eli"ile +o!en in 2ndiaEs !arria"e !ar5et +ould therefore

elon" to a youn"er and hence lar"er cohort. /ssentially, a hi"h

oulation "ro+th +ould lead to a "ender ratio in the !arria"e !ar5et


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characteri$ed y a surlus of +o!en, and the a!ount of this surlus

+ould deend on the actual rate of oulation "ro+th.

A *!arria"e s4uee$e, therefore, y causin" an increase in the

suly of +o!en in the !arria"e !ar5et, +ould also cause an u+ard

shift in the a!ount of do+ry needed to e4uilirate that !ar5et.

2n one re"ion of southern 2ndia, data and research esti!ate that

the !arria"e s4uee$e ratio has caused a *si"nificant increase in net real

do+ry transfers over ti!e. 2n considerin" this trend as a result of the

surlus of +o!en in the !arria"e !ar5et, it is also i!ortant to note

that the area studied +as a re"ion in +hich fe!ale !ortality at youn"er

a"es eceeds !ale !ortality. 2n fact, the "ender ratio in the re"ion has

tilted to+ards !ore !en than +o!en in the total oulation ever since

the turn of the century.

The surlus of +o!en over !en at !arria"eale a"es, therefore,

indicates that the oulation "ro+th +as lar"e enou"h to out+ei"h the

fact there have al+ays een !ore +o!en than !en +ithin the sa!e a"e

cohort. 2ndiaEs alar!in"ly hi"h oulation "ro+th led to a suse4uent

increase in the si$e of the youn"er fe!ale cohort in the !arria"e

!ar5et, therey inducin" a *!arria"e s4uee$e that can e held at least

artly resonsile for the eistence of as +ell as the recent increase in

costs of do+ries.


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DI


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EP.ANATION


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"enerally re4uires !onetary invest!ent, and is otained throu"h for!al

education and trainin", +hile household secific caital can "enerally e

ac4uired +ithout any !onetary invest!ent throu"h trainin" and +or5 in

the household under the suervision of a senior fe!ale !e!er of the

household.

2t is reasonale to assu!e that fa!ilies consider several factors

+hen !a5in" decisions aout hu!an caital invest!ent for their

children. These include the utility derived fro! their childrenEs

references, the fa!ily utility derived fro! adherin" to social custo!s

re"ardin" the aroriate for!s of caital accu!ulation for different

"enders, and finally, the eected rate of return on the fa!ilyEs

!onetary invest!ent into childrenEs !ar5et secific hu!an caital. 2n

this contet, three revalent features of 2ndian society +ill e discussed

in their relevance to decisions re"ardin" the ac4uisition of hu!an caital

for +o!en.

7erhas the !ost asic heno!enon of 2ndian !arria"e is that a

dau"hter, once !arried, essentially eco!es the roerty of her

husandEs fa!ily. All assets, includin" any laor !ar5et earnin"s,

household s5ills, and do+ry, are transferred to the fa!ily


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ideolo"ies have lon" re"arded +o!en as the stale foundation of the

fa!ily. Aroriate resonsiilities for +o!en have "enerally een

li!ited to household tas5s such as childearin", coo5in", cleanin", and

other social and reli"ious activities such as sin"in" for co!!unity

events or lannin" reli"ious cere!onies 5no+n as uas.

Moreover, ecessive education or *education of the +ron" 5ind,

such as education that "rants her the !eans of econo!ic self Act =%98H, %986>

!a5es the "ivin" and ta5in" of do+ry *as a condition of !arria"e


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unishale y la+, +hile ecludin" *voluntary "ifts < a co!ination of

rovisions +hich !a5es for toothless sanctions. Not only !ay "ifts easily

e clai!ed as voluntary or e delierately distanced fro! the +eddin"

cere!ony, ut ecause do+ry


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revitali$e the !ove!ent. -hile !ovin" a resolution to start a national

ca!ai"n a"ainst do+ry, it +as reiterated that do+ry is funda!entally

related to structural ine4ualities in 2ndian society.

The focus of refor! ou"ht to e on role!ati$in" the ractice

itself < not ust its ecesses < as art of confrontin" syste!s of

atriarchal do!ination.


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Anal9i

And

Inte$#$etation

GENERA. ASSESSMENT O' DATA AND ANA.YSIS+

Table-1: Educational status among different groups

/ducation

oun"Men

oun"-o!en 7arents

3randTotal

No. O No. O No. O No. ONo resonse 9 %.G& IL %.GG (( %.LH 66 %.68

No #choolin" I &.LG %9 &.96 GL L.(L 9G (.HG

7ri!ary (& I.G8 %&& L.&G H%8(9.(L LI8%I.69

1i"h school %6&I&.(L 6&(I&.LH 6LLHL.8I %H%GI6.&6

7re De"ree %%L(%.GH H9I(L.&& %II 9.I% GH%%8.8L

De"ree %G(I(.L% H69(I.G8 6& H.(& G&%%G.8H

7ost 3raduation (9 L.H8 I9 %.98 H% (.8G %&9 (.GG

7roffessional (% I.9G (%L%&.9& (L %.GL (6% 6.6H

3rand Total L(9 %&& %9G( %&& %H(9 %&& I9I& %&&


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Table-2: Occupational status of the respondents

)ccuation

oun"Men

oun"-o!en 7arents

3randTotal

No. O No. O No. O No. O

No resonse %G I.(( G6 I.8L (L %.GL %%8 I.&&

A"riculture I8 G.%8 II %.6G %8G%I.&G (L8 6.L6

7rivateK3ovt. H9 9.(6 %H( G.(& %&8 G.L6 (99 G.6(

Business (9 L.H8 I &.%6 %6 %.%( H8 %.((

ooli 9L%G.96 9% H.6% (&L%H.IL I9% 9.9L

#elf e!loy!ent H8 9.&G %LG G.96 %%9 8.II I(H 8.(H

1ouse +ife G %.I( H88(H.GL 6L(HL.6I %%HG(9.%9#tudents (%%I9.89 GI(IG.%( I &.(% 9H6(H.&G

1and +or5 %H (.6L %%L L.8I H& (.8& %69 H.I&

7rofessional %G I.(% %(% 6.%H H( (.9H %8& H.L8

)ther H &.G6 %H &.G% I( (.(H L& %.(G

3rand Total L(9 %&& %9G( %&& %H(9 %&& I9I& %&&


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Perceptions about ingredients of dowry

#u 4uestions of .No.(

oun"Men oun" -o!en

7arents

es No

DonEtes No

DonEt

es No

DonEt

5no+5no+

5no+

i4uid ash9H.H

8 H.H( %.%& 9%.8( L.G& (.H8 86.88 G.6L L.HG

:ied DeositsL%.L

G (G.(6(%.%

8 H9.6I (L.&H (L.II HI.%8 (8.86 (G.96

Mutual :undsI&.&

( I%.I%I8.6

G (G.8% (6.GH HL.HL (6.%6 I&.%I HI.G&

#hare and #toc5sH(.9

% (9.(8(G.8

% H%.HL (6.6H I%.9& IL.98 (8.6H IL.I8

Marria"e/enses

6H.8I (I.LG

%%.6& 66.GI (&.L6 %(.G% G%.(9 %I.%( %L.L9

7roerty S 1ouse,and etc.

8H.%6 9.L8 6.(6 8I.&& 9.%6 G.8H G6.(H %&.&H %I.G(

)rna!ents88.9

L 8.%& (.9L 9&.(6 L.(6 H.H8 8G.%8 L.(L G.LG

1ouse


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educational level groups toingredients of dowry.

#u 4uestionsUto7ri!ary

1i"h school 7lus 22 De"ree

73 07roffesion

al

i4uid ash G(.6& G8.6H 8I.%G 89.GI

:ied Deosits (.(& I.&6 I.(8 (.9G

Mutual :unds &.G9 &.GH &.LG &.LH

#hare and #toc5s %.H( %.I9 %.LG %.ILMarria"e /enses (G.(H (H.88 %&.98 %G.&I7roerty S 1ouse,and etc. IG.H8 I9.6( IH.&9 I6.((

)rna!ents 69.6% G(.GL G6.6& 8L.H%

1ouse


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Table-5:Justification for demanding dowry

#u4uestions

oun"

Men oun" -o!en7arent

s

es No

DonEt

es No

DonEt

es No

DonEt

5no+

5no+

5no+

2t is rideEs share inarental G(.%

9 %G.L&%&.I% G6.I8 %(.66 %&.96 G8.H9 %&.9H

%&.LG

roerty

To !aintain +ife forfuture life

6%.88 (6.%L

%%.9G G%.%( %G.6I %%.(L G%.L9 %H.69

%I.G(

Because "roo!Es sister

+as aid 6(.98 (I.G6

%I.(6 66.68 %8.%( %L.(& 68.(( %L.(9

%6.H9do+ry.

:or e4uality in status and H6.&H II.II

(&.6I L9.%I %8.8L ((.&( L9.HL %8.(9

((.(6!anifestation of

status

To follo+tradition

6G.H& (&.8%

%%.G9 GI.&( %H.L( %(.HG G&.69 %I.%9

%6.%(

To co!ensate eenseincurred I9.(

I H&.%L(&.6I H9.(& (L.96 (H.8H L(.6( (%.89

(L.H9for educatin"Ko of the

"roo!.

To "et ac5 +hat +aslost due to

!arryin" offdau"hterK"roo!Es

LH.L% (6.89

%8.6& L8.GH (&.G& (&.L6 6&.%9 %9.G(

(&.&9

sister.

To set u a life of theiro+n.

G%.8( %L.6L

%(.L( GL.GH %%.69 %(.LG G6.LH 9.L(

%I.9

H

As ri"htful eenditurefor "ettin" 6G.G

G %9.89%(.IH 8&.&8 %&.I8 9.LL 8&.(% G.9L

%%.8Hsuch a "ood

alliance.

% ( HI


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Table-07: Index calculated for justification of demanding dowrybased on income

#u 4uestions H&&&H&&& %%.6L %%.H9 %H.8H G.I&


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hristian resondents and Musli! resondents sho+ed a ositive

association =non si"nificant>.

2n all the "rous, hi"her education and reference for do+ry +as

found ositively related. The ossile reason could e attitude to+ards

the do+ry reference in the case of youn" !en and youn" +o!en

+ould e reresentatin" a +ed ased de!and to !aintain the hi"her

livin" standard at ar +ith the hi"her educational level. The sa!e +as

found true in the attitude of the educated arents also. =here the

uleEs oefficient is &.I6 for educated>. As ovious fro! the tale =the

data rovided y the !arria"e ureau>, the hi"hly educated

candidates and their arents do loo5 for+ard to alliances of the sa!e

standard, in education, in financial security and in social status. 2f a

youn" !an and a youn" +o!an haened to e in love affair and "ot

in the +ed loo5 y !arria"e +ithout any de!and of do+ry, there is

every li5elihood of a cala!ity and catastrohic end in their !arriedlife.

uleEs oefficient of association +as +or5ed out searately for youn"

!en, youn" +o!en and arents in different inco!e "rous.

oung men ! women"

2n the case of lo+er inco!e "rous, a ositive association =&.II> +as

found et+een the lo+


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"rou has "ot a tendency for the reference of do+ry +hereas it +as

not eistin" in the case of !iddle and hi"h inco!e "rous.

Parents"

The coefficient of association +or5ed out for arentEs attitude to+ards

do+ry on the asis of inco!e sho+ed that a ositive association +as

found for lo+ inco!e and hi"h inco!e "rous. But in the case of

!iddle inco!e arents, the coefficient +as ne"ative +hich sho+s that

the reference for do+ry in this "rous +as different.

7ositive association +as found in the "rous of usiness !en and

rofessionals +hile other "rous sho+ed no si"nificant association

+hich indicates that the usiness !en and rofessionals do differ in

their vie+s.

Understand the social, cultural and historical ac5"rounds +hich

nurtured the syste! of ay!ent of do+ry in erala

Durin" this roect eriod, 'ananeethi had visited all the %H districts of

erala #tate, and conducted :ocus 3rou Discussion at various centres

in each district. The discussions +ere held ased on 4uestions ans+ers

of +hich +ill reflect the social, cultural and historical reasons and

di!ensions of the eistin" do+ry syste!. The 4uestions +ere

for!ulated +ith an assu!tions that do+ry +as ein" racticed. The

follo+in" +ere the 4uestions.

+hat haened to the do+ry =includin" cash, che4ue, roerty,

uildin"s, furniture, vehicles and other "oods> and ho+ +as it used K

aroriatedC -ere you consulted +ith resect to its aroriationC


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The urose of the 4uestion +as to ascertain +hether the consent of

the +o!an +as otained efore aroriatin" her do+ry a!ount. This

is very i!ortant ecause in

!aority cases, the +o!an does not have any sta5e on her do+ry. And

she has no PsayE +ith resect to the aroriation of the do+ry. 1ere,

+o!en elon" to four "rous S

=%> No a+areness and no consent

=(> 2s a+are of, ut does not "ive consent

=I> 2s a+are of, ut consent +as otained y coersive !ethods

=H> ?ery +ell a+are of and free consent +as "iven y concerned

+o!an in full a"ree!ent

of the reasons leadin" to aroriation of do+ry.

The trainin", the fa!ily values i!arted to youn" "eneration y the

order ones, the reli"ions ad!onitions, the traditional ractices and the

conse4uent !ind S set of +o!en in erala +ere eosed durin" this

survey. Al!ost all S !ore than 9&O < +o!en do elieve that the

husand or his fa!ily has asolute ri"ht over their do+ry and that

they could aroriate it, then +hy they +ant to do a+ay +ith it.Therefore +o!en, aarently, have no co!laints, +hat so ever. 2t

aears that they have aroved the asolute authority of their !en

counterart over their do+ry.


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Naturally, this asect +as a"ain deated in the :3Ds +here the

resondents +ere as5ed their 4uestions

=i> To +ho! does the do+ry =cash K che4ue K landed roerty K

co!any share etc> elon"C

=ii> To +ho! does the ody of the +o!an in !arria"e elon"C

1erself, her husandany otherC =This also contains the 4uestion

+hether a +o!an has the ri"ht K freedo! to say PN)E to her husand

+ho !a5es a seual de!and to her.

=iii> Does the husand have the authority to reri!and K unish K

enali$e his +ife +ith or +ith out reasonC

The social resonses to+ards !arria"es, +here do+ry is not aid are

taulated


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HYPOTHESIS

#everal theories have een advanced to elain +hy the

!iddle and lo+er classes in 2ndia relaced the custo! of ride

rice +ith the do+ry syste!. #o!e su""est that it +as an

atte!t y lo+er casts to e!ulate hi"her castes. Do+ry ay!ent

eca!e a status sy!ol, one that esto+ed "reater resectaility

on the ride and her fa!ily and increased the li5elihood of the

ride *!arryin" u. 2t continues today ecause of caste


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recent declines in fertility and increases in se


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CONC.USION

/li!ination of do+ry and of the ne"ative i!act it

i!resses on 2ndian social +elfare re4uires a t+ofold syste! of

olicies. :irstly, the do!estic violence, !urder, and fe!ale

infanticide that result fro! the do+ry tradition !ust e aolished

throu"h increased enforce!ent of le"al rovisions such as those

in the Do+ry 7rohiition Act of %96%. By vehe!ently rosecutin"

and convictin" eretrators of do+ry violence, the eected

unish!ent could e increased enou"h to offset the enefits of

co!!ittin" such do+ry< related cri!e, therey reducin" the

overall fre4uency of occurrence. #econdly, "iven that cri!es

related to do+ry are rooted in do!inant 2ndian social, reli"ious,

and ideolo"ical forces, the co!lete eradication of do+ry can

only e attained +hen these social and reli"ious attitudes are

forced to chan"e.

2t has een ea!ined in this aer that the t+o ri!ary

causes of do+ry are the ecess suly of +o!en in the 2ndian

!arria"e !ar5et and the syste!atic under


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SUGGESTION

o!e festivals li5e Di+ali or 1oli, and the arents of the

dau"hter flood her in


57/59

MASSAGE


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*iblio!$a#"9

Jou$nal+

%. Diary of 7olitical /vents.

(. :rontline

I. 2ndia today

H. )utloo5

L. 7olitics 2ndia

6. The in5.

Ne( Pa#e$+

%. :ree 7ress 'ournal

(. 1industan Ti!es

I. The 2ndian /ress

H. National 1erald

L. The 1indu

6. The Ti!es of 2ndia

Inte$net+

%. +++."oo"le.co!

(. +++.oloi.co!

I. +++.reservearticles.co!

4. httKKsusite.icu.ac.
http://www.google.com/http://www.boloji.com/http://www.preservearticles.com/http://subsite.icu.ac.jp/http://www.google.com/http://www.boloji.com/http://www.preservearticles.com/http://subsite.icu.ac.jp/


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dowry system 2

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