Student ID: 4208960

School of Politics & International Relations

Essay Evaluation Mark Sheet (For use with online only submissions)

Student ID Number: 4208960

Date Due: 11/04/2015

Module Title & Module Code: Designing Political Research M12086

Seminar Tutor:

Provisional Mark:

Minus Penalty:(if applicable)

Provisional Mark:(until confirmed byExternal Examiner)

* I have read and understood the relevant information on plagiarism and the penalties that may be imposed where an academic offence is committed.

Disability Disclosure□ I am registered as dyslexic with the Study Support Centre who may have made recommendations to the School for reasonable adjustments in the academic environment□ I am registered with the Study Support Centre for a disability other than dyslexia

Comments on content, structure and argument and suggestions for improvement:

Marker: …………………………………………………………………………. Date: ……………………

1

Student ID: 4208960

How Effective are Stop Smoking Services in Nottingham and how does the Age and Motivation

of Smokers Impact on their Usage?

Abstract: The topic of smoking cessation has recently become a well-researched area of

investigation and this paper will further indulge into this topic. This report will investigate

the effectiveness of Stop Smoking Services in Nottingham by comparing the effectiveness of

quitting independently to quitting with the help of a local health group. To do so, the report

examines data by using surveys to collect quantitative findings from people in Nottingham

and qualitative interviews conducted on leading experts in their field. Adults using Stop

Smoking Services had a proficiently more effective quit rate than those who decided to quit

independently, yet younger smokers had a tendency to avoid these services. This report

concludes that to ultimately combat the smoking problem in our society, local Stop Smoking

Services need to broaden their influence and reach out to all groups in the community.

Introduction

Smoking cessation is a highly researched topic due to the health and financial concerns

smoking is causing the community. As recently as 2011, smoking accounted for just under

80,000 deaths per year and smoking illnesses put an enormous financial strain on the national

economy (HSCIC 2012: 7; Allender et al. 2009: 4). Consequently, it has been essential for

communities to tackle smoking, especially Nottinghamshire which has a higher smoking rate

than the national average (Kenny et al. 2013: 2).

2

Student ID: 4208960

To quit, there are essentially two approaches to take – through a Stop Smoking Service (SSS)

or to do so independently. With SSS having success in helping their patients quit smoking,

their publicly perceived efficiency does not reflect that. Evidence of this exists in the limited

amount of smokers who actively seek their assistance when attempting to quit their addiction.

In Nottingham specifically, tackling smoking has led to the establishment of healthcare

groups such as New Leaf having regular clinics for smokers to more easily access their

assistance. Therefore in this report, New Leaf will be the SSS we use to provide us with the

data required to answer our research question.

Commissioned by Healthwatch Nottingham, we have based our research on the perceptions

and experiences of adults in Nottingham when attempting to quit smoking. The majority of

our data were the results from a survey carried out in Nottingham, purposely sampling

smokers whom had attempted to quit smoking at least once. Additionally, we accessed

qualitative data by conducting expert interviews on two leading figures within smoking

research in Nottingham. The data gathered will ultimately show that SSS are a more efficient

way of quitting smoking and conclusively why that is the case.

The report will begin with a literature review that illustrates the recurring themes within

established literature and how we identified our deductive hypotheses. Thereafter our

research question will be introduced followed by the sub questions we attempt to use in

helping us answer the research question. Our methodology will be explained and suggestions

for future research will be advised. Ultimately our findings will be analysed and presented

before I conclusively sum up the report and provide recommendations.

We have operationalised the following terms as such:

A smoker is someone who buys their own cigarettes and smokes them daily

A successful quit attempt is to not have smoked for four weeks

3

Student ID: 4208960

o Based on New Leaf conducting their first quit numbers after four weeks

(Kenny et al. 2013: 5)

Effectiveness is based on SSS having a higher quit rate than independent quitters

o Smokers quitting independently successfully do so 25-35% of the time (NHS

2011: 22)

A highly motivated smoker is someone who ranked their motivation out of 10 as a 6

or higher

o Based on same technique used by Uppal et al. in their similar report ‘The

Forgotten Smoker’ (2013: 3)

An older smoker is someone aged 33 or older

o Based on a survey conducted by the UK Department for Work and Pensions

claiming youth ends at 32 (Webb 2012)

Literature Review

The efficiency of local SSS’ and their policies has been questioned by many smokers during

their attempts to quit smoking. The belief is often that SSS will not aid them in their quit-

attempts and therefore people tend to quit independently (Uppal et al 2013: 6). Yet in contrast

to this belief, the NHS SSS ‘New Leaf’ has guided over 20k residents to successfully

quitting. According to the University of Nottingham Professor John Britton, New Leaf’s

success rates have been a result of their policy for smokers to quit immediately rather than

easing their way out of it (Ireland 2014). However, this belief has been argued against since

any addiction will be hard to get rid of completely and therefore New Leaf’s policy could be

scaring prospective quitters away (Nottingham Insight 2011: 19). Previous research on

smoking cessation proved that the usage of SSS had a higher quit rate than the 25-35%

4

Student ID: 4208960

successful quit rate by independent quitters (DH Insight 2007: 13; NHS 2011: 22; Tappin et

al. 2015: 4). This led us to our first hypothesis:

H1 - Attempting to quit through local Stop Smoking Services is more effective than

attempting to quit independently

Furthermore, the perception of smoking varies drastically between younger and older

smokers. The naiveté of younger smokers is often what leads them to not comprehending the

severity of their addiction. A research report conducted by Mustard found that younger

people see smoking as an ‘impermanent habit’ and believe that they can quit whenever they

want (Mustard 2013: 2). As a result, younger people will not feel as urgently towards quitting

as the older smokers might do. Moreover, according to research carried out by Uppal et al.

and a report by the NHS, only a small minority of smokers actually ever use a local SSS

(Uppal et al 2013: 2; NHS 2011: 22). Thus we have predicted the following hypothesis:

H2 – Adults of an older age are more likely to use Stop Smoking Services than young

adults

The role of individual motivation plays a prominent factor when it comes to trying to quit.

Since smoking becomes a large part of smoker’s lives, the challenge of quitting often results

in one of the biggest tasks this person will face. Therefore, it can be seen as off-putting for

people to use a SSS as they want to achieve it on their own. Instead, Melissa Kite writes that

intrinsic motivation would rather come from carrying out a task by oneself, without any help

from a SSS (Kite 2015).

H3 – People with a high motivation to quit smoking will be less likely to use a stop

Smoking Service than people with a low motivation

5

Student ID: 4208960

With smoking being the leading cause of preventable deaths and illnesses in UK (ASH 2014:

1), it would be safe to assume that health concerns are a major factor to why smokers

eventually decided to quit. Furthermore, as smokers get older the financial burden on one’s

economy starts to become significant and thus financial issues becomes a prominent factor to

why smokers decide to quit (DH Insight 2007: 13; Uppal et al. 2013: 4; Pederson et al. 1996:

209). This would give the smokers a higher motivation to quit due to the destructive

consequences they have felt from smoking. Furthermore, Gilpin et al. found that smokers

who quit because of health, social or cost reasons quit more effectively than those who quit

because of other reasons (Pederson et al. 1996: 209).

H4 – Those with the highest motivation will find it easier to give up smoking and will

therefore have fewer quit attempts

Research Question and Sub Questions

Research Question:

How Effective are Stop Smoking Services in Nottingham and how does the Age and

Motivation of Smokers Impact on their Usage?

Sub Questions:

1. Are you more likely to quit smoking with the help of a local Stop Smoking Service

and why?

2. Are older adults more likely to use a Stop Smoking Service and why?

3. How big a role does motivation play in cessation and does one’s level of motivation

determine their likelihood to use a Stop Smoking Service?

6

Student ID: 4208960

Methodology

Our sources of data are:

A survey of 76 current or ex-smokers in Nottingham

A face-to-face interview with University of Nottingham Professor of Primary Care,

Tim Coleman

A telephone interview with New Leaf Team Leader, David Hitchmough

Quantitative Data

Our quantitative data was gathered by using a survey taken on citizens in Nottingham. The

survey’s (Appendix 1) main focus was to collect enough data to compare the effectiveness of

smokers who had quit successfully through SSS and those who quit independently. For a

smoker to have quit successfully according to our study they will not have smoked for four

weeks. Therefore, the survey required purposive sampling, as we could only use the answers

given to us by current or former smokers. This method was conducted by Uppal et al. in their

research that resembles ours where they used ‘a purposive approach … to recruit a

community sample of smokers’ (Uppal et al. 2013: 2). Furthermore, it was essential that we

stated the anonymity of the participation and that there would be no personal details, besides

age and gender, necessary. Moreover, we used 10 closed questions in our survey because we

believed it would increase response rates and make it easier to then code the data by isolating

any trends.

7

Student ID: 4208960

We began our data collecting by surveying students on our university campus but decided to

rather conduct it in Nottingham town centre where there would be a larger variety of age

groups to gather data from. This was in part because students tend mostly to be of a younger

age and would therefore be less likely to have attempted to quit at some point. Since smoking

tends to be a social habit (CTRI 2002: 7) we had to make a conscious effort not to impose

ourselves upon smokers as that could lead to potential bias in their answers. As a result, it

required of us to go into town on three different occasions to collect enough data to suffice. In

the end we had responses from 29 people who had used SSS and 47 who had quit

independently. This response rate for people who had used SSS was much higher than the 4%

Uppal et al. but we believe this is because our persistence of waiting outside NHS drop-in

clinics (Uppal et al 2013: 2).

Qualitative Data

We gathered our qualitative data from two interviews, one face-to-face and one over the

telephone. The face-to-face interview was with Professor of Tim Coleman, who also holds a

position within the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies. Our first choice was

Professor John Britton, but he was unavailable for an interview so he put us in contact with

Tim Coleman. Our telephone interview was with David Hitchmough, current Team Leader of

New Leaf Nottingham. Despite our quantitative data building a basis for our research, we

thought it necessary to acquire expertise in guiding us toward the ‘why’ part of our research

question and our interviews helped us with this.

The interviews were transcribed by the interviewer and later analysed together as a group,

highlighting the quotes we believed were most relevant to our research question.

Furthermore, there were no ethical issues to overcome as neither interviewee required any

8

Student ID: 4208960

form of anonymity and both had our contact details if they sought to retract any of the

statements made (Appendix 2). We conducted a semi-structured approach in the interviews as

it was best suited for the ‘exploration of the perceptions and opinions of respondents’ (While

et al. 1994: 330).

Despite both Hitchmough and Coleman giving us valuable insight to our topic, there was a

problem with only interviewing them two. As Hitchmough is the Team Leader of New Leaf

Nottingham, it would be difficult for him to remove bias when answering questions on the

SSS’ effectiveness.

Suggestions for further research

Despite getting 76 responses, our response rate was rather low as many potential respondents

declined to participate in our survey. We could have improved our research if we had some

form of reward that possibly incentivised more responses, as previous researchers had done

(Uppal et al. 2013: 2; Tappin et al. 2015: 3). This could have potentially helped us organise

focus groups to gain ‘more in-depth information on perceptions…’ (CDC 2008: 1).

Furthermore, a pilot study would have been beneficial in ‘helping to design a further

confirmatory study’ (Arain et al. 2010: 1). This would have helped us refine our survey as we

later realised that some of our questions were irrelevant to our research.

Moreover, a more persistent approach to surveying SSS users would have been beneficial as

there is a disproportionate majority of respondents who had not used one. This would have

improved our data and increased its validity. However, an understandable reluctance from

New Leaf about sharing their data and time restraints confined us to the data we gathered.

9

Student ID: 4208960

Data Analysis

Sub-question 1 - Are you more likely to quit smoking with the help of a local Stop Smoking

Service and why?

Chart 1 – Chart displaying if respondents last quit attempt was with a healthcare group

All of our survey respondents had to answer questions on whether their most recent quit

attempt was with a healthcare group and if they were still a smoker. It was important for us to

find out if their last quit attempt was through a healthcare group, as the mere usage of them

wouldn’t suffice. That could have given us misleading data on people who failed to quit

through healthcare groups but then later successfully quit independently. There is an

abundant lopsidedness when it comes to the most effective method of quitting according to

10

Student ID: 4208960

our statistics. The usage of a healthcare group shows a 92% success rate compared to the

25.4% when quitting independently, clearly supporting our first hypothesis (Appendix 5).

The success rate of those quitting through SSS is suspiciously high as our small sample of

respondents of SSS users can question the validity. However, the percentage of those

successfully quitting independently was the same as the 25% the NHS stated (2011: 22). As

our data is only collected from a small pool of respondents, it may be difficult to say

conclusively but the sample we gathered clearly shows that it is more effective to quit

through healthcare groups.

The reason for their effectiveness can be associated with the behavioural support they offer.

When asked about why New Leaf is a more effective method of quitting, David Hitchmough

said ‘it’s definitely the behavioural support because people can feel in quite a lonely place

trying to give something up when not having that sort of support.’ (2015). Despite

Hitchmough’s potential bias, the importance of behavioural support when quitting was

ultimately concluded by Tim Coleman – ‘you get a better chance of quitting with more

support’ (2015).

Although our findings match that of the existing literature, our rates are disproportionately

larger than theirs. This could be related to the possibility of relapse, as we could only define a

successful quit attempt as not smoking for four weeks. Due to time restraint we could not

check up on our respondents to monitor their progress.

11

Student ID: 4208960

Sub-question 2: Are older adults more likely to use a Stop Smoking Service and why?

Chart 2 – Table displaying age group and reasons for not using local health services

Our findings show a tendency of younger smokers not perceiving Stop Smoking Services as

beneficial to their quit attempts. With 69.6% (Appendix 6) of younger smokers believing that

they could quit more effectively without healthcare groups, it is foreseeable that they will

continue to quit independently. This is in comparison to our group of older smokers where

only 33.3% (Appendix 6) thought that quitting independently would be more effective.

Furthermore, as mentioned of our 76 respondents only 29 of them had actually used a SSS

and of these 29, 23 were aged 33 or older (Appendix 7). In order to test the significance of

our findings, we had to recode our age variable into an ordinal one. This resulted in us

12

Student ID: 4208960

dichotomising our respondents into two age groups – 32 and younger, and 33 and older –

based on the results of a British government survey (Webb 2012). We could thus run a One-

Way ANOVA test that resulted in a p-value of <0.05 which proved our findings to be

statistically significant (Appendix 8).

Chart 3 – Chart displaying reasons smokers attempt to quit

Moreover, Chart 3 shows health concerns as the leading reason for why people want to give

up smoking. This was also reiterated by David Hitchmough (2015) when asked what,

according to New Leaf, was the primary reason people gave as to why they quit –

‘I think it’s primarily health reasons… over time people will start to

recognize that they are doing harm to themselves’.

13

Student ID: 4208960

Health concerns are the primary reason people try to quit, yet the destructive consequences

that smoking has on one’s health doesn’t directly affect younger smokers as much. This could

directly contribute to the clear majority of SSS users being of an older age, something our

data evidently shows. Yet a greater distribution of respondents between our age groups would

have increased the validity of our findings (Appendix 9).

Sub-question 3: How big a role does motivation play in cessation and does one’s level of

motivation determine their likelihood to use a Stop Smoking Service?

Chart 3 – Displaying level of motivation and usage of Stop Smoking Service

All of our respondents were asked how motivated they were to quit during their last quit

attempt on a scale of 1-10. Our results showed that 93.1% (Appendix 10) of our respondents

14

Student ID: 4208960

that had used a SSS had a high level of motivation. The ambition was however to be able to

compare the mean motivation of the respondents who had used SSS to those who had not. In

order to do so, we had to recode the continuous ‘level of motivation’ variable (independent

variable) into an ordinal variable – Low Motivation and High Motivation - to create a One-

Way ANOVA table together with the binomial variable ‘usage of healthcare group’

(dependent variable). Respondents with a motivation of 6 or higher classified as respondents

with high motivation, comparable to the methods conducted by Uppal et al. The result of

Table 1 shows a p-value of <0.05 and thus proved our comparison of the means of high and

low motivation to be statistically significant. However, this contradicts our previously

mentioned H3 which stated that the higher motivation a smoker has the less likely they would

be to use a SSS.

Table 1 – ANOVA comparing means of level of motivation and usage of a Stop Smoking Service

Have you ever used the help of a local Stop Smoking Service?

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 4.265 1 4.265 23.086 .000

Within Groups 13.670 74 .185

Total 17.934 75

H3 was based partly on the aspect of the ‘intrinsic value’ of completing a challenging task,

like quitting an addiction, on your own would suffice. Yet as proven from the

aforementioned, when quitting smoking it is more effective to have behavioural support

15

Student ID: 4208960

which SSS like New Leaf provides. However, it requires a certain amount of motivation from

a smoker to actively seek out the help of SSS as Tim Coleman (2015) explains:

At the moment, the model of care they’ve got is that you’ve got to be

somebody who’s willing to meet an advisor face to face… The evidence

does show that if you’re motivated enough to do that, to meet a stop

smoking advisor and have a drug, then you’ve got much higher chances of

stopping smoking than if you don’t.

Furthermore, to conduct the appropriate test for H4 we ran a scatter plot to see if

there was a correlation between the respondent’s level of motivation and the

number of quit attempts it required for them to successfully quit. Chart 4 shows

that those respondents who had successfully quit had a tendency of having a

higher motivation and requiring fewer quit attempts. This resulted in a Pearson’s r

of -.351 (Appendix 11) which indicates a moderate negative correlation meaning

that there is a relationship between the motivation variable and quit attempts

variable. The r2 that resulted from this chart concluded that it accounts for 12.3%

of the variance. Moreover, the One-Way ANOVA we conducted comparing the

binominal (usage of healthcare group) variable and ordinal (motivation) variable

resulted in a p-value of <0.05 which thus proved the relationship between the two

variables to be statistically significant (Appendix 12).

16

Student ID: 4208960

Chart 4 – Chart displaying correlation between levels of motivation, number of quit attempts,

and if they have successfully quit

The technique conducted by New Leaf is that they implement quit-dates for their applicants

as a way of motivating them to have quit by that date. This is an attempt to contain the

smoker motivation to quit as David Hitchmough explains:

It’s important that once people made that commitment, you can hold them

to it to some degree. When the people’s motivation may start waning… it’s

about being able to refer back to and show them the reasons to why they

wanted to quit and those haven’t changed…

Since we asked the respondents to grade their level of motivation on a scale of 1-10, it is easy

for them to overestimate their abilities. This can have adverse effects as their bias will likely

17

Student ID: 4208960

decrease the reliability of our data. However, this technique has been used in previous reports

conducting similar research (Uppal et al. 2013: 3).

Conclusion

Our findings showed that it is more efficient to quit smoking with the help of a SSS rather

than doing so independently. The fact that smoking, like any addiction, will be a challenging

task to tackle shows the necessity for behavioural support throughout the process. This is

essential as the possibility of relapsing is probable and with the help of an SSS one’s quit

attempt will be easier.

Furthermore, despite our small sample size there was a significant difference in the amount of

respondents whom had used a SSS compared to those who quit independently. This supports

the literature as not enough people are accessing SSS regardless of their evident success. It

was clear in our data that smokers aged 32 and younger did not use SSS as they didn’t deem

them helpful for their quit attempt. This shows that SSS need to reach out to younger adults

as they are currently only picking the ‘low hanging fruits in terms of smokers’ (Hitchmough

2015).

Moreover, our data and interviews show a clear tendency towards smokers needing to be

highly motivated if they are to use a SSS. Not only does this exclude the smokers who are not

motivated enough to actively seek an SSS, it also shows that their abrupt quitting techniques

such as ‘quit dates’ might scare off prospective clients as there is not a more leisurely quit

method provided. As a result, it is necessary for local SSS to rethink their method and

approaches as they are currently not reaching out to enough smokers who desperately need

their help.

Word count: 3837

18

Student ID: 4208960

Bibliography

Allender, Steven., Balakrishnan, R., Scarborough, P., Webster, P., Rayner,. M (2009) The Burden of Smoking-related Ill Health in the United Kingdom, Department of Public Health University of Oxford: 4

Arain, Mubashir., Campbell, Michael J., Cooper, Cindy L., Lancaster, Gillian A. (2010) ‘What is a pilot or feasibility study? A review of current practice and editorial policy’, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10/67: 1

ASH (2014) Action on Smoking and Health Fact Sheet on smoking statistics: illnesses and death. [Online]. Available at: http://ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_107.pdf (Accessed 25 Feb 2015)

CDC (2008) Data Collection Methods for Program Evaluation: Focus Groups. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CTRI (2002) Insights: Smoking in Wisconsin: why people smoke. Wisconsin. Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention

Ireland, Ben (2014) ‘Council aims to cut number of Nottingham smokers to 20 per cent by 2010’ (05 Sep 2014), Nottingham Post [Online]. Available at: http://www.nottinghampost.com/New-non-smoking-targets-boost-health-happiness/story-22883237-detail/story.html (Accessed 28 Feb 2015)

Kenny, Chris (2013) ‘Director of Public Health Report Tobacco Control Nottingham’ Nottingham: 2-5

Kite, Melissa (2015) ‘Pay pregnant smokers to quit, and it will be vouchers for burglars to behave’ (28 Jan 2015), The Guardian [Online]. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/28/pay-pregnant-smokers-vouchers-moral-implications (Accessed 24 Feb 2015)

Mustard (2012) Smoking Attitudes and Behaviours in Nottinghamshire. Manchester: Nottingham City Council.

NHS (2011) Local Stop Smoking Services: Service Delivery and Guidance 2011/12. Department of Health

Nicklasson, Julius (2015) Interview with David Hitchmough, Team Leader New Leaf (25 Mar)

Nottingham Insight (2011) Nottingham City Joint Strategic Needs Assessment April 2011: 19 [Online]. Available at: file:///C:/Users/julius/Downloads/smoking%20(1).pdf (Accessed 29 Mar 2015)

19

Student ID: 4208960

Nottingham Insight (2012) Nottingham City Joint Strategic Needs Assessment April 2012: 13 [Online]. Available at: http://www.nottinghaminsight.org.uk/insight/search/unified_search.aspx?q=smoking (Accessed 27 Feb 2015)

Pederson, Linda., Shelley, Bull., Ashley, Mary Jane., MacDonald, John K., (1996) ‘Quitting smoking: why, how, and what might help’, Tobacco Control, 5/3: 209

Pink, Matt (2015) Interview with Tim Coleman, University of Nottingham Professor (18 Mar)

Tappin, David., Purves, David., MacAskill, Susan. (2015) ‘Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: randomized controlled trial’, BMJ: 1-12

The Health and Social Care Information Centre (2012) Statistics on Smoking: England 2012: 7

Uppal, Navneet., Shahab, Lion., Britton, John., Ratschen, Elena (2013) ‘The Forgotten Smoker: a Qualitative Study of Attitudes Towards Smoking, Quitting, and Tobacco Control Policies Among Continuing Smokers’, BMC Public Health, 432(13): 1-9

Webb, Steve (2012) ‘Youth Ends at 32, Old Age Begins at 54’ (14 Jan 2012), The Times of India [Online]. Available at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Youth-ends-at-32-old-age-begins-at-54/articleshow/11482903.cms (Accessed 29 Feb 2015)

While, Alison and Barriball, K Louise (1994) ‘Collecting data using a semi-structured interview: a discussion paper’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19: 330

20

Student ID: 4208960

Appendices

Appendix 1 – Survey for questionnaire

Appendix 2 – Example of Interview Invitation

21

Student ID: 4208960

Appendix 3 – Questions for Semi-Structured Interview with Tim Coleman on 18th of March 2015

- How effective have stop smoking services been in helping people to quit in your

view?

- Especially in Nottinghamshire, a county with a higher than national average smoking

prevalence, what more could local groups/services be doing in your opinion to combat

smoking?

- Which methods from your research appear to be the most effective in enabling

cessation and why?

- What are the advantages and disadvantages of Nicotine Replacement Therapy?

- What factors have you experienced that have led people to attempt to quit and which

are the most prominent (so health, financial, social pressures etc)?

- Would you say there’s a tendency amongst women to relapse after pregnancy in the

sense that the motivation’s gone?

Appendix 4 – Questions for Semi-Structured Interview with David Hitchmough on 25th of March 2015

- How effective has New Leaf been in helping people quit according to your

experiences and what clear statistics do you have on this?

- We’ve read a bit about New Leaf and we’ve come across the ‘quit-dates’ that you

guys have, how important are these ‘quit-dates’ and what’s the reasoning behind New

Leaf implementing them?

- Leading on what you said in that answer, what primarily have New Leaf found to be

the factors that have led people to attempt to quit smoking and which of these have

been the most prominent for you?

- Would you say that financial also weighs in at all?

- You mentioned the behavioural support that New Leaf can give people who try to quit

smoking, is this the reason why you think New Leaf is more efficient or what else is it

that you do that makes New Leaf a better option than quitting independently?

- You mentioned the triggers, what type of methods is it that New Leaf use to help? Is it

like nicotine replacement therapy or what other forms of methods do New Leaf use?

- Of these that you mentioned, we are looking at the effectiveness of methods that New

Leaf use vis-a-vi those that independent quitters use. Is that the most effective one, the

behavioural support, to be there for them basically? Is that what you would say is

New Leaf’s biggest factor against quitting independently?

22

Student ID: 4208960

- You mentioned relapse before as well, do you have any statistics on the amount of

people that relapse when they use New Leaf?

- Just to finish of here, in your opinion why don’t more people use health services like

New Leaf when you clearly say that it’s better than quitting independently?

Appendix 5 – Crosstab displaying if respondents most recent quit attempt was with a Stop Smoking Service and whether they successfully quit

Was your most recent quit

attempt with a healthcare

group?

TotalYes No

Do you/ have you ever

characterised yourself as a

smoker?

Currently a

Smoker

Count 2 38 40

% within Was your most

recent quit attempt with a

healthcare group?

8.0% 74.5% 52.6%

Used to be a

Smoker

Count 23 13 36

% within Was your most

recent quit attempt with a

healthcare group?

92.0% 25.5% 47.4%

Total Count 25 51 76

% within Was your most

recent quit attempt with a

healthcare group?

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

23

Student ID: 4208960

Appendix 6 – Crosstab displaying reason as to why respondents did not use a local health service and their recoded age group

Age

Total

32 years and

younger

33 years and

older

Why didn't you use a

local health service?

Weren't Aware Of Them Count 4 7 11

% within Age 17.4% 33.3% 25.0%

Did Not Think They Would

Help

Count 3 7 10

% within Age 13.0% 33.3% 22.7%

Believed Could Quit More

Effectively Independently

Count 16 7 23

% within Age 69.6% 33.3% 52.3%

Total Count 23 21 44

% within Age 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

24

Student ID: 4208960

Appendix 7 – Crosstab displaying if respondents had used a local Stop Smoking Service and their recoded age group

Age

Total32 and younger 33 and older

Have you ever used the

help of a local stop

smoking service?

Yes Count 6 23 29

% within Have you ever used

the help of a local stop

smoking service?

20.7% 79.3% 100.0%

No Count 25 22 47

% within Have you ever used

the help of a local stop

smoking service?

53.2% 46.8% 100.0%

Total Count 31 45 76

% within Have you ever used

the help of a local stop

smoking service?

40.8% 59.2% 100.0%

Appendix 8 – One-Way ANOVA Test to Compare Mean of Older and Younger Respondents and Whether they had Used a Stop Smoking Service

Have you ever used the help of a local stop smoking service?

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 1.851 1 1.851 8.517 .005

Within Groups 16.083 74 .217

Total 17.934 75

Appendix 9 – Crosstab displaying age group and if respondents had used a Stop Smoking Service

25

Student ID: 4208960

Have you ever used the help of a local Stop

Smoking Service?

TotalYes No

Age 23 and under 3 12 15

24-32 3 13 16

33-40 7 8 15

41-50 8 5 13

51-60 6 6 12

60+ 2 3 5

Total 29 47 76

Appendix 10 – Crosstab displaying recoded levels of motivation and whether respondents had used a Stop Smoking Service

Level of Motivation

Total

Low

Motivation

High

Motivation

Have you ever used the help

of a local stop smoking

service?

Yes Count 2 27 29

% within Have you ever used

the help of a local stop smoking

service?

6.9% 93.1% 100.0%

No Count 26 21 47

% within Have you ever used

the help of a local stop smoking

service?

55.3% 44.7% 100.0%

Total Count 28 48 76

% within Have you ever used

the help of a local stop smoking

service?

36.8% 63.2% 100.0%

Appendix 11 – Regression displaying correlation between number of quit attempts and level of motivation

26

Student ID: 4208960

Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig.B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 3.879 .474 8.176 .000

How motivated would you say

you were/are to quit?

-.219 .068 -.351 -3.222 .002

a. Dependent Variable: How many times have/did you attempt to quit?

Appendix 12 – One-Way ANOVA to compare means of recoded level of motivation and if respondents had used a Stop Smoking Service

Have you ever used the help of a local stop smoking service?

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 4.265 1 4.265 23.086 .000

Within Groups 13.670 74 .185

Total 17.934 75

27