dr သန္းထြန္း - ျမန္မာသမိုင္း နိဒါန္း
DESCRIPTION
Dr သန္းထြန္း - ျမန္မာသမိုင္း နိဒါန္းTRANSCRIPT
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(1)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
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jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
jrefrmorkdif; ed'gef;onf orkdif;&JUoabm? orkdif;&JUorÇm? o
rkdif;&JUorkdif;ESifhjrefrmpmay orkdif;tp taMumif;t&m okH;ckudk
aygif;pyfpDpOfxm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf/
orkdif;&JUoabm orkdif;&JUorÇmorkdif;&JUoabm orkdif;&JUorÇmorkdif;&JUoabm orkdif;&JUorÇmorkdif;&JUoabm orkdif;&JUorÇmorkdif;&JUoabm orkdif;&JUorÇmonf twdwfudk rSwfwrf;wif
NyD; teufaumufcsufxkwfjcif;? tem*wfudk rSef;Munfhjcif;tvkyf
rsm; jzpfonfudk zGJYpnf;&Sif;jyxm;onf/ orkdif;&JUorkdif;wGif orkdif;
okawoevkyfenf;vkyf[efESifhywfoufí azmfjyxm;onf/ jrefrm
pmayorkdif;tpwGif pma&;enf;ynm ray:xGef;cifuwnf;u &SdcJh
aom jrefrmpmayESifhywfoufí tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onf/
a'gufwmoef;xGef;onf jrefrmorkdif;okawoetzGJY tzGJY0if
wpfOD;jzpfNyD; jrefrmEkdifiH\xif&Sm;aom orkdif;okawoeynm&Sif
wpfOD; jzpfonf/
(2)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
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jrefrmorkdif; ed'gef;
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
(3)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
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Myanmar Heritage197 (b), 33 rd Street, Yangon, Myanmar.
Copyright @ 2001, Dr. Than Tun
yxrtBudrf 2001 ({NyD)
pmrlcGifhjyKtrSwf 416^2000 (6)? rsufESmzkH;cGifhjyKtrSwf 87^2001
(1)? apmifa& 500? wefzkd; 1500d
OD;atmifBuD;(0986)a&Tyk&ykdufpmay? 5? wifhqef;vrf;? A[ef;? &ef
ukefu xkwfa0í OD;rsKd;oefY(05564)? tma&m*sHykHESdyfwkduf 69? ok
eEmurf;ajc? &wemuRef;&dyfom? ajrmufOuúvmy &efukefwGif ykHESdyf
onf/ rsufESmzkH; odef;aZmf
(4)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
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rmwdum
trSm
1/ orkdif;&JUoabm orkdif;&JUorÇm
2/ orkdif;&JUorkdif;(1)
orkdif;&JUorkdif;(2)
orkdif;&JUorkdif;(3)
orkdif;&JUorkdif;(4)
orkdif;&JUorkdif;(5)
orkdif;&JUorkdif;(6)
orkdif;&JUorkdif;(7)
orkdif;&JUorkdif;(8)
3/ jrefrmpmayorkdif;tp
(5)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
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trSm
orkdif;&JUoabm orkdif;&JUorÇmudk ar;vkdYom ajz&wm? ukd,fhudpö r
[kwfvkdYxifygw,f/ bmjyKvkdYvJqkdawmh
(1) vlwkdif; orkdif;odw,fvkdY xifw,f? olYbmom b0ifjrifhaewm
udk,fu taeomBuD;yg?
(2) tJ'DvlawGu orkdif;udk ukd,fvkd&m qGJokH;wm?
(3) uRefawmfwkdYu tusKd;eJYtaMumif; qufpyfjyw,f? &v'fudk
a0zefydkif;jcm;NyD; pMu0aw;rif;vJ aowmyJqkdNyD; ur®|mef;pm
vkdzwfwm jzpfw,f? b,fvkdvkyf&if ydkaumif;r,fqkdwmudkvJ
wwfEkdifoavmuf azmfxkwfw,f/
(4) *wdrvkdufbl;? tm;rembl;? cspfvkdYrkef;vkdY aMumufvkdY rodvkdY
twkd;tqkwf rvkyfbl;? odwJhtwkdif;ajymw,f/ tJ'Dvkd &kd;om;
&r,fvkdYqkH;jzwfNyD;om; jzpfw,f/ a&;oma&;w,f tvif;r
0ifwJhpmvJ &Sdw,f? BudK;pm;NyD; olrsm;rodwmudk azmfxkwfw,f?
olrsm;rSm;wmudkjyifay;w,f/ tJ'gudk em;raxmif&if raxmif
wJhvlrSmom epfemrSm jzpfw,f/
orkdif;&JUorkdif;pmwrf;rSmqkd&if olrsm;rSm;wm <um;wmawGudk
a&;jyxm;w,f/ olrsm;rSm;ovkd usKyfvkdufrrSm;bl;vkdY odapcsif
w,f/ orkdif;okawoeudk b,fvkdvkyfw,fqkdwmvJ enf;enf;awmh
tprf;oabm azmjfyxm;w,f/ orkdif;okawoe vkyfenf;rcufyg/
vuf0ifw,f? aphpyfaocsmzkdYvkdw,f/ yifyef;w,f/ a&TusifwJhvl?
(6)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
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ausmuf&SmwJhvlu csufcsif; pm;&aomuf&w,f/ csrf;omEkdifw,f/
orkdif;okawoeu pmwrf;wpfapmif a&;NyD;&if uD0Dzdeyfaq;euf
wpfbl;avmufawmif tokH;r0ifbl;? tzdk;rwefbl;vkdYajymwJhvl&Sd
w,f/ tJ'Dvl rSefygw,f? olrsm;rodwmudk od&vkdY udk,fhbmomaus
eyfwmuvGJvkdY wjcm;tokH;r&Sdyg/ t&ifrSm;ovkd rrSm;apeJY? t&if
uxuf aumif;atmif vkyfzdkYqkdwJh oifcef;pmawmh a0iSzkdY wm0efudk
vJ arhrxm;&yg/
jrefrmpmayorkdif;tpudk &SdNyD;om; pmtkyfrsKd;eJY rwlatmif
a&;xm;w,f/ &SdNyD;om;pmtkyfu orkdif;r[kwf(Catalogue)awGjzpf
aew,f/ tckpma&;enf;ynm rwwfcifu pmayudk a&;jyxm;
w,f/ pmeJYa&;rxm;bJeJY b,fvkdpmay&SdrSmvJvkdY ar;p&m &Sdw,f/
Ak'¨pmay(Buddhist Literature)qkd&if jrwfpGmbk&m; EIwfuygXfawmf
jzpfw,f/ tJ'gyJ Ak'¨pmay jzpfw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;
tESpfav;&mausmf 35 bDpD a&mufrS yd#uwfudk pmeJYcsa&;wm &Sd
w,f/ tJ'DvkdyJ a&S;ya0oPDu vlY"avhawG[m pmra&;wwfay
r,fh tpOftquf rSwfom;vmcJhw,f/ tJ'gawG[m pmra&;wwf
cifuyJ &SdcJhwJhjrefrmpmayaygh? tJ'gudk vufrcH&if tcka&;vkdufwJh
jrefrmpmayorkdif;tpudk rzwfygeJY/
aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
oef;xGef;
8? Mo*kwf? 2010
(7)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
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orkdif;&JUoabm
orkdif;&JUorÇm
Ä
orkdif;oifw,fqdkwm vlYtawGYtMuHKtjzpftysufawG&JUjzpfpOf&Snf
BuD;oufoufudk ajymjywmvm;? jzpfpOfxJuaeNyD; oabmt"dyÜg,f
awG aumuf,lwmrsKd;udkaum tm;ay;ovm;q&m/
orkdif;pmtkyfawG a&;MuNyDqkdawmh cifAsm;ar;cGef;t&qkd&if
a&;ykHa&;enf;ay: rlwnfw,fvkdYajym&rSmyJ/ tjzpftysufawGudk
csnf; pkNyD;a&;w,fqkdwmu a&S;wkef;u a&;avha&;x&Sdw,f/ &m
Z0Hoqkdwm rif;pOfrif;qufawGtaMumif;aygh/ a&S;&mZ0ifpmtkyf
udk ta&;wBuD; zwfMunfh&if tazu b,fol? om;u b,fol? rif;
quf rjywfbl; jywfw,f qkdwmavmufyJ awGY&wwfw,f/ 'DxJrSm
aqG;aEG;wmawG bmawG rygbl;/ b,f[mu aumif;w,f raumif;
bl;? bmaMumifh b,fvkdjzpfw,f? bmudk tajccHNyD;awmh 'Dtjzpft
ysuf ay:vmw,f? 'Djzpf&yfay:vmvkdY b,ftusKd;qufjzpfw,fqkd
wJhaqG;aEG;jcif;? a0zefjcif; r&Sdbl;/ r&Sdawmh odyftokH;rwnfhygbl;/
rif;pOfrif;quf &ufpGJodwmavmufyJ &Sdw,f/
tJ'Da&;enf;uae aemufykHpHwpfrsKd; ajymif;oGm;w,f/ okaw
oevkyfvmMuNyD;awmh bk&ifawG taMumif;om r[kwfawmhbJeJY tJ
'Dacwf tEkynmtaMumif;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;taMumif;awG yg
vmw,f/
Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? trSwf(1)? ZGef? 1996/
(8)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
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taMumif;eJYtusKd; EIdif;,SOfNyD; aqG;aEG;wmawG aemufydkif;rSm
a&;vmMuw,f/ tcka&;aewJh a&;ykHa&;enf;u jzpfpOfoufouf
wif r[kwfbJeJY oabmw&m;xkwf&w,f/ b,fvkdtjzpftysufrsKd;
[m b,fvdktajccH&if b,fvkdjzpfr,f? tJ'Dvkdjzpf&if &vmr,fht
usKd;tjypfu b,fvkdqkdNyD; &v'fudk nd§EIdif;aqG;aEG;a0zefwmrsKd;ukd
tckawmh a&;Muw,f/ rSefrSefuefuefeJY vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufwmrsKd;
ayghav/ uRefawmfwkdY vufcHwmuawmh taMumif;eJYtusKd; ,SOf
aqG;aEG;wJha&;ykHa&;enf;rsKd;ukdyJ vufcHygw,f/
orkdif;rSmoabmeJYorÇmqkdwmu uRefawmf em;vnfoavmuf
ajym&&if wpfcku experience tawGYtMuHKaygh/ orÇmaygh/ tJ'Dt
awGYtMuHKudk rSwfwrf;wifNyD;xm;&if tJ'DtawGYtMuHKay:u o
abmt"dyÜg,fwpfck oifcef;pmvkdYyJ ajymajymaygh/ oabmwpfck &
Ekdifw,f/ &Ekdifw,fqkdwm zwfwJhvluvnf; zwfNyD; olYbmomol oif
cef;pmwpfck ,lvkdY&EkdifwmyJ/ orkdif;q&muawmh bmvkyfrvJqkd
awmh tJ'Dtjzpftysufukd rlwnfNyD;awmh wjcm;EIdif;,SOfcsufawGeJY
tvm;wljzpf&yfawG tawmfrsm;rsm; xnhfoGif;NyD; tjrifus,fus,f
eJY tawGYtMuHKawG tukefaygif;pyfNyD;awmh 'g b,fvkdaMumifh jzpf
wm? 'gaMumifhrkdfY a&SUrSm b,fvkdawG tusKd;tjypfjzpfEdkifw,f qkdwJh
projection aygh/ a&SUudk arQmfrSef;NyD; ajymMunfhr,f/ tJ'grsKd;udk uRef
awmftrsm;BuD; tm;ay;w,f? orkdif;a&;wJhtcgrSm 'grsKd;awG yg
apcsifw,f/ 'grSvnf; orkdif;oif&usKd; eyfrSmudk;/ EdkYrkdY&if orkdif;
oif&wm bmrSt"dyÜg,f r&dSbl;/ 0w¬Kwkdaygif;csKyf jzpfaer,f/ bm
NyD;&if bmjzpfw,fqdkwJhtpOfBuD; jzpfaer,f/ zwfwJholtwGufawmh
oifcef;pm ,lr,fqkd ,lvkdYawmh &wmayghAsm/ ykHjyifav;wpfckqDu
(9)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
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awmif &Ekdifao;wmrsKd;yJ[m/ orkdif;usawmh a&SUrSm tvm;tvm
b,fvkd&Sdw,fudk aqG;aEG;wm/ uRefawmfhausmif;om;awGudk olwkdY
usrf;a&;wJhtcgrSm a&SUtvm;tvmudk wwfEkdifoavmuf ta&;
ckdif;w,f/ orkdif;qkdwm twdwfudk rSwfwrf;wifw,f/ NyD;awmh t
eufaumufcsuf xkwfw,f/ NyD;awmh tem*wfudk rSef;Munfhw,f/
'g orkdif;&JUtvkyfyJ/
orkdif;udk bmaMumifh oifovJvkdY q&mhudkar;awmh q&mu ]]rtç
atmifvkdY}}vkdYajzvkdufw,fvkdY zwf&ygw,f/ b,fvkd rtçwmvJ
q&m/
orkdif;qkdwm &Sd&SdorQ jzpfjzpfcJhorQ vltawGYtMuHKawG tm;
vkH;udk pkNyD; rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmyJAsm/ apmapmu ajymcJhovkd t
wdwftjzpftysufawGudk rSwfwrf; record vkyf&w,f/ oabmt
"dyÜg,f teufaumufcsuf interpretation vkyf&w,f/ a&SUjzpfvmEkdif
r,fhudpöudk BudKwifrSef;qcsuf projection vkyf&w,fqkdawmh orkdif;
[m cifAsm;wkdYajymwJhoabmeJYorÇm tpkta0;BuD;aygh/ aumif;cJh
wm? qkd;cJhwmawG? bmaMumifh aumif;cJhw,f? qkd;cJhw,fqkdwJhoabm
orÇmrsm;rsm;&Sd&if a&SUudk rSef;vkdY&w,f/ rSef;vkdY&&if rtçawmhbl;
aygh/ rtç&if a&SUbmvkyf&rvJ odvmwmaygh/ tenf;qkH;tm;jzifh
Asm cifAsm;u uRefawmfh&JUtaMumif;udk aemufcHorkdif;eJYwuG od
xm;w,fqkd&if uRefawmf udpöwpfckvkyfwJhtcg bmudktajccHNyD;vkyf
w,f? b,fvkdpdwful;eJYvkyfw,fqkdwm b,fvkdajymNyD; b,fvkdvkyf
w,fqkdwm odr,f/ tenf;qkH;awmh uRefawmf cifAsm;udk rvdrfEkdif
awmhbl;/
(10)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
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orkdif;rSm tcsuftvuf&Smw,fqkdwm 'DtajccHay:rSm &Sm
wm/ bmaMumifhjzpfovJ &Smwm/ b,fvkdjzpfovJ &Smwm? b,fvkd
&v'f&SdrvJqkdwm &Smwm/ 'Dvkdukd,fwkdif tNrJtvkyfvkyfaewJhtcg
usawmh 'D training u ygvmNyD/ 'Dawmh orkdif;wwfxm;&if rtçbl;/
rnHhbl;? tenf;qkH; tnmrcH&bl;ayghAsm/
orkdif;a&;wJhtcgrSm aqG;aEG;csuf? a0zefcsufawG xnfha&;vmw,f
qkdawmh a&;ol&JU(prejudices)tpGJawG? tmCmwawG rygEkdifbl;vm;
q&m/
rygatmif uRefawmfwkdYu xdef;w,f/ xdef;w,fqkdwmu wkd
wkdajym&&if tm;rem&bl;/ ausmif;om;udk tm;rematmif oif
ay;xm;w,f/ tm;rem&bl;qkdwmu Oyrm - ig jrefrmyJ? jrefrm
twGuf aumif;wmawGY&ifawmh wpfcgwnf; tBuD;tus,fcsJUa&;
r,fayghAsm/ &Sufp&maumif;wmawGY&if z,fxm;r,fayghAsm/ uRef
awmfu tJ'grsKd; vkyfcGifhray;bl;/ Bias ajymajym? prejudices ac:
ac:ayghAsm/ tJ'gawG vkH;0ryg&bl;/ ]]rif;u w&m;olBuD;ae&mrSm
ae&r,f? w&m;vkdajymwJhpum;vnf; em;axmif&r,f? w&m;cHajym
wJhpum;a&m? w&m;cHjyoufao&JUpum;a&m em;axmif&r,f? t
cif;jzpf&mae&mudkvnf;udk,fwkdifoGm;pkHprf;&r,f/ NyD;awmhrS aumuf
csufcswmu rif;&JUqkH;jzwfcsuf/ ajymwmawmh tm;vkH;ajymMurSm
yJ/ rSefcsifrSvnf; rSefMurSmyJ/ tm;vkH;aygif;NyD;rS w&m;olBuD;u A
rSeform; rSm;ovm;? B rSefovm; rSm;ovm; ajym&rSmyg/ bmudpö
jzpfjzpf Conclusion aumufcsufuawmh tNrJyg&w,f/ b,f t
aMumif;yJajymajym Conclusion ygr,f/ tJ'D Conclusion rSm a&SUtzkdY
(11)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
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tvm;tvmvnf; xnhf&r,f/ tJ'gxnfhwJhtcgrSm qkH;jzwfcsufu
awmh tm;rem&bl;/ aumif;wm&Sd&ifvnf; ajym? 'gaumif;w,f/
nHh&ifvnf; ajym/ bufrvkduf&bl;}}vkdY ausmif;om;awGudk oifay;
xm;w,f/
ausmif;om;awGuvnf; olwkdYtcuftcJeJY olwkdYyJ/ w&m;ol
BuD;tvkyfukd vkyf&r,fqkdawmh/ 'gayrJh uRefawmfhausmif;om;awG
a&;xm;wmawGuvnf; pmtkyfwkdif;vnf; ykHESdyfrSmrS r[kwfbJ/ 'g
qufvufavhvmzkdYtwGuf pmMunfhwkdufrSmawmh &SdrSmyJ/
aemufNyD; wu,f prejudice &Sdwmu orkdif;wpfavQmuf jyef
Munfh&if a&S;ua&m tckxda&maygh/ ,kHMunfrIoufoufudk tajccH
wJhbmoma&;vkd? EkdifiHa&;0g'vkd tzGJYtpnf;awGurS aMumuf&wm/
a&S;a[mif;c&pf,meft,leJYzGHYNzdK;p odyÜHynm y#dyu©jzpfcJhwmawG
Munfhaygh/ olwkdYajymwmeJY vGJae&if csufcsif;jyóem tBuD;BuD;x
vkyfwm/ enf;enf;av;rS onf;rcHbl;/ prejudice t&SdqkH; tBuD;qkH;
yJ/
udk,fqkH;jzwfwmuawmh ukd,fhwm0efayghAsm/ udk,fa&;wJhusrf;
ykHESdyfxkwfa0jzpfvkdY tjrifrwlwJhjyóemawGvnf; &SdrSmaygh/ 'gu
wpfu@/ ausmif;om;b0wkef;u uRefawmf a&;cJhwmawG &Sdw,f/
jyóemjzpfcJhwmawGvnf; &Sdw,f/ jzpfwm rwwfEkdifbl;av/ uRef
awmfuawmh rn§mbl;/ awGY&if a&;wmyJ/
(12)
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orkdif;&JUorkdif; (1)
Ä
orkdif;udk wu,f[kwfrSefwJhtjzpftysufawGyJ? taMumif;tusKd;
pOfNyD; wifjyw,fvkdY ,lqNyD; pepfwus rSwfwrf;a&;wJhtcg vlwpf
a,muftaMumif;yJjzpfjzpf? EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH&JUtaMumif;yJjzpfjzpf vl
trsm;tusKd;&Sdatmif b,fvkd awGYMuHKchJ&w,f? aemift&Snfojzifh
erlem,lp&m b,favmufaumif;w,fvkdY odatmif a&;&ygr,f/ tJ
'gaMumifh tajcjyKp&m rSwfwrf;r&Sd&if orkdif;a&;vkYdr&yg/ tjzpf
tysuf wpfckNyD;wpfck ay:aygufcJh&mrSmvJ ay:vmorQ tjzpft
ysufawGudk oabm,kwåd&Sd&m oifhjrwfovkd qufoG,fazmfjya&;om;
wJhtcg a&S;a&S;u ajympum;awGudkvJ rSwfausmufwifppfaq;NyD;
rS a&G;EkwfokH;pGJwmjzpfvkdY ykHjyif'@m&DawGeJY ordkif;[m trsm;BuD;
uGmjcm;ygw,f/
a&S;usvGef;ruuswJhacwfumvawGtwGuf tu©&mwifNyD;
urÜnf;ausmufpmqkdwmrsKd;awG r&SdvkdY a&S;a[mif;okawoe(Arch-
aeology)udkyJ tm;udk;&ygw,f/ odyfapmwJhtBudKorkdif;(Prehistory)?
t&kyfpm(Hieroglyph)vdk rSwfwrf;wpfrsKd;&SdwJhtBudKorkdif;(Proto-
history)acwfawG vGefNyD;rS orkdif;(History)acwfudk a&mufygw,f/
taxmuftxm;&SdwJhwu,fhtjzpftysufudkyJ okH;oyfqifjcifNrJjzpf
vkdY orkdif;0if(Historicity)qkdwJha0g[m& tokH;tEIef; ay:vmw,f/
taMumif;t&mwpfck? yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;? armfuGef;rSwfwkdifwpfwkdif[m
orkdif;0ifjzpfw,fqkd&if wu,fppfrSefw,fvkdY pdwfcsygqkdwJhtmrcH
csuf&Sdw,f/ orkdif;ynm&Sifqkdwmudkvnf; jzpf&yfawGudk &ufpGJpOfNyD;
Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? trSwf(8)? 'DZifbm? 1996/
(13)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
rSwfwrf;wifwmavmuf vkyfwJhvl r[kwfbl;qkdwm cGJjcm;odoifhyg
w,f/
eef;wGif;xl;jcm;wJhudpöawGvkd aeYpOfrSwfom;&wJh]]aeYpOfrSwf}}
yk&ykduf&Sdw,f/ (wm0ef,lNyD; a&;ol[m oHawmfqifhwpfOD;jzpfr,f
xifw,f/) orkdif;ynm&Sifu aeYpOfrSwfoleJY vkH;0rwlyg/ orkdif;a&;
olwkdif;rSm &nfrSef;csufwpfckawmh &SdpNrJ jzpfw,f/ b,forkdif;ukd
b,fvkda&;w,fvkdY ppfaq;wm[m orkdif;&JUorkdif;(Historiography)
jzpfygw,f/
orkdif;(History)eJYaeYpOfrSwf(Chronology)uGJvGJjcm;em;ykHudk O
a&mypmayrSm c&pfwpfq,fhajcmuf&mpkESpfuyJ xif&Sm;odomaeyg
NyD/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSmqkd&if aemufqkH;bk&ifhtrdefYawmfeJYjyKpkwJh r[m&m
Z0ifawmfBuD;(rSefeef;)udk aeYpOfrSwftqifhyJ&Sdw,fvkdY owfrSwf&rSm
jzpfygw,f/ wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfwJhrif;awG&JUtquftEG,fudk odyfNyD;
jynfhpkHatmif azmfjyzkdY BudK;pm;w,f/ NyD;awmh b,fbk&if&JUaumif;rI
[m bmawGjzpfw,fvkdY azmfjyw,f/ tJ'gavmufqkd&if tm;vkH;aus
eyfMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh &mZ0if[m rif;qufukdyJ ajymr,f/ rif;wpf
yg;pD omoemh'g,umjzpfaMumif; ajymr,f/ 'DESpfcsuf[m &mZ0if
usrf;&JUy"mewm0ef jzpfw,fvkdYawmif tcsKyfpum; ajymEkdifygw,f/
taxmuftxm;r&SdbJ orkdif;rjzpfbl;qdkwJhpum;t& t
axmuftxm;qkdwm pmeJYa&;NrJjzpfvkdY pma&;enf;ynmtaMumif;
tcsKyfajymyg&ap/ abbDvkH(Babylon)? tD*spf(Egypt)pwJhEkdifiHawG
rSm c&pfray:rD okH;&mpkESpf(3rd Century B.C)t&ifESpf 5000(5000
B.P)uwnf;u rSwfwrf;a&;om;aeygNyD/ tjzpftysufudk t&kyfeJY
azmfjywmuaeNyD; t&kyfwpfckudk toHxGufwpfck ay;NyD; toHxGuf
(14)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
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han
Yom
a.O
rg
tu©&m ay:vmygw,f/ abbDvkHrSm owfykHa&;enf;(Cuniform
writing)udk c&pfray:rD tESpf 2800 t&if tESpf 4800(4800 B.P)u
okH;pGJaeygNyD/ tD*spfrSm t&kyf? t&kyfpma&;enf;(Hieroglyphic
writing)udk c&pfray:rD tESpf 2000 t&iftESpf 4000 (4000 B.P)u
yJ okH;aeygNyD/ tdEd,rSm [m&yg(Harapa) c&d(Crote)? vDed,m(Linear)
a&;enf;awGvJ c&pfray:rD tESpf 2000 u jzpfr,fvkdYyJ owfrSwf
vkdY jzpfygw,f/ ruúpDudk(Mexico)&JUrm,a&;enf;(Maya Writing)udk
c&pfray:rD tESpf 1500 (1500 B.C)t&iftESpf 3500(3500 B.P)u
okH;pGJcJhwm jzpfygw,f/ t&kyfrSwfwrf;uwpfqifh tu©&ma&;enf;
ay:aygufwm jzpfygw,f/ tD*spfrSm tu©&ma&;enf; c&pfray:rD
ESpf 1000 (1000 B.C)t&iftESpf 3000(3000 B.P)? tdEd,jA[®D(Brah-
mi)tu©&m c&pfray:rD ESpf 800(800 B.C)t&iftESpf 2800(2800
B.P)? tDwvDrSm a&mr(Roman)tu©&m c&pfray:rD ESpf 700(700
B.C)t&iftESpf2700(2700 B.P)u pwiftokH;jyKcJhMuwm jzpfyg
w,f/ pma&;enf;ay:rS orkdif;acwfa&mufw,f/ ,Ofaus;rI(Civilia
-zation) pNyDvkdY ajymavh&SdMuygw,f/
orkdif;(History)txufu tBudKorkdif;(Prehistory)&Sdw,f/ t
BudKorkdif;u av;ydkif; ykdif;ygw,f/
1/ yGJOD;xGuforkdif;(Antehistory)
2/ ta0;orkdif;(Telehistory)
3/ ta,miforkdif;(Parahistory)
4/ tporkdif;(Protohistory)
jrefrma&S;ta&;tom;udk ausmufpmawGrSm awGYEkdifygw,f/
ysLacwfuyJ pma&;enf;ynm wwfr,fqkd&if c&pfwpf&mpkESpf(First
(15)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
Century A.D)rSm ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHvkdYac:wJha'orSm jA[®Dtu©&mu
qif;oufwJhtu©&meJYpma&;wwfNyDvkdY qkdEkdifygw,f/ ysLausmufpm
wcsKdU[m Ak'¨usrf;awGxJu aumufEkwfcsufawGjzpfvkdY orkdif;qkdif
&m tjzpftysuftaMumif;t&m r[kwfayr,fh ysLawG udk;uG,f,kH
MunfwJhAk'omoem[m apmapmu r[m,me? aemuf [de,mejzpf
w,fvkdY orkdif;aMumif;wpfck ajymvkdY&NyD jzpfygw,f/ aemuf ysL
ocsKØif;pm(ausmuft&kd;tkd;pm)awGt& ysLawG&JU0dMur(Vikrama)
rif;qufbk&ifhbGJYeJYuG,fvGefwJhESpfudk odEkdifygw,f/
[&d0dMur (Harivikrama)oufawmf 57-ESpf? at'D 120 ewf
&GmpHw,f/
oD[0dMur(Sihavikrama)oufawmf 50? at'D 143? ewf&GmpH
w,f/
ol&d,0dMur(Suriyavikrama)oufawmf 50? at'D 123 ewf&Gm
pHw,f/
tm'dws0dMur(Adityavikrama)at'D 163 ewf&GmpHw,f/
tckajymjywJhrif;qufeJYrif;awG ewf&GmpHwJhESpfudk axmufNyD;
ysLorkdif;udk azmfxkwfEkdifNyD/ ysLa0g[m&ig;q,fausmf wpf&m
avmufyJodvkYd ausmufpmygtjzpftysufpkHatmif razmfxkwfEdkif
ao;yg/ ysLtu©&mawG[m ajrmufydkif;tdEd, c&pfav;&mpkESpf *kyå
(Gupta)vufa&;? awmifydkif;tdEd, c&pfav;&mpkESpfu'fA(Kadam-
ba)vufa&;awGeJY qifwlw,f/ 'gayrJh ysLawGokH;wJhjyu©'defu at'D
78-79 rSmpwJh ou(SAKA)jyu©'defjzpfw,f/ r[mouú&mZfeJYqkdif
ygw,f/ yk*Hacwf a&T*lBuD;ausmufpmrSm 'Douú&mZfudk okH;wm awGY
Ekdifygw,f/ tapmqkH; rGefausmufpmudk &efukef Akdvfwpfaxmifbk
(16)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
&m; 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; ysufpD;wJhtcg Xmyemwkdufu&wJhqif;wk
awmfrSm awGY&ygw,f/ c&pf(7)&mpkESpf rSwfwrf;vkdY qkH;jzwfMuyg
w,f/ ysLeJYrGefawGu jrefrmawGudk Ak'¨bmomeJYpma&;enf;ynmudk
oifMum;ay;cJhMuvkdY jrefrmawG c&pf(10)&mpkESpfavmufuyJ Ak'om
oem0if jzpfvmMuNyD; c&pfwpfq,fhwpf&mpkrSm pma&;enf;ynm
wwfNyDvkdY ajymEkdifygw,f/
'DrSm uRefawmf qkdvkdwmu ,aeYjrefrmEkdifiHvkdYac:wJha'orSm
aeMuwJhysLawG[m c&pfwpf&mpkESpfupNyD; pma&;enf;wwfNyD; rGef
awGuvnf; ysLeJYwef;wl pma&;enf;ynmudk wwfr,f/ bmjyKvkdYvJ
qkdawmh ysLa&m rGefyg Ak'¨omoem0if rjzpfrDu jA[®Pomoem0if
awG jzpfcJhw,fvkdY a&S;a[mif;okawoe(Archaelogy)taxmuf t
xm; trsm;BuD;jyEkdifygw,f/ rif;awG&JUbGJYudk Munfh&if ukvm;bGJYjzpf
wJhtwGuf ta&SUawmiftm&S(South East Asia)rSm ukvm;"avh ysHUESHY
vTrf;rdk;(Indian Cultural Influene)wmudk c&pfESpfOD;(Beginning of Chris-
tian Era)u jzpfw,fvkdYyJ ,lqp&m &Sdygw,f/
taemufwkdif;"avh(Western Culture)udk ukefonfu ,lvmo
vkdvkd? ppfom;u ,lvmovkdvkd? c&pfomoemjyKu ,lvmovkdvkd
awG;awmMuHqMuw,f/ aemufawmh 'DuvlawGuyJ olwkdY"avhudk
BudKufvkdY vkdufvkyfwmu jzpfzkdYydkrsm;w,fvkdY oabmaygufygw,f/
'DvkdyJ 'DuvlawGu ukvm;"avhudk BudKufvkdY &kd;&mudk,f0wfeJYcg;pnf;
udkz,fNyD; 'dkwDqm'D0wfw,f? [dE´LewfawGudk udk;uG,fw,f? Ak'¨t
,ludk ajymif;w,f? jA[®PpMu0VmwnfykHudk vufcHw,f/ jA[®P
jyu©'defjzpfwJhp`E´rmoudk okH;w,f/ avmuDudpöawGjzpfwJhvufxyf
enf;? aooludk oN*ØK[fenf;awGudk twk,lw,f? rif;u bdodufcH
(17)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
w,f/ acgif;aq;r*Fvmvkyfw,f? aA'ifar;w,f? "mwfqif"mwf
&dkuf? ,MwmacswmawG ygvmw,f/ &dk;&mtarGcef;? tdrfrIcef;xkH;
enf;awGudk pkpnf;NyD; pmeJYa&;wJhtcgrSmawmif "r®owfvkdYukvm;
emrnfay;NyD; ukvm;? &aoh? rif;? trwf? ynm&Sd rEkqDu &ovkd
usrf;OD;rSmazmfjyavh&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dorkdif;aumufcsufawG[m ausmuf
pmeJYa&S;a[mif;okawoe EIdif;,SOfzufwGJ avhvmcsufawG jzpfyg
w,f/ rSef;qcsuf(Guess)jzpfw,fqkd&ifvnf; avhvmrSef;qcsuf
(Studied Guess)jzpfw,fvkdY ajymyg&ap/
jrefrm&mZ0ifudk a&S;u a&;cJhwmawGudk Munfhyg/ &Sifr[moDv
0Hoa&; &mZ0ifausmf? OD;ukvm;a&; r[m&mZ0if? yk*H&mZ0ifopf?
OD;xGef;ndKa&; &mZ0ifopf(rSefeef;) r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; tJ'gawG
&SdcJhw,f/ tm;vkH;[m aeYpOfrSwf(Chronology)tqifhyJ &Sdw,fvkdYajym
cJhNyD;ygNyD/ a&S;ya0oPDumvrSm tm;vkH;yJ [dE´LpMu0Vmwnf[ef
r[mor®wrif; wifajr§muf[efawGudk oD[kdVf(oD&dvuFm)r[m0if
a&;enf;twkdif; ,lNyD;wJhtcg a'oqkdif&m ykHjyifawGudk aemufquf
wGJ jznfhxm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f/ ysL&mZ0if? yk*H&mZ0ifrSmyJ orkdif;0if
(Historicity)rjzpfEkdifwJh rif;qufZ,m;awG trsm;BuD;ay;xm;w,f/
aemufqkH;rif;qufukd ukvm;EkdifiHu r[mor®weJYqufay;ao;
w,f/ ukef;abmifacwfa&mufawmh &mZ0if[m &mZ0HoqkdwJht
wkdif; rif;tpOftqufudkyJ crf;em;BuD;us,fatmifa&;NyD; eef;wGif;
aeYpOftaMumif;t&mawGudk w&kwf{u&mZfrSwfwrf;(Chinese Em-
perial Annals)twkdif; a&;[efajymif;cJhygw,f/ wpfaeYtjzpftysuf
udk ESpfukefawmh aygif;pyfNyD; tcsKyfa&;? rif;wpfyg; ewf&GmpHawmh
tJ'Drif;vufxuf tjzpftysufawGudk aygif;pyfNyD; tcsKyfa&;vkdY
(18)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
ESpfcsKyfvkdY ac:wm jzpfygw,f/ b,frif; vufxufawmfBuD; t
aMumif;vkdY rif;ukdvkdufNyD; ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f/
tckajymjycsufudk ydkNyD;xif&Sm;pGm jrifomatmif rSefeef;&mZ
0ifudkyJ erlem,lMunfhyg/ urÇmysuf[efu pwifazmfjyw,f/ NyD;awmh
urÇmopfwnfw,f/ vlay:vmw,f/ vlawG[m touf odyf&Snf
w,f/ bmrSraMumifhrMu aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tifaew,f/ pm;p&maumif;
aumif;udk 0atmif ryifryef; pm;&w,f/ vkdcsifwm awmifhworQ
oD;ay;wJhya'omyif &SdaevkdY jzpfw,f? 'Dtwkdif;omqkd&if bm'ku©rS
rawGYEdkifbl;/ 'gayrJh wpfzufu avmb a'go arm[qkdwmawG &Sd
aeawmh oufwrf;vnf; wkdvmw,f/ b0&yfwnfa&;vnf; cufcJ
vmw,f/ tJ'Dtcg tcuftcJ ajz&Sif;ay;zdkY acgif;aqmifvkdw,f/
a&G;aumufwifajr§mufwJhor®way:vmw,f/ tzt&kduft&mudk
om;qufcHwJhxkH;udk vufcHNyD; rif;qufjzpfvmw,f/ udk,fydkifypönf;?
om;r,m;rdom;pk? tdrfaxmif/ tJ'g[dE´LawG urÇmtpudk MuHqykH
udk ul;,lxm;wm jzpfygw,f/
jrefrm&mZ0ifudk a&S;u a&;ykHudk Munfh&if urÇmwnfNyD; or®w
ay:wmu pw,f/ yxray:wJhrif;[m w&m;rQww,f/ wpfzuf
om;udk ulnDcsifw,f? udk,fusKd;rzuf? vltrsm;udk pnf;&kH;EkdifpGrf;
&Sdw,f/ vltrsm;udk Nidrf;csrf;om,maeEkdifap&r,fvkdY tmrcHw,f/
twGif;&ef tjyif&ef tm;vkH;udk ajz&Sif;ay;r,f/ or®wu vlawG&JU
raumif;wJhp&dkuftm;vkH;udk yaysmufatmif vkyfay;r,fvkdYvnf;
,kHw,f/ vlwkdif; touftkd;tdrfpnf;pdrfudk umuG,fay;rnfhol jzpf
w,f/ olwpfyg; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf olu tcsdefjynfhaqmif&Guf
aew,fqkd&if olYukd,fa&;? om;r,m;ta&;? pm;0wfaea&;udk ol
(19)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
b,fvkdvkyfNyD; wm0ef,lrvJ/ 'gudk ajz&Sif;zkdYvnf; rcufyg/ vlwkdif;
vlwkdif;u rdrdwpfaeYwGif;? wpfvwGif;? wpfESpfwGif; &SmazGvkdY&wJh
ypönf;&JUq,fykH wpfykH q,fcsKd;wpfcsKd; olYudkay;&if olvnf; wjcm;
tvkyfrvkyfbJ vltrsm;aumif;usKd;udkyJ tcsddefjynfhaqmif&GufEkdif
r,fvkdY ,kHMunfNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efudk olYudkyJ ay;xm;vkdufMuyg
w,f/ rif;u vkHjcHKa&;wm0ef? wkdif;oljynfom; vltrsm;u tcGef
tcay;zdkYwm0ef? 'Dvkd tjyeftvSef vlrIqufqHa&; uwdu0wf (So-
cial Contract)rSm ysufuGufoludk 'Pfxm;r,f/ tcGeftxrf;uvnf;
rysufuGuf&? vkHjcHKa&;orm;vnf; rayghq&bl;vkdY qkdygw,f/ tck
vkd tjyeftvSef oabmwlaqmif&GufMur,fvkdY qkdvkdwm tajym
vG,fw,f? tvkyfvnf; vG,fwmyJ/ a&S;u vlrIudpöawG tckvkd r&Iyf
vkdY vG,fwmvkdYxif&ygw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm&SdwJh vlawGuvnf; tck
ajymjywJhtdEd,pdwful;eJYvlYavmuZmwfckH&JUtcuftcJudk ajz&Sif;vkdY
jzpfEkdifw,fvkdYyJ ,lqw,f/ wpfzufu omoem&JUtqkH;treJY udk,f
pDukd,fiS avmb a'goawG csKd;ESdrfEkdif&if NyD;pwrf;yJaygh/ taemuf
Oa&myEkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:awG vlaerIoabmxm;awG a&muf
vmawmh a&S;uvkd tcuftcJudk vG,fvG,feJY ajz&Sif;vkdY r&awmhbl;
vkdY odvmMuw,f/ tdEd,"avh ysHUESHYvmwmudk c&pfESpfay:pOD;u
jzpfr,fvkdY rSef;qwmaMumifh c&pfay:umvESpfOD;rwkdifrDu ta&SU
awmiftm&Su vlawG b,fvkdtkyfcsKyfa&;eJYjynfwnfaxmifMurvJ
vkdY wwfpGrf;oavmuf &SmazGMunfhzdkY vkdygw,f/
(20)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
orkdif;&JUorkdif;(2)
Ä
jrefrmtBudKorkdif;(Prehistory of Myanmar)rSm acsmif;OD;e,f EG,facG
rSm awGYwJhar;&kd;tpeJYtHoGm;ESpfacsmif;[m t&ifESpfwpfoef;okH;
odef;u okH;odef;(1.3 Million 3,00,000 B.P)u &SdcJhzl;wJhrwfrwfvrf;
avQmufEkdifol (Homo Erectus)jzpf&if ESpfwpfoef;eJYokH;odef;Mum;u
vlYp&kdufudk jyefNyD; azmfxkwfMunfh&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Da&S;vlawGudk
tvG,fac:zkdY ]]tnmom;}}vkdY emrnfay;xm;ygw,f/
tnmom;"avh(Anyathian Culture)udk avhvmMunfhwJhtcg
olwkdY[m yxrausmufacwfa[mif;tqifhrSmyJ &Sdw,f/ vlynm&Sd
(Homo Sapiens)u jrefrmEkdifiHrSm t&ifESpfav;aomif;avmufurS
&Sdr,fxifygw,f/ olwkdY&JU"avhudk aESmif;acwftnmom;"avh (Late
Anyathian Culture)vkdYtrnfay;xm;ygw,f/ &Srf;ukef;ajrjrifh t
aemufbufawmifapmif; y'wfvIdif(Badalin Caves)awGrSm awGY&wJh
a&S;vufeuf(Artifacts)awG? eH&Hyef;csD(Cave Drawings)tkd;uGJ(Post-
sherds)? tkd;eJYrD;aoG;awGt& 'DausmufacwfaESmif;tnmom;awG
[m aemufqkH;rkd;vGef pwkw¬umv(Fourth Pluvial Period)rSm t&if
tESpf 11ç000 (11,000 B.P)txd rkqkd;wHigtjzpfeJYtoufarG;w,f/
tkd;tMurf;vkyfwwfNyD; ausmufvufeufudk wpfpdwfwpfydkif;acsm
atmif aoG;,lwwfNyD; rD;udk aumif;aumif;tokH;cswwfvkdY pm;p
&mudk csufjyKwfzkwfuif rD;Nr§dKufNyD; pm;wwfNyD; acsmif;ajrmif;tif;
tkdifokH;zkdY opfvkH;xGif;avS &Sdr,f? vufeuftaeeJY vSH&SnfvHSwdkuwpf
Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? rwf? 1997/
(21)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
qifhwufNyD; av;jrm;(Bow and Arrow)&Sdr,fvkdY ,lqEkdifw,f/ ouf
aotaxmuftxm;&,fvkdY rawGYao;ayr,fh t&iftESpf 10ç000
eJY8000 Mum;(10,000-8,000 B.P)rSm av;jrm;udk okH;aeNyDvkdY,lqEkdif
ygw,f/
t&iftESpf 10ç000(10,000 B.P)upNyD; rkd;tvGefrsm;wJh&moD
Owktajctaeu rkd;qkwfNyD; tckacwf tajctaeudk wpfpwpfp
ajymif;vJvmcJhygw,f/ &moDOwkajymif;&if tyifawGvnf; ajymif;
r,f? om;aumifawGvnf; ajymif;r,f? jrpfacsmif;tif;tkdifawGrSm
a&avsmhNyD; ajrjyefYvGifjyifawG us,fvmr,f/ tJ'gawG[m pkdufysKd;
arG;jrLa&;pzkdY tajccHawGygyJ/ t&iftESpf 8000(8000 B.P)u pkduf
ysKd;arG;jrLa&;(Crop and Animal Husbandary)pNyDvkdY od&ygw,f/ vl
OD;a&u enf;ao;vkdY pdkufcif;awGu odyfrrsm;wJhtjyif wpfckeJYwpf
ckvnf; tvSrf;odyfa0;rSm jzpfygw,f/ pdkufysKd;zkdY ajrBuD;udk jyifqif
wJhtcg xGef(Harrow)udk okH;w,f/ aemuf pdkufcif;awG BuD;vmwJht
cg 0efqJGuRJEGm;(Beasts of Burden)awG &SdvmwJhtcg tkd;udk tkd;xdef;
pufeJYxGif;EkdifwJhtcg &Gmi,fawG tESHYtjym; &Sdvmygr,f/
tJ'Dtcgumvudk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf t&iftESpf 8000(8,000
B.P)vkdYyJ xifp&m&Sdygw,f/ &Gm&dS&if &GmolBuD;eJYtkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpHwpf
rsKd;awmh &Sd&r,f jzpfygw,f/ ,kHMunfrIrSmvnf; ewfukd;uG,fr,f?
wefckd;&SdwJhewfukd ylaZmf&r,f/ vkyfoifhwm rvkyfvkdY a'goeJY&efrvkyf
atmif awmif;yef&r,f/ vkdcsifwm&atmif qkawmif;&r,fqkdwm
awGygyJ/ ewfylaZmfwJhtcg ,mZfyv’ifeJYewfq&m &Sdr,f/ a&m*ga0
'emcH&&if ewfzrf;pm;w,fvkdYxifr,f? ewfyo&w,f/ wpfzufu
vnf; opfjrpfopfacgufawGeJY aq;ukw,fqkdwmvnf; &SdrSmjzpfyg
(22)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
w,f/ aumufyJoD;ESHtxGufaumif;zkdY v,fxGefyGJ? aumufodrf;yGJqkd
wmawG vkyfr,f/ vlrsKd;taeeJY rGef*kdtEG,f(Mongoloid)eJYtm&S
awmifbufukef;ydkif;om;(Austro Asiatic)awG jzpfMuygw,f/ vlrsKd;
awG a&TUajymif;ykHrSm tMurf;tm;jzifh rGef*kdtEG,fawGu ajrmufrS
awmif? tm&SawmifbuftEG,fawGu ta&SUrStaemufodkY ysHUESHYwkd;
yGm;vmMuygw,f/
ausmufacwfopf(Neolithic)tajctaeu aMu;acwfoHacwf
udk ajymif;vJwmu c&pfray:rD wpf&mpkESpf(1st Century B.C)ujzpf
r,f/ &GmwcsKdU BuD;yGm;NyD; NrdKUBuD;awG jzpfvmMuygw,f/ a&S;acwf
pD;yGm;a&;(Primitive Economy)u ya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;(Feudal Eco
-nomy)udk ul;ajymif;vmw,f/ ausmufacwfopfvufeufawGudk pGefY
NyD; aMu;vufeuf? oHvufeufudk wDxGifokH;pGJvmMuw,f/ vlrIquf
qHa&;rSmvnf; t&ifa&S;acwfrdom;pk tzGJYtpnf;uae ya'o&mZf
acwfajr&Sif ajruReftzGJYtpnf;udk ul;ajymif;cJh&ygw,f/
a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeu wl;azmfay;vkYd jrefrma&S;NrdKU
a[mif;wcsKdU&JU&ufpGJudk azmfxkwfEkdifygw,f/ NrdKU&kd;eJYwkdufeH&HawGudk
awmifajrmufwef;wJhae&mrSm oHvkduftdrfajr§mif(Magnetic Compass)
u nTefwJhajrmufbufudk twdtus ra&mufbJ ta&SUbufudk &Spf
'D*&D? taemufbufudk wpfq,fhokH;'D*&Dtxd wdrf;apmif;ae&if 'D
tkwfwHwkdif;eJYeH&HwnfaqmufwJh&mpkESpfudk wGuf,lvkdY&ygw,f/ (oef;
xGef; ]]a&S;jrefrmeH&H awmifajrmufwef;wdrf;apmif;ykH}}usKdwkdta&SU
awmiftm&S avhvma&;*sme,f? twGJ 14? tydkif;-4? rwf 1977?
pm-589-92? rkdif;armudk at'D 13-&mpkESpftpm; bDpDESpf&mpkESpf
vkdYjyifyg/) vef'efeJYyg&DNrdKUa[mif;awG&JUeH&Hwdrf;apmif;ykH avhvm
(23)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
enf;udk rSDNyD; jrefrmNrdKUa[mif;awG&JUeH&Hwdrf;apmif;ykHudk wGuf,lwm
jzpfygw,f/ 'DvkdwGuf,lwJhtcg twdtus &ufpGJr&ayr,fh&mpkESpf
avmuf &ufpGJtMurf;&ygw,f/
rkdif;arm(ulrJteD;) 2-&mpkESpf bDpD
ydóEkd;(awmifwGif;BuD;teD;) 1-&mpkESpf at'D
[Hvif;(0ufvufteD;) 3-&mpkESpf at'D
oa&acwå&m(jynfteD;) 4-&mpkESpf at'D
a0omvD(ajrmufOD;teD;) 8-&mpkESpf at'D
yk*H 11-&mpkESpf at'D
t0ukd 26? Zefe0g&D? 1365 u wnfaxmifNyD;wJhaemuf jrefrm
orkdif;tm;vkH;udk igodNyDyJvkdY xifwJhvl rsm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkdtcgup
NyD; a&qdyf? jrpfqdyf? oabFmqdyf? yifv,fqdyf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
ay:xGef;vmygw,f/ tdE´d,eJYqufqHa&;[mvnf; ydkNyD;wGifus,f
vmygw,f/ rkd;avNidrfoufwJhEkd0ifbmu arvtwGif; &GufoabFm
awG yifv,ful;Mur,f/ txl;ojzifh awmifydkif;tdEd,eJYtquft
oG,f ydkrsm;r,f/ 'gayrJh ukvm;awGvmNyD; wkdif;EkdifiHopf xlaxmif
(Indian Colonization)w,fvkdY ajymEkdifavmufatmif rrsm;yg/ tJ'D
taMumif;udk atmufrSmxyfNyD; pkHvifatmif ajymygr,f/ ukvm;
"avhvTrf;rkd;w,f(Influence of Indian Culture)qkd&mrSm ukvm;awG
trsm;BuD; ajymif;a&TUvma&mufaexkdifvkdY r[kwfyg/ t,l0g' xkd;
azmufvmjcif;om jzpfygw,f/ tapmqkH; jA[®P0g'? NyD;awmh r[m
,me? NyD;awmh [de,me a&mufvmygw,f/ aemufqkH; c&pfudk;&m
pkESpfqkd&if [de,me MoZmom tav;eufqkH; aygufa&mufvmNyDvkdY
qkdEkdifygw,f/
(24)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
N*DauGMw(Sriksetra)ac:wJhjynfNrdKUem;u oa&acwårSm omo
eduypönf;tjzpfeJY jAm[®P0g'qkdif&m Ak'¨0g'qkdif&m &kyfxk&kyfyGm;?
ewf&kwfjA[®m&kyfawGudk awGY&w,f? jA[®P0g'rSmvnf; {&m0wDjrpf
&kd;rSm ydóEkd;ewfrif;udk ,kHMunfol(Visnavite)rsm;ygw,f/ &ckdifbuf
rSmawmh oD0ewfrif;udk ukd;uG,fol(Saivite) rsm;r,fxifygw,f/ Ak'
omoemrSm r[m,me w`EÅm,meeJY[de,met,lawG a&maESmNyD;
twl&Sdaew,fvkdYyJ qkd&r,f/ r[m,me vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;w,f
vkdY r&dSygbl;/ yk*HacwfNydKif rSwfwrf;jzpfwJhausmufpmawGt& ajym
&&if vltrsm;[m r[m,meJY[de,met,lawGxJu aumif;Ekd;&m
&m,lNyD; oifhwifhnDnTwfatmif tvkduftxkduf(Ambival Ence)vkduf
emcJhMuw,fvkdY qkd&ygr,f/ *leH&Haq;a&;awGrSm r[m,meqkdif&m
t&kyfawG yk*HysufwJhtxd &Sdaewmu oufaocHvsuf &Sdygw,f/ [d
e,meudk q&mpOfquf oifMum;cJhwJhtwkdif; rSwfom;em,lusifhMuH
tm;xkwfw,fqkd&mu ax&0g'vkdYajymif;vJac:a0:vmMuNyD; yk*H
acwfukefcgeD;upvkdY b,ftpk[m b,fq&mtpOftqufvkdY pGJ,l
rSwfom;vmcJhMuygw,f/ r[m,me tavhtvm qufvuf&Sdae
jcif;udk bdouú*k&k(abopö*k&k)&kyfyGm;awmf udk;uG,fjcif;? vmbrked
udk;uG,fjcif;? *gxmrEÅef&Gwfqkdjcif; tckxd jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufaewm
awGu xifxif&Sm;&Sm; oufaocHaeygw,f/ tcsKyfudk ajym&&if
udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIeJYtOD;tpyg ewfukd;uG,fjcif;jzpfNyD; aemufay:
vmwJhjA[®P? r[m,me? [de,meawG[m wpfrsKd;uaemufwpfrsKd;
udk tNyD;wkdif z,f&Sm;NyD; tpm;0ifa&mufvmwJhoabmr&Sd pkaygif;
wJhoabm(Syncretism) jzpfvmNyD; tJ'gudkyJ trsm;auseyf vufcH
vsuf &SdMuygw,f/
(25)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
a&S;a[mif;okawoe (Archaeology)[m tBudKorkdif;(Prehis-
tory)eJYtporkdif;(Protohistory)avhvma&;rSm trsm;BuD;taxmuf
tulay;ygw,f/ tBudKorkdif;qkdwm t&ifu orkdif;rwifrDacwfvkdY
ac:ajymavh&SdNyD; 1964-wuúodkvfynma&;pepf pwifwJhtcgup
NyD; tBudKorkdif;udk wuúokdvforkdif;oif&kd;awG(Syllabus)rSm xnhfcsdef
upNyD; orkdif;rwifrDacwfqkdwJha0g[m&tpm; tBudKorkdif;vkdYa0g
[m&opfudk okH;cJhygw,f/ a&S;a[mif;okawoeynmudkvnf; wuú
okdvforkdif;XmeawGrSm toifhtwifh yl;aygif;oifMum;&mu tck
oD;jcm;Xmewpfck &efukefwuúokdvfrSm 1993-upNyD; oifMum;ay;
cJhygw,f/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe[m tckvkd orkdif;ynmrSm tult
nDtaxmuftyHh&ovkd wpfzufuvnf; orkdif;ppfw,fxifNyD; t
pOftvmajymMum;rSwfom;cJhwJhtaMumif;t&mwcsKdUudk taxmuf
txm;r&SdqkdNyD; y,fcJhygw,f/ y,fw,fqkdwJhpum;[m jyif;xefvkdY
okH;zkdY0efav;wJhtcg olwum ajymovkd vkdrajymbl;qkdNyD; qdwfqdwf
aecJhMuygw,f/
erlemwcsKdUudk wifjyygr,f/ &mZ0ifwpfapmift& waumif;
udk c&pfray:rD 1462 (1462 B.C)u omuD0ifrif;om;wpfyg; wnf
axmifw,f/ c&pfray:rD 461(461 B.C)u omuD0ifrif;om; aemuf
wpfyg; 'kwd,waumif;rif;qufudk pwifwnfaxmifw,f/ tJ'Du
qif;oufwJhrif;om;wpfyg;[m &ckdifa&mufNyD; EkdifiHwnfaxmif
w,f/ aemufrif;om;wpfyg;u c&pfray:rD 504(504 B.C)rSm {&m
0wDjrpfatmufykdif; a&mufvmNyD; olYajr;u c&pfray:rD 443(443
B.C)rSm oa&acwå&mudk wnfaxmifw,f/ c&pfray:rD 72(72 B.C)
oa&acwåysufawmh oa&acwå&mrif;qufxJu rif;om;wpfyg;u
(26)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
at'D 849(A.D 849)rSm yk*Hudk wnfw,f/ tJ'gawGeJYywfoufwJht
&if;tikwfawGudk a&S;a[mif;okawoeu rawGYbl; rajymayr,fh
olwkdYawGYwm tJ'gawGeJY rqkdifbl;/ tJ'grsKd;vnf; oa&acwå&meJY
acwfNydKifok"r®0gwD(oxkH)rSm rif;qufwpfck &Sdw,f/ t&Sifarm*¾vd
ykwårax&f vTwfvkdY t&SifaomPeJYt&SifOwå&wkdY wwd,o*Fg,em
tNyD; c&pf ray:rD 246(246 B.C)rSm ok0PÖblrdudk a&mufvmMu
w,f/ ok0PÖblrd[m ok"r®0wDjzpfw,fvkdY ajymol&dSovkd c&pfESpf
1480(A.D 1480)a&;xkd;wJhuvsmPDodrfausmufpmu ok0PÖblrd
[m wkdufukvm;jzpfw,f/ tck t&uforeJY0ifu ae&mjzpfw,fvkdY
ajymjyefw,f/ 'Dtwkdif;qkd&if rGefa'oudk c&pfray:rD 3 &mpkESpf (3rd
Century B.C)uyJ Ak'omoem a&mufw,f/ a&S;a[mif;okawoeu
wl;azmfawGY&SdcsufawGuawmh tckajymwmawGeJY rqkdifyg/ ysLa'o
awGrSm a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeu wl;azmfw,f/ w&kwfacwfNydKif
rSwfwrf;eJYnd§w,f/ 'Dtcg tpOftvmajymwmawGeJY rwlwmawG
awGYw,f/ {&m0wDjrpf&kd; ysLa'orSm ysLawGa&mufvmwm c&pf
ray:rD ig;&mpkESpf(5th Century B.C)uyJ jzpfEkdifw,f/ c&pfray:rD
ESpf&mpkESpf (2nd Century B.C)qkd&if w&kwfu wkrif(Tumin)ac:wJh
rkdif;armNrdKUa[mif;udk wnfNyD;jzpfw,f/ aemufrMumrD ydóEkd;NrdKU
a[mif;? oa&acwå&mNrdKUa[mif;? [Hvif;NrdKUa[mif;awGudk wnf
NyD;jzpfrSmyJvkdY ,lqEkdifygw,f/ c&pfav;&mpk(A.D 4th Century)up
NyD; ysLEkdifiH[m ajrmufbuf vm;&Id;? awmifbuf r'ryifv,fauGY
txd us,fjyefYw,f/ 'gaMumifh yxrjrefrmEkdifiHudk ysLawGu pwif
pnf;&kH;wnfaxmifw,fvkdY tpOftvmajympum;rSm tJ'Dvkd wkd;NyD;
ajymEkdifygw,f/ c&pf 832(A.D 832)rSm ysLNrdKUawmf tzsufcH&NyD;
(27)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
aemuf ysL[m wjznf;jznf; wdrfaum yaysmuf(Extinct)oGm;&yg
w,f/
(28)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
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orkdif;&JUorkdif; (3)
Ä
jrefrmajrjyefYukd jrefrmawG a&mufrvmrDuyJ wjcm;vlrsKd;awG
a&muf&SdaeNyDqkdwmudkawmh arhvkdYrjzpfygbl;/ NrdKU&GmawG[mvnf;
tm;vkH; jrefrmawGwnfwJhNrdKU&GmawG r[kwfyg/ 'gudk xif&Sm;atmif
om"ujy&&if ausmufqnfe,fu jrefrmawG pwifaexkdifcJhwJhwpf
q,fhwpf&Gm&JUe,fawGudk ppfaq;MunfhEkdifygw,f/ tm;vkH;yJ yef;
avmifeJYaZmf*sDjrpf&kd;wpfavQmufrSm&SdNyD; 'Djrpfuav;awG[m awmif
bufu pwifpD;qif;NyD; ajrmufbufjrpfi,f('k|0wD)xJudk pD;0ifMu
vkdY &Gmpm&if;udkvnf; awmifbufu ajrmufbufudk tpOfvkduf az:
jyygr,f/ &Gmemrnf pmvkH;aygif;udkvnf; ausmufpmygtwkdif; a&;
xm;ygw,f/
yifv,f? y’Ofrem? r’pfom? &ikef? jrifckHwkdif? yeef? wrkwf? oif
awmif? ru©&m? wy’ufomeJYcHvSL? aygif;wpfq,fhwpf&Gm jzpfygw,f/
yifv,fqkdwJhemrnfu &Srf;? cHvSLu rGef? y’Ofrem? &ikef? yeef? ru©&m
eJYwy’ufomqkdwmawGu jrefrmemrnf r[kwfyg/ jrefrmemrnfqkd&if
r’pfom? jrifckHwkdif? wrkwfeJYoifawmif wkdYawGyJ &Sdw,f/ acwfjrefrm
awG[m AsKyÜwf(AsKyÜwåd)tajymaumif;vSw,f/ 'gayrJh tm;rudk;&
yg/ NrdKU&Gmemrnfudk rGefpm&if;? &Srf;pm&if; vkyfMunfhwJhtcg b,fvl
rsKd; b,fa'orSm pwifaexkdifoGm;w,fvkdY tMurf;zsif;odEkdifp&m
&Sdw,f/ ukvm;pm&if;rSmawmh pOf;pm;p&mtcsufawG rsm;w,f/
bmjyKvkdYvJqkdawmh ukvm;emrnfudk ysL? rGef? &Srf;? jrefrmawGu ESpf
Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? ZGef? 1997/
(29)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
oufvkdY olwkdYaewJht&yfukdyJ ukvm;emrnf ay;wwfvkdYygyJ/
rGef&Gmtrnfpm&if;
urm&Gwf urm-a&avSmifuef? &wf-&wem? &wemuef
aumhcsJ u-uRef;? acsrf-jrif;/ jrif;uRef;
usKHaysmf MuKif-acsmif;i,f? jAmf-rdef;r? rdef;racsmif;
usKduúqH usmf-jrwfaomae&m? oH-oHCm? bkef;BuD;ausmif;
usKduúom usmf-bk&m;? tom-rif;om;trnf? tomrif;
om;
usKdufxkd usmf-bk&m;? axm0f-ysm;/ ysm;apwD
usKdufvwf usmf-bk&m;? vmf-tNydKtysuf? bk&m;ysuf
Munfhjrifwkdif uédif-eH&H? #Kef-NrdKU/ NrdKU&kd;&SdwJhNrdKU
uaemifwkd umaemef-opfyif? awm-rif;uGwfyift&kdif;/
rif;uGwfyif(Garcinia heterandra)
ppfawmif
Zif;usKduf Zsdif-ajc? usmf-bk&m;/ bk&m;yk&0kPf
Zkdif;uEkdif Zsdif-ajc? *Ekdef-awm/ awmtpyf
anmifwkH; anmif-anmif? Ekef-NrdKU/ anmifNrdKU
weoFm&D rav;emrnf
wmyGef wm-xef;yif? yef-av;/ xef;av;yif
wmarG wm-xef;yif? rGJ-wpf/ xef;wpfyif
wGHaw; wGH-ukef;rkdY? aw-x&Gm/ ukef;rkdY&Gm
'*kH vGKif-acsmuful;-opfwkHY
xm;0,f ¡wJ-ajcESpfzufyv’ifacG
(30)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
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'v w’-t&Sif
a';'&J a'k-awmif? j'm-orif? orifawmif/
'g;ydef uyf-Oau©mif;? tif-£`E´(odMum;rif;)? odMum;
acgif;
a'gyHk a'k-awmif? yef-av;? awmifav;vkH;
y*kd;(yJcl;) A-vSnfhzsm;? a*g-&,lonf/ vSnfhzsm;NyD;&cJhw,f
aygif yif-aygif;? taygif;
ykZGefawmif rokef-ig;? 'kd0f-awmifukef;i,f? awmifig;vkH;
ykodef yodef(y&fao)-rkqvif? rkqvifNrdKU
zsmykH Asm-qkdif? ykif-xrif;/ xrif;qkdif
bD;vif; uÁd-jrpf? u’dif-a&jyef/ txufvSefpD;wJhjrpf
abmufaxmf Akdyf-0rf;bJ? x0f-a&T/ a&T0rf;bJ
r'r rk[f-ausmuf? w®H-pGef;/ ausmufpGef;
r*Fvm'kH r*Fvm-aumif;csD;ay;? #Kef? NrdKU/ aumif;csD;jyKcH&
aomNrdKU/
rkwfyvif rkuf-a&SUrsufESm? yv’if-jrwfwJhae&m? yv’ifa&SU
arSmfyD rk[f-a'gifh auGY? bD-jrpf/ jrpfauGY
armfvNrdKif armaw-rsufaph? rGJ-wpf? av&f-ysufpD;/ wpfzuf
uef;
vyGwåm vaygwf-acsmif;ESpfacsmif;Mum;u wl;ajrmif;wm
-xef;yif? acsif;ESpfacsmif;qufay;wJhwl;ajrmif;
0J,m xef;yifwef;
0g;c,fr ysKd;cif;
0g;bavmufaomuf aumufe,f
!
(31)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
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oxkH anmiftkyf? tkyftkyfqkdif;qkdif;anmifyif&Sdaomtkyf
oefvsif oHvsif;? aqmifyef;
oCFef;uRef; oHCmuRef;
tif;pdef tif;-a&tkdif? pdef-qif/ qiftif;
&Srf;&Gmtrnfpm&if(&Srf;jynfu emrnfawGryg)
uav; a&mif;0,fa&; aumif;wJhaps;
uAGuf oHaps;
uom pnfum;wJhaps;
aumvif; awmifuwkH;
aumif;pif qifawmif
aumif;wkH awmBuD;awmif
cEÅD; a&Tajr
crf;ywf a&TxGuf
csif;wGif; oHaMu;
pum NrdKUaps;
puk pkHwGJNrdKU
pudkif;(ppfudkif;) a&pD;oefjrpf
pav a&mif;0,faumif;wJhNrdKU
pvif; ydEéJyifNrdKU
pOfhul jrif;ajceif;uGif;vkyfwJhNrdKU
pOfhudkif jrif;ajceif;uGif;vkyfwJhNrdKU
pkH;NrdKU pkH;trnf&Sd &Srf;rsKd;wlpkudkpGJNyD;ac:
waumif; tcGeftaumufawmif;&mXme
(32)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
wukH ykZGeful;wkdY
wZif qiful;wkdY
wydef arQmhul;wkdY
wyGifh jrpfqkHul;wkdY
wv aumif;wJhul;wkdY
wGHaw; csOfoD;ul;wkdY
xm;0,f ul;cwf&wJhul;wkdY
yqkyf awm0ifvrf;
ywdef acsa[mufwJhawm
y'ef Muufzawm
yifv,f vGifjyifus,f a&jyifusif
yif;', pG,fawmfyifvGifjyif
ysOf;rem; zefcg;yifvGifjyif
zm;uefY ausmufzsmrkd;
Aef;armf tkd;&Gm
Aef;armuf yef;&Gm
A[if; ausmufawm
rvnf jrif;pm;usufajr
armfu,f qm;wGif;
armfwkH aMu;wGif;
armfvl; owåLwl;,lwJhvkdPf
armfvkduf tprf;wGif;
refpD pdrfhajr&Gm
rEÅav; awmifi,fav;
(33)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
refvD aumif;wJh&Gm
0ef;odk usm;NrdKU
0dkif;armf tkd;xdef;NrdKU
oD[awm ikwfav;^ig;
aomifoGwf t0t0if jrpfBuD;udkpD;0if&m t0
[kr®vif; ydEéJyif&dyf
emrnfudk od&kHeJY&GmwnfaxmifwJhorkdif;udk odzkdY rvG,fyg/ 'gay
rJh b,fvkdrsKd; wnfaxmifoGm;r,fxif&w,f/ tck b,folawGquf
aeovJ qkdwmawmh cefYrSef;vkdY&Ekdifygw,f/ ukvm;emrnf&SdwJhNrdKU&Gm
qkd&if Ak'0ifxJu ,lrSnfhwm jzpfr,f/ ukvm;awGvmNyD; NrdKUwnfwm
awmh odyfrjzpfEkdifbl;vkdYyJ ajymcsifygw,f/
ukvm;&Gm trnfpm&if;
uEÅm&0wD u,m;
uarÁmZ &Srf;
ukode*& ykodrf
auwkrwD awmifil
aumvmo awmif? usKdufxkd bD;vif;awmifbuf
aumorÇD BudKUyif? anmifa&Tajrmuf
acr&| usKdif;wkH
acgoEÅD jrif;ajr? a&Tbdktem;u
cwåd, {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:
*E¨m& pdefY? ucsifjynfe,f
apwkwå&m pvif;taemuf
(34)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
pde&| ucsifjynfe,f
pE´yl& rPdyl&bufe,fpyf
prÜme*& oydwfusif;ajrmuf
aZ,0¹ke awmifile,f
aZ,yl& ppfukdif;
aZmwde*& usKdif;[kHBuD; pdpGrfyEém; vl 12 e,f
ww¬a'o cef;ajcmufajr? yk*He,f
wrÜ'Dy {&m0wDajrmufydkif;
wrÜ0wD rEÅav;e,f
"n0wD ajrmufOD;
'kw¬0wD jrpfi,f
'Gm&m0wD oHwGJ
e*&mZm e*&pf
yOömv&mZ waumif;
yXre*& rauG;awmifbuf
ayguú&0wD &efukef
r[me*& &efukef
r[me*& rGefi,f
rpä*D&d csif;awmifwef;
arC0wD rmefatmif
rdw¬Dvm
,u©yk& oxkH
a,meu a,m
&wemyk& t0
(35)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
&wemykH rEÅav;
&mZN*D[ uav;tem;
&mrna'0 rGefjynfe,f
&r®m0wD &rf;NAJ
&wemodcF? &wemodCF a&Tbdk
a0bm&a0ykv’ ausmufqnfta&SU&kd;
a0omvD ajrmufOD;em;
0drPk? AdóEkd; awmifwGif;BuD;ta&SU
ov’0wD csif;wGif;jrpf
omauw &efukeftem;
om*& qGmem;
om,m0wD okH;q,fem;
od&Dacwå&m armfZm
od&Dypö&m yk*Hem;
od*kFwå&m a&Twd*kHukef;
okemy&EÅ {&m0wDjrpfajrmufbuf
ok"r®0wD oxkH
ok0PÖblrd ¿ wkdufukvm;? t&ufor? 0ifu
oCFóem& waumif;
[&dbkOö rGefe,f? xkdif;
[Hom0wD y*kd;? yJcl;
tr&yl& awmifNrdKU
t&dr'eyl& yk*H
toDwOöe &efukef
(36)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
tv’uyÜ ppfukdif;em;
tmV0D rEÅav;eef;
{&m0wD jrpfBuD;
Mo&dó y*kd;
Ouúvmy &efukef
t*FvdyfNrdKU&Gm emrnfpm&if;
ALLAN ajrxJ 1887
AMHERST usKdu©rD 1824
BERNARD oydwfusif;ta&SUajrmuf 1886
DALHOUSIE i0efjrpf0 1857-1855
DWIENN rEÅav;eef;NrdKU 1885
HERTZ ylwmtkd 1886
MAY jyifOD;vGif 1896
STEADMAN rkdif;aomuf
xrf;cGm;(csif;)
tavmif;rif;w&m;vufxuf rGefNrdKU&GmemrnfawGudk jrefrm
emrnfay;wJhtcg jrefatmif? &efukefqkdovkd ay:vmcJhygw,f/
(37)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
orkdif;&JUorkdif; (4)
Ä
a&S;tcgu jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;awG a&;cJhMuwJh&nf&G,fcsufukd ppf
aq;Munfhyg/ yxrr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;(tvG,fac: rSefeef;)udk
bmaMumifh a&;ovJar;&if &Sifbk&ifckdif;vkdYqkdwJhtajzudk csufcsif;
ajymEkdifygw,f/ wGif;oif;wkduf0ef OD;xGef;ndKudk y'kHrif; 1728 u
&mZ0ifopfudk a&;ckdif;wkef;u ouú&mZftrSwftom;awG ausmuf
pmeJYrudkufbl;? nd§ygvkdY ckdif;w,f/ 'gayrJh trSefwu,f &nfrSef;csuf
u ig;rsKd;&Sdr,fxifw,f/
(1) Ak'omoem jrefrmEkdifiHudk b,fenf;b,fykH a&mufvmo
vJ ajymcsifw,f/
(2) jrefrmrif;aejynfqkdwJhNrdKUawmf[m a&S;ya0PDuyJ &SdcJhwJh
A[kdXmewpfckyJvkdY ajymcsifw,f/
(3) jrefrmrif;awGu urÇmtp r[morwuqif;oufcJhwm
vkdYajymcsifw,f/
(4) ya'o&mZf vufpGJtjzpf tokH;jyKapcsifw,f/
tJ'D&nfrSef;csuf xif&Sm;ay:vGifatmif b,fvkdajym&ajym&?
rawG;rq ajymr,fqkdwJhykHpH 0ifvmw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ZGwfwifjy? ajym
qkdvmwmMumawmh [kwfvkdYajymwm jzpfrSmayghvkdY xifvmMuw,f/
tJ'gawGudk oHo,&Sdw,fvkdYajymwJhvludk pdwfqkd;Muw,f/ 'Dvkdukd,f
vkd&m qGJNyD; ajymcJhMuwm b,favmufMumNyDvJvkdY rSef;qEkdifygw,f/
b,fwkH;upNyD; pmeJYcsa&;ovJqkdwmvnf; cefYrSef;vkdY&ygw,f/
rGef&mZ0ifvwf(jrefrmbmomeJY 30 Zefe0g&D 1785 rSm a&;NyD;
(38)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
w,f/ &efukef jrefrmykHESdyfwkduf? 1922? pmrsufESm 3-9)tqkdt&
*0Hywdax& oxkHac:wJhok0PÖblrdudk oD[rif;vufxufrSm a&muf
vmNyD; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfudk yifhzdwfwJhtwGuf oxkHudk a'opm&D<u
a&mufvmw,f/ 'Dtwkdif; "r®oBuøu (6 Mo*kwf 1831 rSm a&;om;
NyD;wJh)omoemvuFm&pmwrf;(&efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyf? 1956 jyef
ykHESdyf? pmrsufESm 54-56)rSm vkdufa&;w,f/ 'Dtwkdif; q&mawmf
ynmomrdu ygVdbmomeJY(16 'DZifbm 1861 a&;NyD; bDpDavmu
t*FvdyfbmomjyefNyD; vef'efvlZufpmtkyfwkduf? ykHESdyfxkwfa0wJhpm
tkyf pmrsufESm 41-42rSm)a&;jyefw,f/ A'kHrif; 1782-1819(bkd;
awmfbk&m;)vufxufu pNyD; a&;vmcJhMuwm rif;wkef;rif; 1854-
1878 vufxufxd-
ESpfoufpGJvrf;ajymqkdcJhykHu-
(*0Hywdax&onf)tbdnmOfeJYrdcifuG,fvGefNyD; rkqkd;wHigrsm;
&ma'oBuD;wpfckrSm vljyefjzpfaew,f/ rdcifa[mif;udk oHo
&m0#fqif;&Ju vGwfygapvkdY enf;vrf;nTefjyajyma[mzkdY &mr
na'o ok"r®yk&udk <uvmNyD; w&m;a[mw,f/ (oD[rif;eJY
t&ifwpfb0rSm nDaemifjzpfzl;wmaMumifh rif;udkyg w&m;jy
NyD;(&wemokH;yg;udk)qnf;uyfapw,f/ iga[majymwmxuf
bk&m;ocifukd,fawmfwkdif ajyma[myg&if ydkNyD;aumif;r,fvkdY
pGJNrJ,kHMunfwmeJY bk&m;ocif<ua&mufvmygvkdY yifhw,f? bk&m;
&Sifvnf; oAÁnKwÓPfukd &NyD; &SpfESpftMumrSm aemufyg oH
CmawGeJY aumif;uifu a'opm&D<ucsDNyD; ok"r®yk&jynf &mr
nwkdif;udk a&mufvmw,f/ bk&m;ocif <ua&mufNyD; &wem
twd pDjc,fxm;wJh ausmif;awmfrSm owif;okH;um? rif;a&m
(39)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
jynfolawGyg oHo&mu vGwfajrmufaMumif;w&m;udk Mum;em
Mu&vkdY &wemokH;yg;udk qnf;uyfudk;uG,fNyD; ig;yg;oDvcH,l
Muw,f/ (ynmomrd 1861? pmrsufESm 41-42)/
c&pfray:rD 515(515 B.C)rSm jrwfpGmbk&m; oxkHudk jyef<uvm
w,fvkdY ajymMuygw,f/ 'Dtwkdif;qkd&if r'ryifv,fauGYywf0ef;
usifrSm aecJhMuwJhrGefawG Ak'¨omoem0ifjzpfcJhMuwm c&pfray:rD
515 uyJjzpfw,f/
a&Twd*kH(&efukef)ukef;awmfudk ta&SUbufjzpfwJhA[ef;apmif;
wef;u wufcJhvkdY&Sd&if acwfv,f rGefbmomeJYa&;xkd;xm;wJhESpfrsuf
ESmausmufpmwkdifudk apmif;wef;xdyf ra&mufrD nmbufrSm awGYr,f/
(Avuf'ef 1936? trSwf 15? 20-43? vlaz0if; 19? rGefcsKyf 1965?
76-80)/ ausmufpmrSm &ufpGJryg/ 'gayrJh rdzk&m; N*DBwdbk0em 'dws
jy0&"r®Bwdavmuusemx(&Sifapmyk)eJYorufawmf N*Dz&rr[m"r®
&mZm&mZf&mrm"dywd? ("r®apwD)trnfawmfawG ygw,f/ t&SifESpf
yg;u apwDawmfudk tBuD;tus,f rGrf;rHjyifqifw,fvkdYvnf; od&
w,f/ &Sifapmykewf&GmpHwJh 1472 rwkdifrDu 'DvkdBuD;us,fwJhaumif;
rIukokdvfvkyfcJhrSmyJvkdY wGufqEkdifygw,f/ ausmbufu tysuftpD;
rsm;w,f/ «ausmufpm ajrmufrsufESm»
'DyuF&mjrwfpGmbk&m;ajcawmf&if;ü tpOftwkdif; yg&rD jznfh
NyD;vQif. . . bk&m;jzpfawmfrl\/ wzkó bv’duwkdY
17
. . . vSnf;udk
ESifavaomf wzkó bv’du
27
. . . ork'&mudkul;NyD;vQif wzkó
bv’du
41
. . . rkHY<uufuspfudk wzkó bv’du
45
. . . vSLaomqGrf;
udk . . . ewfrif;av;a,mufwkdY . . . oydwfav;vkH;udk wvkH;wnf;
jzpfapí . . . w&m;jyo qkH;rawmfrl\. .. . «ausmufpm awmifrsuf
(40)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
ESm»
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
2
udkvnf; jyKvkyfapNyD;vQif evm#"mwfawmf
udk Ak'qif;wkawmf\ezl;awmfü xnfhoGif;awmfrl\/ apwDukd
7
. . . wnfap\/ þwzkó bv’du
7
wzkó
10
onf aomwmywåd
zkdvfü wnf\ bv’du
10
rlum; &[ef;jyKí bv’du
11
rax&f[k
ac:wGifav\/ wzkó
11
onfum; todwOöeO*kd&fNrdKUodkYwzef
jyefvmí wrÜ&wåawmifxdyfwGif qHawmf"mwfapwDü qHawmf
"mwfjrwfaom tjzpfudk odaom olwkdY\ tquftEG,fonf
uif;jywfí . . . rGefa'oüvnf; omoem
13
rwnfjcif;aMumifh
apwD&Sd&m ae&mrQudkaomfvnf;. . . rodMuawmhacs
14
/ omoem
ESpf 236
15
vGefvwfaomf aomPax&f? Owå&ax&f
15
ok0PÖ
&yf oxkH
15
jynfodkY omoemjyKa&muf. . . wrÇ*kwåawmifxdyfü
wzkó bv’duwkdY
18
Xmyemxm;aom qHawmf"mwfapwD
18
ukd
awmcsKHzkH;tkyfí vlwkdYrodMuaomae&mudk. . . jyawmfrl\ þ
apwDudk BuD;pGmikHíikHí tpOftwkdif; tqufqufwnfvkyfcJho
jzifh þapwDonf r[mapwDBuD;
22
jzpfvm\/ "r®aMwa*gus
emax &mZm"d&mZf
23
trnf&dSaom qifjzL&Sif(Anm;OD;). .. . BuD;
jrifhatmif tawmif 40 jrifh
23
ownf;/ &mZm"d&mZf
24
BuD;pGm
ikHí wnfxm;NyD;
24
vQif txGwfxD;wif
24
awmfrl\/ twGif;
aMu;jym;
24
tjyifa&T
25
cif;awmfrlonf &mr&mZm"d&mZf
25
(Anm;&H)ouú&mZf 798
25
(1436)acgif;avmif;yckH;xufrSNydK
26
usí xyfrHwnfNyD;vQif t*Faw
27
vdrf;usHap\/ ikHíwnfap
aomapwD
27
Anm;A&I; ikHí
29
wnfap\/ txGwf xD;wif
32
awmfrl\/ (&SifapmykESifhom;awmf)csKdifh0Srf;wkdYudk jynfhatmifzkdY
33
(41)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
jrihfarmufaomawmifukef;
34
wkdYudkvnf; nDnmpGm wl;NzdKnd§ap
\/ (rGefcsKyf 1965? 76-80)
wzkótaMumif;udk &SmzkdY vkdjyefw,f/
Ouúv(ckacwf Mo&dóOrissa)ewfom;ukefonfwpfOD;jzpfw,f
oleJYrdwfaqGbv’KuwkdY &mZ,wetyif&Sd&modkYoGm;ckduf bk&m;
yGihfawmfrlNyD; &SpfoDwif;&SdwJhtcg bk&m;ocif&JU'g,umjzpfvm
Muw,f/ Oau©mif;awmfudk vufawmfeJYoyfNyD; olwkdYukd;uG,fzkdY
qHawmfvuf&Spfqkyfudk ay;vkdufw,f/ olwkdY&yf&GmudkjyefNyD;(qH
awmfudk xmyemNyD;)apwDwnfMuw,f/(rvZaoMu 1960?
991)
Ouúvudk tckacwfMo&dó Orissa vkdYaxmufjyayr,fh rGefawG
u Ouúv[m ckacwf &efukefvkdYyJ pGJNrJ,kHMunfw,f/ txufuajym
cJhwJhausmufpmxJrSm ukefonfnDaemifu oabFmwpfwef vSnf;wpf
wefeJY ukefa&mif;oGm;w,f/ ,if; bk&m;yGifhawmfrl&m t&yfukda&muf
w,fvkdY az:jyw,f/ udk;uG,fzkdY qHawmf&awmhvnf; Mo&dórSmyJ
omoemqkdif&m aumif;rIawG vkyf&r,fhtpm; '*kHudkjyefvmNyD;rS wrÇ
*kwåukef;xdyfrSm apwDwnfxm;w,f/ aemufawmh a&Twd*kHjzpfvmyg
w,f/ tJ'Dvkd bk&m;yGifhcsdefrSmyJ Ak'omoemxGef;um;cJhayr,fh aemif
wdrfaumNyD; apwDwnf&mt&yfudkyJ rodMuawmhyg/ awmzkH;oGm;
w,f/ taomu apvTwfwJhomoemjyK aomPeJYOwå&rax&fawG
a&mufawmhrS omoemjyefvnfyGifhvif;vmw,fvkdY ajymMuygw,f/
yJcl;(uvsmPDodrfausmufpm)xJrSm toQifaomum*kwå&m
omoemjyKa&mufaMumif;udk c&pf 1480 rSm ygVdbmom? rGefbmom
eJYa&;xkd;cJhw,f/ ausmufpmygVdykdif;ukd awmifzDvmq&mawmfu 0de
(42)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
,vuFm&0denf;#Dum(1647)rSm ukd;um;w,f/ oQif"r®eEDu 1749
rSm jrefrmjyefw,f/ oajyuefq&mawmf? usKduúqHq&mawmfwkdYu
wnf;jzwfNyD; 1938 u ykHESdyfw,f/ bk&m;jzLq&mawmfuvnf;
wnf;jzwfNyD; 1938 rSm ykHESdyfygao;w,f/ awmifwGif;BuD;cifBuD;
azsmf oQifÓP&JU1758 jrefrmjyefudk wnf;jzwfNyD; 1977 u ykHESdyfcJh
w,f/ awmfpdefckdu ygVdrludkyJokH;NyD; 1892 u t*Fvdyfbmom jyefqkd
ykHESdyfcJhw,f/ rGeftykdif;udk ausmufwkH;q,fwkH;ay:rSm xGif;cJhw,f/
tpdyfpdyfuGJNyD; a&maxG;aevkdY pDzvuf*'ef(C.Blagden)u ygVdrleJY
wkdufNyD; quf&w,f/ tJ'DrGefeJY&SdwJhrludk t*Fvdyfbmomjyefawmh olY
ukd pD'l&GdifZ,f(C.Duroixelle)eJYtm&f [vDa';(R.Halliday)wkdY ulnD
w,f/ 'DausmufpmawG[m &[ef;awmfawG BuD;Muyfa&;om;NyD;
ausmufxuftu©&m wifcJhwm jzpfayr,fh ,cif taomuvuf
xufu tjzpftysufudk 1480 urS a&;wmjzpfw,f/ acwft
axmuftxm; r&Sdyg/
oD&dvuFmeJYtvm;wlEkdifiHawGu &[ef;wkdYrSwfom;rdorQ a&;
w,fqkdayr,fh Ak'{u&mZf(taomu)taMumif;[m orkdif;ppfw,f
vkdY pdwfcsvufcsajymzdkY cufw,f/(Apfqifprpf 1961 rl? b&)
'Dvkdqkd&if taomutaMumif;(tuf'0yf 1949? 12)enf;
enf;azmufNyD; ajymyg&ap/
c&pfray:rD(BC)
563 od'¨w¬rif;om; zGm;jrif
543 rm*"rif; AdrÁdom&eef;wuf? aumov’rSm yaoe'Drif;
jzpf
(43)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
534 od'¨w¬rif;om; awmxGuf
528 oAÁnKwÓPfawmf&í a*gwrbk&m;jzpf
492 tZmwowfeef;wuf? yaoe'Dewf&GmpH? ousomuD0if
wkdYysufpD;
483 bk&m; y&dedAÁmef0if? &mZN*dK[frSm yxro*Fg,emwif
459 O',b'´ eef;wuf
443-435 tEk&k'¨eJYrk@r*"rif;jzpf
411 okokem* eef;wuf
393 umvmaomu eef;wuf
383-382 a0omvDrSm 'kwd,o*Fg,emwif
365-343 umvmaomu om;q,fyg;acwf
343-321 eE´rif; udk;qufajrmuf ZeE´("mumuúvkyfMuH)
323 pE´*kwå eef;wuf
304 taomu zGm;jrif(taomuausmufpm1966? 17-18)
297 AE´Kom& eef;wuf
274 taomu eef;wuf
270 taomu bdodufcH
265 taomu Ak'¨omoem0if jzpfr,fhESpf
262 uvd*Fppf
260 "r®c&D;? ausmufxGif;jyefwrf;i,f 1? 2 ESifh 3
259 uvd*Fjyefwrf; 15? 16
257 ausmufxGif;jyefwrf; 14 ckESifh *leH&Hpm 2 ck
257 r[m'gef0efawGcefY
250 aeyvf(Nepal)txdrf;trSwf ausmufwkdif 2 wkdifxl
(44)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
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han
Yom
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rg
247 yg#vdykwårSm(Ak'y&dedAÁmef0ifNyD; 236 ESpftMum)wwd,
o*Fg,emwif
246 r[dE´udk oD&dvuFm omoemjyKvTwf
243-242 ausmufwkdifjyefwrf;awG pkdufxl
237-6 taomu ewf&GmpH(eef;pH 36 ESpf 37 ESpf &Sdw,f? eef;
wufESpfudk 274 xm;NyD;wGuf,l)
233-232 taomu ewf&GmpH(eef;pH 36 ESpf 37 ESpf&Sdw,f/ eef;
wufESpfudk 270 xm;NyD;wGuf,l)
yg#vdykwå wwd,o*Fg,em(247 bDpD)wifNyD;awmh taomu
omoemjyKawGudk oD&dvuFmtygt0if tdEd,awmifydkif;EkdifiHawGeJY
qD;&D;,m;(Syria)u rufqD'kded,(Macedonia)xd [,fvifepf *&d(He-
llenistic Greek)ig;EkdifiHudk apvTwfygw,f/ ausmufaqmifpmtrSwf
13 rSm omoemjyKapvTwforQEkdifiHpm&if; ygw,f/
Nyd,'oD(taomurif;)MuHpnfrdonfrSm ("r®? "r®0d',)ESvkH;
&nf ppfatmifEkdifjcif;onfom ta&;tygqkH;jzpf\/ ESvkH;&nf
ppfudk rif;jrwfonf Budrfzefrsm;pGm qifí rdrdykdifeuftwGif;rSD
wif;aexkdifolrsm;rSmomru ,lZem 600(rkdifokH;axmifausmf)
uGmvSrf;aom t&yfa'orsm;[kqkd&rnfha,me(Greek)bk&if
tEÅda,m*(Antiochos II Theos of Syria 261-246 BC)\pkd;ykdif&m
a'o? tEÅda,mue,fudk vGefvsuf wk&r,f(Ptolemy II Phila-
delphos of Egypt, 285-247 BC)? tEÅduded(Antigonos Gonatas of
Macedonia, 278-239 BC)? ru(Magas of Cyrene, 300-258 BC)ESifh
tvduok'&(Alexander of Epirus? 272-258 BC)pkd;ykdif&mig;jynf
axmifESifhawmifbufaqmv(Chola)rif;upNyD; oD&dvuFmt
(45)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
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han
Yom
a.O
rg
0if tdEd,uRef;qG,f&JUawmifzuf yg@,(Pandyas)rif;wkdYa'o
wkdifatmif (omoemjyK)cJhygonf/
rif;{u&mZfykdifeuf a,me(Yona)tdEd,taemufajrmufe,f
pyfa'o? *&d Greek rif;i,fwkdY pdk;pHonf[k,lq&aom)a'o
ESifh(Yona a,mewkdYteD;tpyf)embu(Nabhaka)ESifhembywåd
(Nabhapanktis [dr0EÅm Himalaya awmifajce,fedrdwf)? abmZ
(Boja)yJMw,Pdu(Paitryanikas)? tE&(Andhras)ESifhaygvdE(Pa
-ulindas)pwJhtdEd,uRef;qG,fawmifydkif;wGif aeolwkdYtxd Ekdif
iHawmftESHYtjym;rSm "r®qkdif&m rif;w&m;BuD;\Mo0g'awGudk
wnfxGef;a\/ (taomuausmufpm 1966? 29-30)
tckajymovkd tifrwefus,fjyefYwJhtaomu omoemjyKap
vTwf&me,fa'oawGrSm ok0PÖblrd ryg/ odyfNyD;tajymrsm;wJhudpö
wpf&yfudk rl&if; taxmuftxm; r&wm[m BuD;us,fwJhjyóem
jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJh oD&dvuFmtrSwftom;jzpfwJh 'Dy0Ho(c&pf 4^
5 &mpkESpf)eJYr[m0Ho(ac: pepfwus oefYjyefYatmif 'Dy0Houdk c&pf
ig;&mpkESpf wnf;jzwfwJh)usrf;rSm omoemjyK&mt&yfeJYacgif;aqmif
r[max&fpm&if;rSmawmh ok0PÖblrdygw,f/ ygykHuvnf; taomu
vTwfwmr[kwf oQifarm*¾vdykwå vTwfwmjzpfw,f/ ckxdawmh ok0PÖ
blrdukd atmufjrefrmEdkifiHeJY0ef;usift&yf jzpfrSmygvkdY cyf0g;0g;ajym
aeMuygNyD/ r[m0if 1950? 86? rSwfpk 2)/
{u&mZfrif;ukd omoema&; ÓPft&if; ay;EkdifpGrf;onf/ t
oQifarm*¾vdyk*¾vdykwåax&fonf (wwd,)o*Fg,em\tqkH;
ü tem*wfumv\tusKd;udk arQmfudk;vsuf eD;pyf&ma'owkdY
wGif omoemjyKtHh[kqifjcifí ajrmufuwådu(Katika)odkY wpf
(46)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
ae&m omoemjyK wpfyg;pD apvTwfonf/ uo®d&(Kasmira)ESifh
*Em&(Gandhara)udk rZösEÅurax&fukdvnf;aumif;? r[dor@
v(Mahisemandala)udk r[ma'0 rax&fudkvnf;aumif; ap
vTwf\/ 0e0go(Vanavasa)udk &u©dwrax&fudkvnf;aumif;?
"r®&u©dwrax&fudk ty&EÅa,me(Aparantaka Yona)? r[m"r®
&u©dwukd r[m&|(Maharattha)ukd vTwf\/ a,me(Yona)udkrl
r[m&u©dw oGm;&\/ [drv,(Himalya)udk rZösdrax&f oGm;
&\/ ok0PÖblrdukdum; toQifaomP ESifh Owå&wkdY oGm;\/
(r[m0if 1950? 82)/
r[m0ifrSm qufNyD;azmfjyykHu ok0PÖblrdrSm rax&fwkdY<uvm
NyD; bk&ifheef;awmfrSm uav;zGm;jrifwkdif; vmpm;wJhodyfMurf;wrf;
wJhbD;vl;rudk ESdrfeif;NyD; Ak'omoemudk ckdifrmatmif wnfwHhapw,f
vkdY azmfjyygw,f/
(toQifaomP)rax&fu jynf&GmtESHY vSnfhvnfí jA[®Zmv
(okwf)udk &Gwfzwfw,f/
&wemokH;yg;udk ukd;uG,fygonf/ oDvaqmufwnfygonf[l
í ppfrSefonfh,kHMunfrI&NyD[k vltrsm;ajymMuonfrSm ajcmuf
aomif;ta&twGuf &Sd\/ rif;rsKd;rif;nDrif;om; okH;axmifh
ig;&mwkdY &[ef;cH\/ rif;orD; wpfaxmifhig;&mwkdYvnf;tvm;
wl tuRwfw&m;&\/ (r[m0if? 1950? 86)/
'Dtxd ok0PÖblrdukd yx0D0ift& ae&mtwdtus azmfjyr
xm;yg/
(a&Twd*kH rGefausmufpmawmifrsufESm pmaMumif; 18)xkdtcg
t&Sifr[max&fESpfyg;wkdYonf wrÁ*kwåawmifxdyfü wzkó b
(47)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
v’duwkdY Xmyemxm;aom jrwfpGmbk&m;\qHawmf"mwfapwDudk
(19)awmcsKHzkH;tkyfí vlwkdYrodMuaomae&mudk oD&drmaomu
rif;om; jyawmfrl\/ xkdtcg oD&drmaomurif;onf awmcsKH
wkdYudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;apí (20)apwDudkvnf;aumif;? apwD
tdrfjymom'fudkvnf;aumif; jyKvkyfapNyD;vQif ylaZmfMuukef\
xkdtcgrSpí rGefwkdif;a'oü aeMuukefaomoltaygif;wkdYonf
tpOftwkdif; vma&mufylaZmfMuukef\/
y*dk; uvsmPDodrfausmufpm(1480)rSm ok0PÖblrdudk twdt
uswnfae&m azmfjycsuf ygvmw,f/
wcg xkda&mtcgü/ ok0PÖblrd&a|? ok0PÖblrdwkdif;ü/ oD&drm
aomaumemr? oD&drmaomutrnf&dSaom/ &mZm? rif;onf/
&ZÆH? rif;tjzpfudk/ uma&od? jyK\/ wom? xkdrif;\/ &mZXm
eDe*&H? rif;aejynfonf/ aumvmo yAÁwapwd,ó? aum
vmoawmifapwD\/ ypädrm&'dom,H? taemufajrmufaxmifh
ü/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wóe *&ówk? xkdrif;aejynf\/ ypädr
rky¹kbma*g? taemufxuf0ufonf/ oar? nDaom/ blrdbm
a*? ajrtbdkYü/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wrÜee*&H? xkdNrdKUudk/ a*gv
rEkóCXmeH0d,? wifvJcsufaomolwkdY\tdrfwkdYuJhodkY/ rwådu
C&m&H? ajrusnfjzpfaomtdrfwkYd\/ A[kvwm,? rsm;onf\
tjzpfaMumifh/ a*gvrwådu e*&EÅd? *kvwkdufNrdKU[lí/ ,m0ZÆ
wem? ,cktcg wkdifatmif/ a0g[m&EÅd? ac:a0:Muukef\/
(ygVd trSmü wkdufukvm;NrdKU[k rSm\)/ (bk&m;jzLq&mawmf
1938? 71)
'DvkdausmufpmrSmygw,fqkdayr,fh ausmufpma&;xkd;wJhtcg
(48)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
umvu c&pfESpf 1480 jzpfw,f/ tJ'gudk vkdufNyD; 6 Mo*kwf? 1831
u r[m"roBuøa&;vkdufNyD;wJh omoemvuFm&usrf; 1956 ykHESdyf?
pm 22-23-25? 57-58)eJYOD;ynmomrd armif;axmifq&mawmf)
16 'DZifbm? 1861 rSm a&;NyD;wJhomoem0Housrf; t*Fvdyfbmom
jyef 1951? pm 11-12? 40? 42-44)rSm wpfxyfwnf; xifxif&Sm;
&Sm;a&;xm;wm awGY&ygw,f/
t&SifaomP? Owå&wkdY omoemjyK ok0PÖblrdudk omoemjyK
<uvmw,fqkdwmudk pwifa&;om;wmuawmh oD&dvuFmusrf;awG
jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmbufu &[ef;awmfwcsKdU oD&dvuFmoGm;NyD; pm
oifw,f? odu©mwufw,f/ ae&yftjyefrSm usrf;pmawG ul;,lvm
cJhw,f/ usrf;wwfq&mawmfawGvnf; yifhcJhMuw,f/ (oef;xGef;
1969? 214)/ 'gaMumifh yk*HrSm c&pf 12 &mpkESpfaESmif;ydkif;rSm oD[kdVf
*kdPf;&,fvkdY xif&Sm;vmygw,f/ tJ'D*kdPf;u aomPOwå&omoem
jyKudpöudk xif&Sm;vmatmif a[majymcJhMurSm jzpfr,fxif&ygw,f/
yJcl;(y*kd;)rSm &mZm"d&mZf("r®apwD)rif;u 1480 jynhfrSm omoem
oefY&Sif;zkdY aqmif&GufwJhtcgrSmvnf; oD[kdVf(oD&dvuFm)tultnD
eJYvkyfwm jzpfygw,f/
(49)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
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han
Yom
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rg
orkdif;&JUordkif; (5)
Ä
'DomoemoefYpifa&;[m 29? azaz:0g&D 1480 rSm atmifjrifpGm
NyD;qkH;w,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ (oef;xGef; 1969? 214)/ &mZm"dywdN*D
y&r r[m"r®&mZm"d&mZfeJYa,mu©rrdzk&m; &Sifapmyk N*DBwdbk0em'd
wsjy0e"r®BwJavmusemx(a&Twd*kHrGefausmufpm? ausm 33-34)
wkdYu a&Twd*kHorkdif;udk pwifazmfxkwfcJhwmvkdY xifygw,f/ (&Sifapm
ykudk 11? azaz:0g&D? 1394 rSm arG;zGm;NyD; oufawmf 59 ESpf? bk&if
&JUMuif&mawmf r[kwfbJ udk,fwkdifpdk;tkyfrif;vkyfcGifh&wJhrdzk&m;tjzpf
wifajr§mufjcif; cH&ygw,f/) &Sifapmykrdzk&m;&JUaqGawmfpOfZ,m;udk
Munfhyg/
jrefrma'orSm Ak'¨omoema&mufykHudk ajymMu&mrSm rGefajym
wmxuf jrefrmu enf;enf;ydkNyD; csJUxGifvmygw,f/ rGefajymjycsuf
rSm wzkónDaemifu wpfqifh bk&m;yGifhawmfrlNyD;prSmyJ Ak'omoem
rGefwkdY&yfa'oudk a&mufw,f/ *0Hywdrax&fyifhvkdYvnf; a&muf
w,f/ qkdvkdwmu c&pfray:rD 520 avmufjzpfr,f/ c&pf 1518
avmufu &SifoDv0Ho a&;wJh &mZ0ifausmftqkdudk em;axmifMunfh
yg/ &Sifapmykrdzk&m;&JUaqGawmfpOfZ,m;
(1) 0g&D&k(1287-96)
r'rudk 1281 a&muf
(3)apmOD;(1310-24) (4)apmNidef(1324-31)
(5)apmtJuHaumif;(1331)
Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? trSwf(8)? 'DZifbm? 1998/
(50)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
(2)cGefavm(1296-1310)
0g&D&kudk qufcHonfhnD
(6)Anm;tJavm(1331-53)
(7)Anm;OD;(1353-85)
A*kd;udk rif;aejynfvkyf
a&Twd*kHudk ÓPfawmf ay 60 xd wkd;jr§ifh
(8)&mZm"d&mZf(1385-1423)
(9) (10) (14)
Anm;"r®&mZm Anm;&H Anm;usef;awm
(1423-26) (1426-46) &Sifapmyk
(1453-72)
eJwumoif (11)
Anm;00l; (12)
(15) Anm;usef
&mZm"dywd (1450-53)
"r®"&vlxGuf a&Twd*kHudk ÓPfawmf
trsm;ac:"r®apwD ay 302 xd wkd;jr§ifh
(1471-92)
(16) (13)
Anm;&H arma'g
(1292-1526) (1453)
(17)
wum&Gwfyd(1526-34)
wyifa&TxD;&efaMumifh A*kd;u 1354 xGufajy;
(51)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
jrpfum; {&m0wDrnf\/ jrpfajrmufbufum; okemy&EÅwkdif;
rnf\/ jrpfawmifbufum; wrÜ'Dywkdif;rnf\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;
um; jymom'fig;&mpD;awmfrlí omauwjynfodkY oGm;awmfrl
\/ igwkdYokemy&EÅwkdif;odkYvnf; vmawmfrl\/ pEul;ausmif;
awmfü ckepf&ufaeawmfrlvSm\/ ckepf&uf aeawmfrlvSmBudKuf
vnf; aeYwkdif; ausmif;awmfodkY jyefav\/ aeYwkdif; pE´ul;
ausmif;awmfodkY a&mufvSm\/ ausmif;raqmufrD taqmuf
tOD pD&ifpjyKuwnf;uvnf; tBudrfBudrfvmí nOfhtcgae
awmfrlvSmonf[l\/ ausmif;awmfwGif aeawmfrlvSmNyD;vnf;
&Spfaomif;av;axmifrQavmufaom okemy&EÅwkdif;om;wkdYukd
acscRwfawmfrlonf [l\/ ckepf&uf aphí jyefawmfrlavNyD;
vnf; erEÅmrnfaomjrpfem;ü e*g;wkdY awmif;yefí e*g;jynf
odkY 0ifawmfrlav\/ e*g;jynfrS xGufvwfNyD;rSvnf; e*g;wkdY
awmif;yefí udk;uG,fp&m ajcawmf&mxm;cJh\/ opöAE¨&aoh
tvkdYiSm ajcawmf&mudk xm;cJh\/ þodkYqkdaomtpDtpOftm;
jzifh tBudrfzefrsm;pGmvQif jrwfpGmbk&m; igwkdYt&yfodkY a&muf
awmfrlvm\/ r[mykPÖ plVykPÖ nDtpfudkESpfa,mufudk tprl
í igwkdYt&yfom; &Spfaomif;av;axmifaom y&dowftuRwf
&í igwkdYt&yfü bk&m;vufxufuvQif omoemawmfyGifhvif;
pjzpfownf;/ (oDv0Ho 1518? 121-2)
jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu jrefrmEkdifiHudk tacguf
acguf<uvmNyD; omoemawmfudk ]]yGifhvif;}}apcJhw,f/ oD&dvuFm
xufapmNyD; omoemawmf wnfykHudk-
oD[kdVfuRef;ü omoemawmfum; 236 ckESpf(247 BC)aomtcg
(52)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
vGefrS wnfpjzpfownf;/ igwkdYt&yfü omoemawmfum; jrwf
pGmbk&m; pvif; teD; v,fudkif;&Sd pE´ul; ausmif;awmfü ae
awmfrlvSmaom tcguwnf;vQif wnfownf;/ omoem
awmf t&SnfwnftHhonfudk taMumif;rlí odef;CkduRef;odkYokH;
acgufvQif oGm;awmfrl\/ iwkdY t&yfrSmodkYum; ausmif;r
aqmufrDvnf;aumif;? ausmif;aqmufNyD; vnf;aumif; t
BudrfBudrfrsm;pGm vmawmfrl\/ þodkY tBudrfBudrfrsm;pGm vm
awmfrljcif;onfum; igwkdYt&yf\pD;yGm;ukdvnf;aumif; igwkdY
t&yfüjzpfaom rif;wkdY\tusKd; pD;yGm;udkvnf;aumif; tcg
&Snfvsm; wnfvwfwHhonfudk jrifawmfrlownf;/ jrifawmfrl
acguf&ufvQif igwkdYt&yfübk&m;&Sdawmfrlaomtcgvnf; psmef
w&m; csrf;omcH&mjzpf\/ vGefawmfrlNyD;vnf; omoemawmf
\wnf&mjzpf\/(oDv0Ho 1518? 122-3)
oD&dvuFmtrSwftom;awGrSm ty&EÅudk Ak'¨omoemjyKtzGJY
awG a&mufw,fvkdY tqkd&Sdw,f/ (r[m0if 1950? 82-85/ r[m
"r®oBuø 1956? 20)/ tJ'Dty&EÅ[m wkdYqDu okemy&EÅayghvkdY jref
rmu aocsmaygufqkdvkdufw,f/ (r[m"r®oBuø 1956? 21)/
jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif y&dedAÁmefvGefNyD; tESpf 235 ESpf(248 B.C)
wGif arm*¾vdykwåwdót&Sifoljrwf OD;aqmifvsuf wwd,o
*Fg,emwiftNyD;rSm a,meurS "r®&u©dwax&fudk aemufygoH
Cmav;yg;eJYty&EÅEkdifiHodkY(omoemjyK)apvTwf\/ ,if;ty
&EÅum; jrefrma'o\okemy&EÅyif jzpfygownf;/(ynmom
rd 1952? 61)
{&m0wDjrpfajrmufydkif;t&yfawGrSm trIudpöNyD;awmh "r®&u©dw
(53)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
ax&[m awmifbufrSm aqmif&GufzG,f &SdorQudk vkyf&ygr,f/
a,meu u "r®&u©dwax&onf ty&EÅudk a&mufvmNyD;onfh
aemuf wrÜ'DyukdvSnfhí vltrsm;udk w&m;a[mygonf/(ynm
omrd 1952? 63)/
qkdvkdwmu &SifaomPwkdY jrefrmawmifydkif;rSm Ak'¨omoemjyK
ckduf jrefrmtv,fydkif;rSm &Sif"r®&u©dwu tvm;wl omoemjyK
vsuf &Sdygw,fqkdwJhtcsuf jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJh &SifaomPwkdYavmuf
c&D;raygufvkdY xif&ygw,f/
okemy&EÅESifhwrÜ'DywGif omoemonf tpOfwpdkuf xGef;ycGifh
r&acs/ (ynmomrd 1952? 64)/
aemiftcg jrefrmEkdifiHatmufydkif;u &Sift&[H<uvmNyD; jref
rmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;rSm omoemjyefvnf&Sifoefatmif aqmif
&Guf&ygw,f/ (ynmomrd 1952? 64)/
&ckdif trsKd;om;wkdYu 'Dudpöudk trsm;BuD; omvGef aumif;rGef
atmif ajymEkdifygw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrlNyD; cyfapmapm
uyJ olwkdYa'oudk a'opm&D<uvmcJhvkdY (,ck rEÅav;a&muf)
udk,fpm;awmfBuD;wpfqludk jrwfpGmbk&m; rsufarSmufawmfrSmyJ
oGef;vkyfylaZmfcGifhh &w,fvkdY qkdygw,f/ 'DtaMumif;udk olwkdYrSm
'kd;a0 &mZ0ifBuD;
"n0wD ta&;awmfykH
&mZ0if tif;apmuf
irnf; &mZ0if
&mZ0if vuFm
&mZ0if rSwfpkeJY
(54)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
&mZ0ifopfawGrSm a&;om;yg&Sdw,fvkdY pE&ckdif&mZ0ifopf(rEÅ
av;[Hom0wD 1931? 3)rSm azmfjyyg&Sdygw,f/
igwkdYjrwfpGmbk&m; bk&m;ryGifhrD ESpfaygif; 934 (1457 B.C)ESpf
cefYrQ&Sdaomumvü aumovwkdif; yOömv&mZfwkdif; ESpfwkdif;ukd
tpdk;&aom yOömv&mZfrif;onf aumvd,rif;tm; trsKd;
qufvkdaomiSm trwfwkdYudkapí orD;awmif;ap&m aumvd,
rif;onf Zmwdrmefjzifh rajciHaompum;udk qkdacsaomaMumifh
yOömv&mZfrif; ESifh aumvd,rif;wkdY ppfjzpfMu&m yOömv&mZf
rif;Ekdifí aumvd, a'0'[udkuydvrnfaom okH;jynfaxmif
aomomuD0ifrif;wkdYonf &IH;avvQif uydv0wfjynfrS tbd
&mZmrnfaomomuD0ifrif;onf rdrdAkdvfajctvkH;t&if;udk,l
í rZösdra'orS zJcJhojzifh ouFó&|rnfaom waumif;oif;
wGJjynfBuD;udk wnfaxmifjyKpkawmfrl\/(ÓP 1996? 13)/
tbd&mZm waumif;a&mufwJhtcsdefudk bk&m;ryGifhrD 934 ESpf
uvkdYqkdw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;"mwfawmf XmyemwJhapwDvnf; b,f
&SdOD;rvJ/ tbd&mZmudk qufcHwJhuH&mZmi,fu wpfnwGif; ]]tvSL
r@yfESifhwuG bk&m;NyD;í}} waumif;rSm rif;jzpfw,f/ uH&mZmBuD;
u ]]'kwd, "n0wDNrdKUudk ouú&mZf 7837 ckwGif wnfaxmifpDrHí
pdk;pHawmfrl\}}(ÓP 1996? 14)/ uH&mZmBuD;rif;rS 29 qufajrmuf
pE´ol&d,rif;vufxuf jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf ]]rZösdra'orS "n
0wDrif;XmeDodkY a'opm&D <uawmfrlcJhonf}}(atmifomOD; 1955?
19)/
jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonfvnf; rif;ESifhwuGaom rSL;rwfAkdvfyg
y&dowfrsm;tm; w&m; a&at; tNrdKuf aq;udk wkdufauR;
(55)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
awmfrlav\/ . . . jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif rZösdra'ookdY jyefvnf<u
awmfrrlrD pEol&d,rif; awmif;yefonfudk taMumif;jyKí&kyf
yGm;awmf wpfql wnfxm;cGifh ay;oem; awmfrlaomaMumifh
bk&m;oQifESifhwqHjcnfr,Gif;? jyuawh wlnDpGm NyD;pD;awmfrl
avownf;/ (atmifomOD;? 1975? 19-20)/
y'kHrif;(bdk;awmfbk&m; 1782-1819)u 16 atmufwkdbm?
1784 rSm bk&m;BuD;udk &ckdifausmufawmfu tr&yl&ukd yifhcJh&r,f
vkdY trdefYawmfxkwfjyefygw,f/(bk&m;BuD;yifhcJhwJhvrf;udk uRefawmf
22? 29? rwf? 1979 u oGm;MunfhNyD; ]]&ckdif&kd;rudk ausmfjzwfwJhbk&m;
vrf;r}}trnfeJY pmwrf;wpfapmif a&;cJhzl;ygw,f/ tJ'DpmapmifrSm
bk&m;yifhpcef;pOf tqifhqifhudk ajrykHeJYazmfjycJhw,f/) &ckdifu oD;
jcm;EkdifiH jzpfwJhtwGuf tckvkd r[mrkedudk yifhapvkdY trdefYxkwfwm
[m &ckdifudk ppfwkdufr,fqkdwJhoabm ouf0ifygw,f/ ajrmufOD;udk
20? Zefe0g&D? 1785 rSm odrf;,lNyD; 22? Zefe0g&D? 1785 u pwifNyD;
ukvm;wefjrpfu azmifeJYpwifyifhaqmifw,f/ 30? Zefe0g&D 1785
rSm awmifukwfukd azmifqkdufw,f/ awmif&kd;udk jzwfausmfyifhaqmif
wmu 5? azaz:0g&D? 1785 rSm pw,f/ {&m0wDqdyf yef;awmif;udk
30? rwf? 1785 rSm a&mufw,f/ azmifay:wifNyD; tr&yl&wuf
ao;tif;(,ck rEÅav;uefawmfBuD;)ukd a&mufvmNyD; ,ck udef;0yf
pHy,fwJhausmif;awmfu yv’ifay:udk 27? {NyD? 1785 rSm wifxm;
udk;uG,fcJhygw,f/ tcktcg tvG,fwul 0,f,lzwf&IEkdifiHwJhr[m
rkedorkdif;tapmifapmifrSm jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfu
yJ Ak'¨omoem &ckdifudk a&mufNyD; bk&m;&Sif ukd,fawmfwkdifapmifhNyD;
r[mrked&kyfyGm;awmfudk oGef;vkyfw,fvkdY wpfnDwnf; a&;Muygw,f/
(56)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
'gayrJh r[m&mZoBuø 1831? ynmomrd 1861 a&;om;jyKpkwJhusrf;
awGrSm jrwfpGmbk&m; &ckdifudk <uvmNyD; r[mrkedudk,fpm;awmf oGef;
vkyfwJhtcsufudk tenf;tyg;rQ xnfhoGif;a&;om;roGm;Muyg/ rGef
awG a&;wJh wzkó? bv’du nDaemiftaMumif; aomOwå&rax&f
jrwfwkdYtaMumif;awGvkdY oD&dvuFmxGuf usrf;awGxJrSm rygvkdYvm;
vkdY awG;p&m&Sdygw,f/
rGefawGu wzkónDaemifwkdY jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrlpu zl;
cGifh&cJhNyD; Ak'omoemudk rGefa'oudk aqmif,lcJhw,f/ Ak'ukd,fawmf
wkdif oxkHudk a'opm&D<uvmNyD; w&m;a[mawmfrlcJhw,fqkdwmawG
xuf omatmif jrwfpGmbk&m;ausmif;awmf&m v,fudkif;rSm <uvm
NyD; ckepf&ufMumatmif w&m;a[mw,fvkdY ajymw,f/ &ckdifudk bk&m;
a'opm&D <uvm&kHrQru udk,fpm;awmfyg xm;&pfw,fvkdY ajymqkdt
Ekdif,lw,fvkdY EIdif;,SOfod&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd omoema&mufykHawGudk rGef
u c&pf 15 &mpkESpfu a&;ovkd? jrefrmu c&pf 16 &mpkESpfu a&;
ovkd? &ckdifu 18 &mpkESpfu a&;ovkd tNydKiftqkdif a&;om;Muay
r,fh olwkdYa&;wmawGxuf a&S;uswJhtaxmuftxm;&,fvkdY b,f
rSmrS r&Sdyg/
(57)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
orkdif;&JUorkdif; (6)
Ä
(c)rif;aejynfrSeforQ tifrwefa&S;usw,fvkdY ajymcsifw,f/
a&S;a&S;u &mZ0ifq&mawG[m tNydKiftqkdif tEkdif,lcsifwJh
oabmeJYigwkdYNrdKU[m tifrwefa&S;usw,fvkdY &Sm&SmazGazG ,kwåd&Sd r&Sd
*&krpkduf rpOf;pm;bJ ajymcsifMuw,f/ aemufawmh <um;0genf;uyJ
ykHpHusus jzpfvmw,f/ uukoefbk&m;vufxufuyJ &SdcJhw,fvkdYp
ajymygw,f/ waumif;qkd&if 'Dvkda&;r,f-
waumif;jynfBuD;\taMumif;um; uukoefbk&m;vufxuf
awmf oHo,yk& wGif\/ aumPm*kHbk&m;vufxufawmf &|
yk&wGif\/ uóybk&m;vufxufawmfwGif oif;wGJ[kwGif\/
igwkdYa*gwrbk&m; vufxufwGif waumif;[k wGif\/ xkdw
aumif;jynfBuD;ü tbd&mZmtrnf&dSaom ousomuD0ifrif;
onf tppGm wnfaxmifí rif;jyKawmfrl\/ (rSefeef; 1? ykd'f
105? 153)
waumif;udk yxrqkH; wnfaxmifwJhckESpf? &ufpGJ ajymjyEkdifol
r&Sdyg/ Munf;uef&SifBuD; eE´"Z(1757-1819)u 1796u t*¾d,?
tmumooQwå&? Oya'? udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI? aq;? 'óedu? ocsFm
qkdwJhynm&yfawGeJY ywfoufNyD; cufcJorQukd aemifvlaemufom;ajz
Ekdif&if ajzawmhvkdY ykpäm 1117-yk'fxkwfNyD; xm;cJhw,f/ usD;oJav;
xyfq&mawmf &SifrkedE´mbd"Z(1807-1894)u 1864-cku pwif
NyD; tajzawG a&;w,f/ wpfESpfcGJtwGif; tajza&;NyD;ygw,f/(pG,f
Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? trSwf(8)? 'DZifbm? 1998/
(58)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
pkHausmfxif 0daom"eD 1969? X)
tar; 843/ /waumif;[lonf tnmjynf rnfu rif;qufay
wkdYenf;/
tajz/ /rZösdra'o ouFóe*kd&fjynfh&Sifrif;\tqufjzpfonf
[lay/ taMumif;t>rufum; bk&m;tavmif;awmfjzpf
aomod'w¬ukrm&rif;om;onf uydv0wfjynfü a&Teef;
wuf pHaeawmfrlaomESpfrS aemifav;ESpfajrmufNyD;aom
tOöerif; NzdK<uif;ouú&mZf 88-ck? ewfawmfvqef;ckepf
&ufaeYuyif ouFóe*kd&fjynfh&Sifrif;\om;awmf omud
,rif;onf rSL;rwfAkdvfyg taygif; ESpfaomif; ajcmuf
axmifwkdYESifhwuG rZösdra'orS xGufcJh&m {&m0wDjrpfukd
awGYí xkdjrpf\taemufzuft&yf avsmufywfaomae
&mwGif Akdvfygtpnf;t&kH;csNyD;rS a&SUtESpf okH;&mcefYu
bkd;awmfwnfpjyKzl;aomae&mudk odjyef&ojzifh wpfzef
{&m0wDjrpfudk ul;jyefí waumif;rnfaomjynfBuD;udk
wnfaxmifíaeawmfrlonf/ xkdNrdKUum; uukoefbk&m;
vufxufawmfuyif vlaejzpfí oHo,NrdKU[kwGifonf/
aumPm*kHbk&m;vufxuf &| wGifonf/ uóybk&m;
vufxuf oif;wGJ wGifonf/ a*gwrbk&m; vufxuf
awmfüum; waumif;wGifonf/ xkdomudrif;BuD;onf
NrdKUeef;awmf wnfaxmifí &mZmbdaoucHawmfrlonf/
owkd;r[mZrÁL'Dy"Z&mZm[laowHqdyfemrnfudkvnf;
cHawmfrlonf/ rSL;awmf? rwfawmf? aqGawmf? rsKd;awmf
wkdYukdvnf;rZösdra'orif;wkdYuJhodkY rm*"bmomjzifh onm
(59)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
bGJYay;tyfawmfrlonf/ xkdowkd;r[mZrÁL'Dy"Zrif;\
om;awmfum; uH&mZmBuD;? uH&mZmi,f[lí ESpfa,muf
&Sdonf/ (pG,fpkHausmfxif? 'k? 1904? 251-252)
jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrrlrD tESpfokH;&m(bDpD 860)ujzpfcJhwJh
tjzpftysufvkdYajymw,f/ 'DvkdyJ jrwfpGmbk&m;eJYoufqkdifw,fqkd&if
vufcHvkdufwJhtavh &SdMuw,f/ &ckdif&mZ0ifawGrSm tJ'Dtjzpft
ysuf&JU&ufpGJudk bDpD 1494 vkdYjyifqifygw,f/ pE´rmvm&ckdif&mZ0if
opf? 1930? 228-241)? waumif;[m 'Dvkda&S;uswJhNrdKU rjzpfEkdif/
a&S;a[mif;okawoeu wl;azmfNyD; &&SdwJh&ufpGJu c&pfwpfq,fhwpf
&mpkESpf jzpfw,f/ (oef;aqG 1971? 203-245) rMumrD (1998)xyf
rHwl;azmfygOD;r,f/
&mZ0ifusrf;awGt& waumif;NyD;awmh oa&acwå&m quf
ay:vmygw,f/ NrdKUwnfaqmufolu 'Gwåabmifjzpfw,f/ oa&
acwå&mNrdKUwnfESpfu omoem 101-ck(388 bDpD)jzpfw,f/ (rSef
eef;? y? 1963? ykd'f 108? 170)
xkdoa&acwå&mjynfonfum; uukoefbk&m;vufxufawmf
ü yXmeywd[k wGif\/ aumPm*kHbk&m;vufxufawmfü ykPÖ
0wD[kwGif\/ uóybk&m;vufxufawmfü ykPÖ[k wGif\/
a*gwrbk&m; vufxufawmfü oa&acwå&m[k wGif\/ w
aumif;rif; a,mufzawmf &Sif&aoh oDwif; okH;onfudk t
aMumif;jyKí &aohjynf[k aemufrSwGif\/ (rSefeef;? y? 1963?
ykd'f 108? 177)waumif;udpövkdyJ oa&acwå&meJYywfoufNyD;
ajymorQvufcHMujyefw,f/ wu,fuawmh BuD;us,fatmifajym
wJhvlu ajymwmudk tppftaq;r&Sd vufcHvkdufMuw,f/ oa&ac
(60)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
wå&mrSm &Sifbk&ifawG&JUt&kd;tkd;eJYysLausmufpmawG awGYw,f/ ysL
pmudk zwfMunfhvkdY &ygw,f/ t"dyÜg,fodyfraygufbl;/ 'Dawmh b,f
ESpf? b,fv? b,f&ufrSm b,frif;[m touf b,fESESpf? b,fESv?
b,fES&ufrSm aow,fvkdY zwfvkdufw,f/ rMumrDu oa&acwå&m
bk&m;awmif t&kd;tkd;BuD;wpfck&awmh rif;qufxGufvmw,f/ rif;
qufu [&d0dMur? od[0dMur? ol&d,0dMur? tm'dMw0dMurvkdYawGY
w,f/ 'Dawmh b,f&uf? b,frif; toufb,favmufrSm aow,f
qkdwm rSm;w,f/ touf b,favmufrSm b,frif;? b,fckESpfuao
w,fvkdY zwfrSrSefr,f/ ckESpfudkvnf; (Blagden rSmygovkd)c&pfESpf 638
-9 upwJhouú&mZf r[kwf/ (oef;xGef; 1964 rSma&;cJhovkd)c&pf
ESpf 318-19 upwJh *kyÅESpfr[kwf/ c&pfESpf 78-9 upwJhoQu(Saka)
ESpfyJ jzpf&r,fvkdY tckjyifqifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ysLocsKØif;pmt&
ysLrif;qufyg rif;wcsKdU&JUbGJYtrnf? toufeJYuG,fvGef&ufudk ckvkd
awGY&ygw,f/
oufawmf 57-ESpf? 2-v? 24-&ufrSm [&d0dMurrif;onf 19
&uf? 7-v? 41-ckESpf(at'D 120)wGif ewf&GmpHw,f/
oufawmf 80-jynfhNyD;? 2-v? 4-&ufrSm od[0dMurrif;onf
t&uf 20? 9-v? 44-ckESpf(at'D 123)wGif ewf&GmpHw,f/
oufawmf 35-ESpfrSm ol&d,0dMur(rdzk&m;)ewf&GmpHw,f/
oufawmf 50-jynfh? 5-vrSm ol&d,0dMurudk,fawmfwkdif 64-
ckESpf(at'D 143)wGif ewf&GmpHw,f/
tm'dMw0dMurrif; 84-ckESpf(at'D 163)wGif ewf&GmpHw,f/
a&S;a[mif;olawoewl;azmfa&;t& oa&acwå&mNrdKUtyg
t0if ysLawG&JU,Ofaus;rI[m c&pf 1-&mpkESpfxuf aemufrusvkdY
(61)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
ajymw,f/ (atmifaomf 1968)? w&kwfrSwfwrf;awGt& c&pfray:
rD 2-&mpkESpfvkdYajymEkdifw,f/ tkwfwHwkdif;awG awmifajrmufwef;ykH
twdrf;tapmif;udk MunfhNyD; NrdKUwnf&uf[m c&pfray:rD 2-&mpk
vkdYvnf; rSef;qw,f/ (oef;xGef; 1977)/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;wJhaemuf ysLa'oawGjzpfw,fvkdYxif&
wJhxkrif(rkdif;arm)? yefxGm(AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;)? N*dauGMw(oa&acwå
&m)? [Hvif;awGrSm a&S;a[mif;okawoe wl;azmfa&;vkyfvmNyD;
wpfzufuvnf; w&kwfrSwfwrf;awGudk zufwGJtokH;jyKwJhtcg ysL
[m c&pfray:rD 5 &mpkESpfavmufupNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHbufudk 0ifvm
NyD; c&pfwpf&mpkESpfavmufu pNyD;? ysLawG[m xif&Sm;vmw,f/
c&pfav;&mpkESpf udk;&mpkESpftxd ysLEkdifiH[m ajrmufbuf ,Gefeef;
e,fpyfu? awmifudk r'r(rkwår)xd? ta&SUudk oHvGifjrpfu? taemuf
ukd oHwGJtxd us,fjyefYcJhw,fvkdYod&ygw,f/ (csef&nfpdef 1979)/
ysLEkdifiH[m yxrjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHvkdYyJ ac:Ekdifygw,f/ (oef;
xGef; 1994)/
yk*Hudk ysOfjym;rif; c&pf 849-50(rSefeef; 1? 1963? ykd'f 128?
219)wnfw,fvkdYqkdw,f/ [kwfr,f rxifyg/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;awGeJY
wkdufqkdifMunfhwJhtcg yk*HqkdwJhemrnfu ysL*gr? jA[®m0oåKjzpfw,f/
N*DauGMwtysufrSm ysLawGwnfwJhysL&JUaemufqkH;NrdKUawmfjzpfw,f/
aemufrS jrefrm&JUyxrNrdKUawmfjzpfw,fvkdY ,lq&ygw,f/ (csef&nf
pdef 1997)yk*HrSm&SdwJha&S;taqmufttkHawGuawmh c&pfwpfq,fh
wpf&mpkESpfxuf apmwm rawGYrdyg/ yk*HNrdKU&kd;udkvnf; NrdKUeJYNydKifwl
wnfaqmufr,fxifcJhMuw,f/ r[kwfyg/ tckrMumrDu ajrmuf
bufNrdKU&kd;udk a&S;a[mif;okawoeu wl;azmfMunfhwJhtcg rmif*kd
(62)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
&efolvmwJhtcgrS tvsifpvkd wnfaqmuf&w,f/ (rSefeef;? y?
1963? ydk'f 152? 353)qkdwm rSefw,f/ NrdKUwnfykHukdawmh 'Dvkda&;cJh
w,f/
bk&m;ocif xif&Sm;&Sdawmfrlaomtcg rZösdra'ot&yfrS a'o
pm&D<uawmfrlonf/ xdkjynfwnf&mt&yfodkY a&mufawmfrlav
\/ wefYMunfhawmifzsm;xuf &yfí Munfhawmfrlavaomfurf;
yg;jrifhxuf aygufyifrsm;ü OAsKdif;jzLESifhusD;ndKem;\/ ayguf
yifcGü zGwfNydwåm vQmESpfcGESifhvnf;ae\/ aygufyif&if;ü zm;
i,f 0yfvsuf&Sd\/ xkdudk jrifawmfrlonf/ jyHK;awmfrlonf/ nD
awmftmeE´mvnf; jyHK;awmfrlaomtaMumif;udk avQmufay
\/ bk&m;ocifvnf; cspfom;tmeE´m? ig y&dedAÁmefjyKawmfrl
í tESpfajcmuf&mhig;q,fhwpfESpf(at'D 168)a&mufaomt
cg þt&yfü OAsKdif;jzLESifhusD;ndKem;onfhtvkdum; xkdjynfü
tvSLoDoif;okH;onfvnf; rsm;vwåHY? oDwif;r&Sdaom 'kóDv
vnf; rsm;vwåYH/ aygufyifcGü zGwfNydwåm vQmESpfcGESifhaeonfh
tvkdum; xkdjynfolwkdYonf v,f,mrvkyfbJ ta&mif;t0,f
ukefpv,fESifhom toufarG;aomtm;jzifh rrSefaompum;udk
okH;onfjzpfí opöm,Gif;,dkvwåYH/ aygufyif&if;ü zm;oli,f0yf
onfhtvkdum; xkdjynfolwkdYonf zm;ES,f 0rf;csrf;í om,mpGm
arGYavsmf&vwåHY/ xkdjynfudk wnfaxmiftpjyKaom ork'´&mZ
rif;vufxuf iSufBuD;? 0ufBuD;? usm;BuD;? &SL;ysHwkdYonfvnf;
rif;rlvwåHY/ xkdiSufBuD;? 0ufBuD;? &SL;ysHwkdYudk bkef;vuf&kH;tm
PmESifhjynfhpkHaomrif;onf cGif;vwåHY/ (rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ydk'f
116? 188-9)
(63)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
tck azmfjywJhAsm'dwfxJuae&m[m yk*Hppfppf r[kwfao;/ yk*H
a&S;ajy; ,m,Dae&myJ jzpfr,f/ c&pfESpf 168-ckqkdwmuvnf; jzpf
Ekdifp&m taMumif;r&Sdyg/ jrefrmawG jrefrmajrjyefYudk 0ifa&mufae
xkdifwmudk c&pf udk;&mpkESpfaESmif;vkdY ,lqygw,f/
t0udk 26 Zefe0g&D? 1365 rSm wnfw,f/ (rSefeef;? 1? 1963?
ykd'f 163? 396)Asm'dwf&wJhNrdKU&GmvkdY olwumvkdvm;ykHudk 'DvkdawGY&yg
w,f/
bk&m;ocif xif&Sm;&Sdawmfrlonfhumv a'opm&D <uawmfrl
aomtcg rZösdra'oonf iaqmifcsrf;t&yfudk Asm'dwfxm;
awmfrlcJhí aumif;pifodkY <uawmfrlonf/ a&mufawmfrlvQif
aumif;pifudk Asm'dwfxm;awmfrlí waumif;udk Asm'dwfxm;
awmfrlcJhNyD;rS rEÅav;odkY a&mufawmfrlvQif &ifom;jrwfudk vSD;
ívSLaom tZÆrkcdbDvl;rudk taMumif;jyKawmfrlí &wemykH
jynfBuD;jzpfvwåYHonfudk Asm'dwfxm;awmfrl\/ ,if;uonf
Muuf,uf t&yfodkY a&mufawmfrlaomtcg tZÆrkcdbDvl;r
armifjzpfaom iawmifjyHK;? iawmifusnf;? iawmiforef? i
awmifjrifh[laom bDvl;av;a,mufwkdY om;>yrf;qGrf;vSLonf
udk taMumif;jyKí awmiforef awmifusnf;t&yfudk Asm'dwf
xm;awmfrl\/ a&S;oa&mtcg þt&yfü Muufrif;armifESr
tppfjzpfí usufpm;prSwf jyKonf/ Muufaxmifht&yfü tdyf
prSwfjyKonf[lí Asm'dwfxm;awmfrlNyD;vQif ,if;uonf ppf
udkif;wnf&mt&yfokdY a&mufawmfrlonf&Sdaomf wpf&maombD
vl;teuf bDvl;ti,fwpfa,mufonf bk&m;ocif a&oEkwf
awmfukd ckd;íajy;avonf/ ukd;usdyfudk;a,mufaombDvl;wkdY
(64)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
rlum; bk&m;ociftm; awmif;yefí om;>yrf;qGrf;vSL\/ bk
&m;ocifonf udk;usdyf ukd;a,mufaom bDvl;wkdYtm; w&m;
a[mawmfrlí aomwmywådzkdvfwnfap\/ xkdt&yfudk aom
wmyef[k ,ckwkdifwGif\/ bDvl;wkdYvnf; bDvl;i,fwpfa,muf
ckd;íajy;avaom a&oEkwfawmfudk ,lí bk&m;ociftm;uyf
NyD;vQif aZwbDvl;trSL;&Sdaom udk;usdyfukd;a,mufaom bD
vl;wkdY apwDwnfí udk;uG,f\/ xkdbk&m;udk aZw0efbk&m;[k
,ckwkdifatmif wGif\/ bk&m;ocifvnf; bDvl;wkdYtm; w&m;
a[mawmfrlNyD;vQif ppfudkif; t&yfukd Asm'dwf xm;awmfrl\/
,if;uonf t0wnf&mt&yfodkY a&mufawmfrlvQif awmifol
BuD;wpfa,muf ocGm;rSnfh okH;vkH; vSLonfESifh þonfudk t
aMumif;jyKawmfrlí þawmifolum; þt&yfü jynfjzpfaom
tcg rif;okH;Budrfjzpfí ig\omoemawmfukd csD;ajr§mufvwåHY
[lí Asm'dwfxm;awmfrl\/ xkdtcg arsmufi,fwpfckonf bk
&m;ocifudk jrifavaomf o'gaompdwf&Sdonfjzpfí om;vuf
rygaom ysm;tkHwpfckudk,lí uyfvm\/ bk&m;ocifvnf; cH
awmfrlNyD;vQif arsmufi,fOau©mif;udk okH;oyfí vTwfawmfrl
\/ xkdarsmufi,fonf ouFef;awmfpGef;üxGufaom csnfrQif
udk Ekwf,lí opfyifodkYajy;wufav\/ xkdudk jrifawmfrlí jyHK;
awmfrl\/ nDawmftmeEmvnf; jyHK;awmfrlaomtaMumif;udk
avQmufaomf ]]cspfom;tmeEm? þt&yfü jynfjzpfaomtcg
þarsmufi,f rif; okH;quf jzpfvwåYH? þarsmufi,f rif;jzpf
vQif 'geudk tm;xkwfvwåHY? oDvrS csKdUwJhvwåHY/ ig\omoem
awmfudk jyKvnf;jyKvwåHY? zsufvnf; zsufvwåHY}}[lí Asm'dwf
(65)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
xm;awmfrl\/ ,if;odkY Asm'dwf xm;awmfrlNyD;rS þum; a&S;
urÇmOD;ü y'krpE´ol&d,rif;vufxuf {&m0wD&|urÜ|meD[k
wGif\/ xdkrif;vufxuf &wemrkd; okH;Budrf&Gm\/ 0&kPmrif;
vufxuf yk&de'[kwGif\/ xkdrif;vufxuf &wemrkd; ESpfBudrf
&Gm\/ uukoefbk&m;vufxufawmfü &wemyk& okemy&EÅ[k
wGif\/ aumPm*kHbk&m;vufxufawmfü Oób[k wGif\/
þjynfwGif 0goka'0rif;vufxuf &wemrkd; wpfBudrf&Gm\/
,ck þt&yfudk wrÜ'Dy[kwGif\/ wpfpD;&Sif oD[olvufxuf
wGifrS tif;0[líwGifonf/ þodkYAsm'dwfxm;awmfrlNyD;rS jrif
pkdif;? yk*HodkY <uawmfrlí Asm'dwfxm;awmfrlonf/ tcsKdUaom
olwkdYrlum; {&m0wDjrpfta&SUbufodkY bk&m;&Sifa&mufawmfrrl
[lí qkdpukefonf/ (rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ydk'f 163? 396-8)/
tr&yl& wnfaqmufr,fqkdNyD; ajrae&m&Sif;vif;wmudk 30
'DZifbm 1782 rSm pw,f/ (ukef;? 1? 1968? 548)/ NrdKUodrf;yGJudk
12? ar? 1783 rSm usif;yw,f/ (ukef;? 1? 1968? 551)/ eef;odrf;yGJ
udk 17 ar? 1783 rSm vkyfw,f? (ukef; 1? 1968? 552)/ NrdKUopfqkd
ayr,fh NrdKUa[mif;yJvkdY a&S;txufuvlawG ajymovkd vkdufajym
w,f/ tr&yl&ae&m[k a&S;a[mif;ae&mwpfckjzpfaMumif; 'Dvkda&;
ygw,f/
xkdt&yfXmeonfvnf; uukoefbk&m;vufxufawmf yXme
rk@d? aumPm*kHbk&m; vufxufawmf "r®ywå? uóybk&m;
vufxuf a'0ywåd? a*gwrbk&m;vufxufawmf oCFmywåd[k
av;Budrfaom trnfwGifonf qkdonfhpum; xD;aygif;um;
awmif? anmifyifBuD;&if;? wyf&meif;onf? aqmif;wGif;ESif;
(66)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
a0a0? aEGodkYvnf;a&muf? eef;opfaqmuf? ESpfa,mufrif;rsm;
aemif? awmiforefawmifusnf;? eef;vnf; ajcmufaqmif
aqmufvwåHY/ xD;awmfawmifyg;? yufygem;u? píNrdKUBuD;
wnfvwHåY/ awmifav;vkH;BuD;? a&TpnfwD;onf jynfBuD;tvkd
jzpfvwåHY/ xD;aygif;um;BuD;? xD;vnf;rIdokdY aygufvwåHY/ qif
jzLqifeD? rjrifhrdcif a&mufvwåHY/ &ckdifpdk;jcif;? taemufrif;
vnf; a&mufvwåHY? bk&m;BuD;pGm r[mrkeda&mufvwåHY/ w&kwf
ukvm; ESpfjynfom;vnf; 0ifpm;rnf}}[k a&S;odkufpma[mif;
rsm;udkvnf; igMum;awmfrlzl;onf/(ukef;? 1? 1967? 546)/
rEÅav;udk 13 azaz:0g&D 1857(ukef;? 3? 1968? 247)rSm p
wifaqmufvkyfwJhtcgrSmvnf; tr&yl&aqmufwkef;u ajymykHrsKd;
udk jyifqifjznfhpGufNyD; ajymygw,f/
bk&m;tavmif; uyfOD;yXr r[mor®wrif;rSpí tpOft
qufvmaom ab;avmif;awmf bkd;avmif;awmf ousomuD
0ifrif;rsKd;wkdYonf waumif;? oa&acwå&m? yk*H? jrifpdkif;? ppf
udkif;? yif;,? tif;0[laom wkdif;? c&kdif? EkdifiHrsm;wGif NrdKUeef;
wnfaxmifpHaeonfht&mrsm;onf bk&m;ocifAsm'dwfawmf&
odkuf0ifrif;wkdYom NrdKUeef;wnfaxmifzefqif; pHae&aMumif;
rsm;udk qkdonfESifhtnD ab;avmif;awmf? bkd;avmif;awmfrif;
w&m;wkdYonf &mZXmeDrif;aejynfawmfBuD; wnfaxmifpHae
awmfrlNyD;vQif omoemawmfjrwf tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk csD;jr§ifh
aqmif&GufawmfrlMuonf/ q'efaygufr tpkH&aom ab;awmf
&if; rif;w&m;BuD;onfvnf; &wemyl& t0NrdKUu ajymif;í
rEÅav;puf&dyfukd rSDNyD;vQif awmiforefteD; xD;aygif;ct&yf
(67)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
wGif NrdKUeef;topf wnfaxmif zefqif;awmfrlonf/ ,if;odkY
NrdKUeef; topf wnfaxmif pHaeawmfrlaomfvnf; ab;awmf
rif;w&m;BuD;vufxuf rEÅav;omoem 2400(A.D 1856)ESpf
axmifhav;&m raphra&muf okduf"mwfudef;cef; omoemaum
Zmouú&mZf tcsdefumv rnDrnTwfao; jzpfacsonf/ igh(rif;
wkef;rif;)vufxufawmfrlum; udef;cef;"mwfodkufESifhwuG t
vkH;pkHomoem aumZmor, BudKufnDonf/ ,if;odkYjzpfí ig
{u&mZfrif;jrwfonf rEÅav; omoem okdufpOftxGuft&Sd
rsm;ESifh rEÅav; t&yfwGif omoemawmf twkdif;xuftvGef
pnfyifyGifhvif;apjcif;taMumif;? trsKd;av;yg;jynfolowå0g
(t)aygif;wkdYcsrf;om? pD;yGm; rsm;ojzifh ckdrSD&m jzpfapjcif; t
aMumif;rsm;udk &nfawmfrlNyD;vQif rEÅav;t&yfodkY ajymif;í
r[m&mZXmeD rif;aejynfBuD; topfwnfaxmif zefqif;awmf
rlí xD;eef;ueuf pdkufaqmufpkd;pHawmfrlrnf/ (ukef;? 3? 1968
240-242/)
NrdKUopfeef;opfwnfaqmufzkdY taMumif;jywJhtxJrSm bk&m;
Asm'dwftjyif odkuf"mwfudef;cef;qkdwmawGvnf; tm;udk;w,f/ 'g
ayrJh ta&;tBuD;qkH; tcsufuawmh ]]omoemawmf twkdif;xuf
tvGef pnfyifyGifhvif;}}zkdYjzpfw,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ ]]jynfolowå0g t
aygif;wkdY csrf;ompD;yGm;rsm;aMumif;}}vnf;ygw,f/ tcktcgvkd o
rkdif;okawoe t&Sdef&aewJhtcg 'DvkdAsm'dwfpum; &Sdw,f/ udef;cef;
u b,fvkdajymw,f qkdwmrsKd;awGudk NrdKUopfwnf&wJhtaMumif;
&if;rSm xnfhrajymMuawmhbl;vkdY xif&ayr,fh 1930 avmufu a&;
om;wJh&mZ0ifwpfapmifrSm tJ'grsKd;awG ryg&if ]]taMumif;tw¬Kyå
(68)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
wåd rjynfhpkH rvkHavmuf &mZ0if tlaygufrQ jzpfaMumif;}}(apm? uk&if
r[m&mZ0if 1? &efukef? trsKd;om;ykHESdyf? 1930? 88)ESdrfhcsa0zefa&;
om;ygao;w,f/ qkdvkdwmu orkdif;rSm aA'ifudef;cef; acwfpm;NrJ
acwfpm;aeygao;w,f/
(69)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
orkdif;&JUorkdif; (7)
Ä
(*) tck &Sifbk&if[m urÇmwnfp r[mor®wu qif;oufvmw,f
vkdY ajymcsifw,f/
jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif a'opm&D<uvmNyD; b,fae&mrSm b,fvkd
Asm'dwfpum; ajymw,fqkdwmudk r[m0ifxJu xkH;enf;&w,fvkdY
xifygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm omoemxGef;um;r,fqkdwJhAsm'dwfawmfudk
odyfESpfoufpGJvrf;,kHMunfvmMuw,f/ &mZ0ifa&;awmhvnf; r[m
0ifykHpHudkyJ vkdufNyD; urÇmwnf[ef? r[mor®wa&G;aumuf wif
ajr§muf[efeJY tJ'Dr[mor®w od'¨w¬txd tz&kduf&mom;qufcHNyD;
qif;oufvmykHudk xyfwlvkdufa&;NyD; waumif;tbd&mZmeJYaemuf
qufwGJudkawmh jrefrmu udk,fhbmompdwfBudKuf xGif,lMuwm jzpfyg
w,f/ (r[m0if 1950? 10-13/ r[m0if 1953? 45-50)/ ous
omuD0ifawG waumif;a&mufvm(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 105? 154)
NyD; oa&acwå&meJYyk*Hrif;qufawGtxd trsKd;qufpyfay;vkduf
w,f/ (&SifoDv0Ho? &mZ0ifausmf? OD;ukvm; r[m&mZ0ifrSm w
aumif;taMumif;udk xnfhra&;yg)/
yk*H&mZ0ifopfudk 1785 u a&;cJhw,fvkdYxifygw,f/ tJ'Dusrf;
rSm ]]tbd&mZm&JUjrefrmEkdifiHbufudk omuD0ifawG yxrOD;qkH
(tbd&mZmacgif;aqmifNyD;)0ifvmykHudk ra&;yg/ "Z&mZm0if
vmwJhtaMumif;awmh ygw,f/ 'D&mZ0ifpmtkyf[m omuD0if
awGeJYwaumif;udk yxrqkH; qufpyfay;wJhusrf; jzpfw,f/ 'D
Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? trSwf(8)? 'DZifbm? 1998/
(70)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
usrf;u waumif; eJY trnfrsKd;pkHudk ajymwJhtcg &mZ0ifarmf
uGef;udk ukd;um;ygw,f/ pE´rkcdbDvl;r? ysLapmxD;eJY ausmuf
pum; taMumif;udk ajymwJhtcg &mZ0if vuFm orkdif;udk ukd;
um;ygw,f/ rif;om;awGeJYaA'g&DawGYwJhtaMumif;udk ajymwJh
tcg armfuGef;vuFmudk ukd;um;ygw,f/ 'GwåabmifeJYtol&m
ppfxkd;cef;ukd ajymwJhtcg O'gef;vuFmudk ukd;um;ygw,f/ yk*H
wpfq,fhudk;&Gm? yk*HwnfaqmufykH eJY avSawmf trsKd;rsKd; t
aMumif;udk ajymwJhtcg vuFmudk udk;um;ygw,f/ ysLapmxD;
iSufBuD;udk cGif;ykHudk ajymwJhtcg ayguúm&mrorkdif;vuFmudkudk;
ygw,f/ (rSefeef; t*Fvdyfbmom ed'gef; 15)
ousomuDrif; tbd&mZeJYta>ct&HawG jrefrmEkdifiH a&muf
vmykHudk 'Dvkdajymjyygw,f/
igwkdY jrwfpGmbk&m;onf aAm"datmifajr Ak'¨a[ü opömav;
qifh yGifhawmfrrlrD a&S;vGefavNyD;aom twdwfumvü aumo
vwkdif;? yOömv&mZfwkdif;ESpfwkdif;wkdYudk tpkd;&aom yOömv&mZf
rif;u aumvd,rif;tm; trsKd;qufvkdaomiSm trwfwkdYudk
apí orD;awmif;&m aumvd,rif;u Zmwdrmefjzifh racsriH
aompum;udk qkdacsaomaMumifh yOömv&mZfrif;ESifhaumvd,
rif;wkdY ppfBuD;jzpfMu&m yOömv&mZfrif;Ekdifí aumvd,a'0'
[ uydv0wfrnfaom okH;jynfaxmifaomomuD0ifrif;wkdY&IH;
avvQif okH;jzmuGJí omuD0ifrif;wdYkysufpD;av\/ aemufrS
wpfbef wnfaxmifjyefí okH;jynfaxmifaomomuD0ifrif;wkdY
ysufpD;avaomtcg uydv0wfjynfrS tbd&mZmrnfaomo
usomuD0ifrif;onf rdrdAkdvfajctvkH;t&if;udk ,lí rZösdra'
(71)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
orSzJhcJhojzifh oCFó&|rnfaom waumif;jynfBuD;udk wnf
axmifpHaeawmfrl\/ (rSefeef;? y? 1963? ykd'f 105? 153-4/)
ousomuD, waumif;yxrqufwGif rif;okH;q,fhokH;yg; &Sd
w,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ okH;q,fhokH;qufajrmuf bdEéu&mZmvufxufrSm
wkdif;wpfyg;u usL;ausmfwkdufckdufvkdY jynfysufw,f/ rif;u xGuf
ajy;wdrf;a&Smif&w,f/ tJ'Drif; ewf&GmpHawmh rkqkd;rrdzk&m;em*qdef
u rvnft&yfrSm vmNyD; ckdatmif;aew,f/ tJ'Dtcgu Ak'¨jrwfpGm
bk&m; yGifhawmfrlcsdefeJYwkdufqkdifaew,f/ ousomuD,tEG,f0if rif;
"Z&mZm[m (c&pfray:rD 491-ckrSm)jrefrmEkdifiHbufudk ckd0ifvm
w,fvkdYajymMuygw,f/ em*qdefrdzk&m;udk awGYawmh]]omuD,}}csnf;
jzpfvkdY aygif;zufNyD; waumif;EkdifiHudk jyefvnfxlaxmifMuygw,f/
(rSefeef;? 1? 1957? 157-8)/ NrdKUudkvnf; yOömv&mZfac:apw,f/
vltrsm;uawmh yOömv&mZfwaumif;vkdYyJ ac:Muw,f/ tJ'Drif;
qufu wpfq,fhckepfqufajrmuf owkd;r[m&mZmrif;(rSefeef;? 1?
1957? 160) jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dtcg-
waumif;eef;&kd; owkd;tm'dpö&mZrnfaom omuD0ifrif;onf
rvnft&yfü jynf&Gm rNidrfrouf&Sdonfuyif a&SmifvGJírxif
r&Sm;aomtoGifjzifh O,smOfawmif,m vkyfpm;aexkdif\/(rSef
eef;? 1? 1957? tykd'f 117? 189)/
tJ'Drif;&JUom;awmf ysLapmxD;[m aemufawmh yk*HrSm ysLrif;
xD;emrnfeJY rif;jzpfygw,f/ rSefeef;? 1? 1957? tykd'f 119? 20)ysL
apmxD;eJYtavmif;rif;w&m;qufET,fykHukdvnf; &mZ0ifq&mawG
tawmfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfNyD; trsKd;pyfMu&ygw,f/
(72)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
urÇmOD;tp r[mor®wrif;rSpí oka'¨g'erif;BuD; tEG,ft
quf wpfcsufwnf;jzifh (334ç568) okH;odef;okH;aomif;av;
axmifhig;&m ajcmufusdyf &Spfa,mufaom oka'¨g'erif; wkdif
atmif rif;pOfrif;quf rjywfrysuf qif;oufí torÇdEécwåd
,tpOfjzpfawmfrlojzifh tm'dpö0ifjzpfawmfrlaMumif;(rSefeef;?
1? 1957? tykd'f 17? 197)
r[mor®weJYousomuD,awGudk qufay;NyD; ousomuD,
rsKd;udk waumif;ta&muf ac:NyD; waumif;quf owkd;tm'dpö&m
Zm&JUom; ysLapmxD;eJYtavmif;rif;w&m;udk qufpyfay;ykHudk Munfh
yg/
,if;odkYvQif r[mor®wrif;rS ysLapmxD;wkdif qufET,fcJhNyD;í
ysLapmxD;rS &wemodCFNrdKUwnf tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;wkdif
qufET,ftyfaom rsKd;awmfpOfduk qkdOD;tHh/
1/ ysLapmxD;rif; 2/ om;awmf xD;rif;,Ofrif; 3/ om;awmf
,Ofrif;ydkufrif; 4/ om;awmf ydkufaoOfvnfrif; 5/ om;awmf
aoOfvnfaMumifrif; 6/ om;awmf aMumifZl&mZfrif; 7/ om;
awmf onfxefrif; 8/ om;awmf om&rGefzsm;rif; 9/ om;
awmf okdufwkdifrif; 10/ om;awmf cHvwfrif; 11/ om;awmf
xGefwkdufrif; 12/ om;awmf xGefypfrif; 13/ om;awmfxGefcspf
rif; 14/ om;awmf ydókHrif; 15/ om;awmf ydwfawmifrif;
16/ om;awmf odcFrif; 17/ om;awmf odef;cGefrif; 18/ om;
awmf a&Tavmif;rif; 19/ om;awmf xGefwifrif; 20/ om;
awmf xGefvGwfrif; 21/ om;awmf apmcifESpfrif; 22/ om;
awmf ysOfjym;rif; 23/ om;awmf wefeufrif; 24/ om;awmf
(73)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
aMumifjzLrif; 25/ om;awmf aemf&xmrif; 26/ om;awmf
apmvl;rif; 27/ om;awmf apm,Grf;rif; 28/ om;awmf t
avmif;pnfolrif; 29/ om;awmf e&olrif; 30/ om;awmf
rif;,Ofe&odcFrif; 1/ om;awmfeE´ol&d, 2/ om;awmfrif;
od'dum 3/ om;awmfrif;bJBuD;&wem 4/ om;awmfrif;bJ&
wemi,f 5/ om;awmfvrÇL;NrdKUpm;&EÅol& 6/ om;awmfayguf
NrdKifNrdKUpm;rif;ykvJ 7/ om;awmfajreJrif;'Dum 8/ om;awmf
t0a&Teef;&Sifrkd;n§if;rif;w&m;\nDawmfjzpfaom 0ygaemf&
xm 9/ om;awmfajrmufbufaemf&xm 10/ om;awmftocF
,m 11/ om;awmfrif;ae0ef; 12/ om;awmfrif;&JaxG; 13/
om;awmfrif;BuD;a&T 14/ om;awmfrif;bkd;cif 15/ om;awmf
rif;ppfEkdif 16/ om;awmfoD&dr[m"r®&mZm 17/ om;awmf&w
emodCFNrdKUwnf tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;(ukef;? 1? 1967? 14
-15)/
rif;pOfrif;qufpm&if;udk wpfacgufzwfMunfh&kHeJY cyfayghaygha&;
xnhfxm;w,fvkdY xifp&myg/ tavmif;rif;w&m;vnf; ousom
uDtorÇdEécwåd,jzpfw,fvkdY rif;q&mcHwJh&[ef;awmfrsm;yJ a&;ay;
wmjzpfygvdrfhr,f/ Oyrm rSefeef;udk a&;om;jyKpkwkef;u rkHa&G;q&m
awmf? aomfuyifq&mawmfwkdYu OD;aqmifNyD; a&;Mu&ygw,f/
a&TOrifbk&m;\rif;q&mcHjcif;ü(tjypfqkdzG,f)om0ZÆ tjzpf
jzifhjyonfudk qí rif;q&mjzpfjcif;iSm rrufarm&m rif;q&m
wkdYrnfonf r[kwfonfüvnf; t[kwfuJhodkY olESpfoufatmif
qkd&acsonf/ armif;axmifq&mawmfonf av;Budrfajrmuf
t0wnfrif;w&m;\rdzk&m;acgif&Sifrif;Ekudk torÇdEécwåd,t
(74)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
EG,fjzpfawmfrlaom &Sifrdzk&m;acgifBuD;onf[k ed*kH;tkyforkdif;
xkd;&acsonf/ pifppfum; xkdd&Sifrdzk&m;onf 'Dy&if;aus; zvH
ukef;&GmolorD; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh rif;q&mtjzpfjzifh tjypf
rsm;onf/ tmZD0yg&dok'doDvjzpfcJhonf/ . . . rif;q&m? pdk;q
&m? t&mxl;cH&onfudk taumif;[k rrSwfvihf/ (0deE´móm
1959? 88-89)
tcktcg ausmufpmtm;udk;eJYyk*Hrif;pm&if;eJYeef;&? eef;us
&ufpGJ ouú&mZfawG azmfxkwfEkdifNyDjzpfvkdY rSefeef;&mZ0ifyg pm&if;r
cdkifrSef; od&ygw,f/ 'gayrJh trsm;qEuawmh r[mor®wu oDayg
rif;txd tm'dpö0Ho tordÇEécwåd,vkdY,lNrJ,lqaeMuygw,f/ q&m
awmfawGvnf; &mZ0v’b jzpfvkdvSw,f/
yxr r[m&mZ0if(trsm;ac:rSefeef;)udk a&;om;zkdY tzGJYpm
&if;u-
rHka&G; aZw0efq&mawmf
aomfuyif q&mawmf
r[m"r®oBuø(jcnfyg awmif&Gmajrmuf&Gmpm;)
jrif;pk0efBuD; OD;a&muf
NAJwkdufoHawmfqifh OD;csdef
pma&;awmfBuD; OD;azsmf
bdodufawmfquf ykPÖm;awmfynm&Sd &mZa'0
bdodufawmfquf ykPÖm;awmfynm&Sd ukrkj'
NAJwkdufoHawmfqifh OD;&GJ
pma&;awmfBuD; OD;vlBuD;
pma&;awmfBuD; OD;atmifom
(75)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
twGif;0ef aqmNrdKUpm; rif;BuD; oD&dr[meEoBuøeJYtwGif;0ef?
tonf0ef pOfhul;NrdKUpm;
rif;rdefYeJY aemif rSefeef;&mZ0ifvkdYac:wJhyxrr[m&mZ0ifudk 3
ar? 1829 upNyD; a&;&vkdY a&SUaqmifOD;pD;aqmif&Guf&wJhq&mawmf
awGudk &mZ0v’brif; tuRrf;0ifwJhrif;q&mcHolawGvkdYyJ owfrSwf
&rSmjzpfygw,f/ yxrr[m&mZ0ifu 14 'DZifbm? 1821 txdyJ
a&;NyD;w,f/ aemuf 'kwd,r[m&mZ0ifudk a&;ckdif;jyefawmh 16? ar
1854 txdyJ a&;NyD;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh eef;awmfrSm aeYpOfrSwfbk&m;
qkdeJY emrnfeJY eef;wGif;a&;udk y"mexm;NyD; tjzpftysufpkH a&;om;
xm;wmawGudkyJ y,foifh? jzKwfoifhwmawGukd csefNyD; qufa&;ay;&kH
yJ vkyfMu&wmjzpfawmh b,fola&;w,f/ b,folu pmrlydkifw,fqkd
wm r&Sdyg/ ykHESdyfwJhtcg 'kwd,r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;udk 'kwd,ukdjzKwf
NyD; ukef;abmifquf r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;vkdYjyifqifw,f/ pkaqmif;
jyKpkolvkdY OD;armifarmifwif KSM, ATM u emrnfcHw,f/ rkHa&G;aZ
w0efq&mawmfOD;OwårAk'du 8 Zefe0g&D? 1957 u 'Dusrf;rSm rif;
wkef;rif; &Sifbk&ifjzpfp 16 ar? 1854 u oDaygrif; eef;uswJh 29
Ekd0ifbm? 1885 txd txufu ra&;jzpfbJ usefaewJhtykdif;ukd aeY
pOfrSwfbk&m; emrnfyg&SdwJhyk&ykdufawGu vkdorQ taMumif;t&mudk
aumuf,lqufpyfNyD; wu,fa&;wJhvlu rkH&GmNrdKUe,f? waemif;awm
&GmZmwd OD;ay:OD;avQmufxkH;? t,lawmfr*FvmavQmufxkH;pwJh
usrf;awGa&;wJh OD;atmif jzpfw,fvkdY ajymzl;ygw,f/ 'Dvkdpkaqmif;
a&;om;wJhtcg t*Fvdyfacwfudk a&mufaeNyDjzpfvkdY t*Fvdyfrif; r
ESpfoufr,fhtaMumif;t&mawGudk jzKwfxm;cJhr,fvkdYxif&ygw,f/
OD;ukvm; 1715 avmufua&;wJhr[m&mZ0if yPmrpum;rSm &Sif
(76)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
bk&ifudk ajr§mufrajymbl;qkdwm xif&Sm;atmif-
r[mor®wrif;? rEmwfrif;? "r®maomurif;wkdYonf BuD;aom
tmEkabmf&Sdukef\/ . . . xkdodkYaom rif;pifvsufvnf; ys,fjcif;?
ukefjcif;odkYa&mufcJh\[líqkdaompum;onf tedpötp&Sdaom
ur®|mef;ESifh,SOfí qkdvwåHYonfjzpfí olawmfaumif;wkdYonf
rsm;aom tpD;tyGm; jzpfvwåHY/ aumif;pGm rSwfukef? emukef&m
\/ (ukvm; 1? 1960? 4)/
tay:rSm ajymjycJhwJhrkHa&G;q&mawmfu r[m&mZ0ifausmf
ac: &mZdE´&mZ 0&r@eDudk a&;wJhtcg rSefeef;a&;pOfu rif;BudKuf?
tckolBudKuf a&;r,f xif&ayr,fhrSefeef;twkdif;yJ odyfrxl;yg/
(armifarmifckdif 1976? 11-16)/
(77)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
orkdif;&JUorkdif; (8)
Ä
ya'o&mZfvufpGJusrf;(&maZm0g')tjzpfokH;&ef pMu0aw;rif;udk
]]wpfaeYawmh aorSmyJ}} tck vkdcsifwm &aevkdY odyfrmeawG BuD;r
aeeJYvkdY qkH;rcsifw,f/
OD;ukvm;a&;wJh r[m&mZ0if[m jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; &IzkdY ur®
|mef;pmyJvkdY &Sif;&Sif;a&;ovkd rSefeef;rSmvJ a&;ygw,f/
]]&mZ0ifrnfonfum; rif;ESifhpyfaom pum;omwum;? rjyK
pk rokwfoif rpD&ifoifh}}[k olwpfyg;wkdY tjypfwifzG,f&Sdonf
jzpfí &mZ0ifudk emcHMunfh&Iojzifh ur®óuwmÓPf okwr,
tp&Sdaom ÓPfyDwd ygarmZDyGm;rsm;jcif; ur®|mef;ajrmufjcif;
jzpf&maomaMumihf rif;ESifhpyfaom pum;omr[kwf? tusKd;&Sd
onfomjzpfí &mZ0ifusrf;udk wnfMunfpGm emvifhukef/(rSef
eef; 1? 1963? 8)
tedpö? 'ku©? tewå qkdwmawGudk &mZ0ifxuf ydkNyD;&Sif;atmif
ajymvmEkdifwJhusrf; &Sdao;ovm;vkdYawmif ajymvkd[ef &Sdw,f/
bk&ife&oD[yawh 1256-1287 u w&kwf&efukd rwm;EkdifvkdY
odwJhtcg avSBuD;eJYjrpfudk pkefajy;zdkYpDpOfw,f/ vlrsm;vkdY avSrqefY
vkdY armif;r(twGif;ap)okH;&mudk ajcvufBudK;wkyfNyD; a&csapvkdYt
rdefYay;wJhtcg q&mawmf(bGJYtrnfrod)vmNyD;-
rif;BuD; oHo&m0,f usifvnforQaom owå0gwkdYonf vl\
tjzpfudk &&ef tvGefcJvSonf/ vl\tjzpfudkyif &onf&Sdaomf
Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? trSwf(8)? 'DZifbm? 1998/
(78)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
vnf; bk&m;jzpfawmfrlaom umvudk &cJvSonf/ xkdolwkdYukd
a&0,fypfaom raumif;rIudkvnf; rif;BuD;cHawmfrlwGufr&Sd/
a&0,fypfcsaom aemifvmvwåHYaom rif;wkdYaomfvnf; tpOf
qkdcsifp&m O'gef;armfuGef; jzpf&pfavawmhrnfjzpfaomaMumifh
avSwGif rqHhorQaom twGif;aprdef;rwkdYudk BudKufaomvl? &
[ef;wkdY aqmif,lavawmh[lítrdefYawmf&SdvQif touftvSL
udkay;onfvnf; rnfawmfrlawmhonf/ jyKpkawmfrlonfvnf;
rnfawmhonf/(ukvm;? 1? 1960? 300-301)
'Dae&mrSm rif;udkqkH;rwJhq&mbkef;BuD;[m &mZ0ifq&myJ jzpf
r,fxifygw,f/ wpfu,fhtjzpftysuf r[kwfbJ aemifvmr,fhrif;
awG ]]toufudk toufrrSwf owfcsifwkdif;owf}}rSmudk wm;csifwJh
oabmeJY&mZ0ifq&mu ykHjyifav;wpfckxGifNyD; xnfhxm;wmjzpf
r,fxifygw,f/ tJ'DvkdyJ rdzk&m;zGm;apm ajymoa,mifeJYyk*HjyefcgeD;
rif;udk owday;pum; ajymw,f/
tavmif;rif;BuD; bkHokH;yg;ü usifvnfaom'ku©dwowå0gt
aygif;wkdYonfum; avmu"Hw&m; &Spfyg;rSruif;? uRef;i,fESpf
axmift&H&Sdaom uRef;BuD; 4 uRef;ESifhewfjynf 2 xyfudk tpdk;
&aom pMu0aw;rE¨mwfrif; 0ifvsufvnf; emembm0 0dem
bm0w&m;awmfrSruif;? a[mawmfrlaomw&m;udkynmawmf
jzifh qifjcifawmfrlonfjzpfrS ESvkH;awmf aESmifh,Sufjcif; uif;
awmfrlrnf/(ukvm;? 1? 1960? 303)/
rif;udkvnf; igvlwpfa,mufyguvm;vkdY rMumcP owday;zkdY
vkdw,f/ rdzk&m;zGm;apmu qufNyD; owday;[efeJY&mZ0ifq&mu
rif;ukd qkH;rjyefw,f/ rif;udk qkH;r[efudk ykHpHav;rsKd; cGJvkdY&ygw,f/
(79)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
(u) tMumt&Snf pdk;rkd;tkyfcsKyfcGifh&zkdY
(c) om;awmftpOf ajr;awmftquf jrpfawmftnTefY t"GefY&Snf
atmif pkd;tkyfcsKyfcGifh&zkdY
(*) EkdifiHwGif; at;csrf;om,mwkd;wufzkdYeJY
(C) omoemawmfudk csD;jr§ifhEkdifzkdY jzpfygw,f/
(u) tMumt&Snf pdk;rkd;tkyfcsKyfcGifh &zkdYqkd&mrSm &Sifbk&ifwkdif;
eef;ouf&SnfcsifMuwmudk qkdvkdygw,f/
bk&ifwpfyg;[m aA'ifudef;cef;t& qufvuftkyfpdk;cGifh wpf
q,fhESpfESpfyJ &Sdw,fvkdYqkdwJhtcg q&mawmfoHCmawmfawGudk wif
avQmuftMuHÓPfawmif;cJhygw,f/ tJ'Dtcg eef;ouf&SnfzkdY
toufwkdtHhonfukd a&SmifuGif;í touf&SnfpdrfhaomiSm a&
oefY aomufEkdifMuygap[k a&ppfvSLyg/ ckdukd;p&m ae&m em;&m
tdrfa*[m aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;yg/ oltkdolemwkdYudk auR;arG;
uko apmifha&Smufyg/ bk&ifrif;jrwf ,ck ajymcJhonfh enf;wl
ysufpD;,Gif;,kdvsuf&Sdaom taqmufttkHwkdYudk jyifyg/ ig;yg;
oDvudk vkHatmif txl;jyKí apmifhxdef;yg/ OaygoxoDwif;
aeYrsm;rSm &Spfyg;oDvapmifhyg/ (r[m0if? 1950? 251-252?
oDv0Ho 1965? 112-114)/
tMuHÓPftwkdif; vkyfwJhtcg eef;oufav;q,fhav;ESpfae&
w,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ rdzk&m;apmudk tokH;jyKNyD; &mZ0ifq&mu aemif
&Sifbk&ifjzpfr,fhvlawGudk qkH;rjyefw,f/ ]]txufu avQmufygonf
udkd ,lawmfrrl}}vkdY ck'ku©awGYNyDr[kwfvm;qkdwJh pum;ukdvnf; okH;yg
w,f/
(80)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
1/ jynf0rf;udk razmufavsmuf&mrSm jynfBuD;0rf;ESifh wlaom ao
a|;ol<u,fwkdYudk tjypfr&SdbJvsuf tjypf&Smawmfrlí Opöma&TaiG
wkdYudk zsufqD;odrf;,ljcif;? aoa|;ol<u,fwkdYudk aoaomtcgt
arGcHaomom;orD;&Sdvsuf tarGrcH& jypfjypfukefatmif odrf;,l
awmfrljcif;onfvnf; jynfh0rf;udk azmufonfrnf\/
2/ jynfhOD;uif;udk rESdrf&m avQmuf&mrSm jynfhOD;uif;ESifhwlaom rSL;
BuD; rwfckdifwkdYudk trsufawmf &SdvQif raxmufrcsifh rqifrjcif
uGyfn§yfawmfrljcif;onfum; jynfhOD;uif;udk ESdrfonfrnf\/
3/ jynfhwHcGefudk rvSJ&m avQmuf&mrSm jynf\wHcGefESifhwlaom &aoh?
&[ef;? ynm&SdwkdYudk trsufawmf &SdvQif rpkHrprf; raxmufr&I
rsufawmfrljcif;onfum; jynfhwHcGefudk vSJonfrnf\/
4/ jynfhrsufpdudk rxkwf&m avQmuf&mrSm jynf\rsufpdESifh wlaom
yd#uwfaA'ifwwfaom ynm&Sdyka&m[dwfwkdYudk trsuf&SdvQif qD;
wm;ydwfqdkYawmfrrl &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH rsufawmfrljcif;onfum; jynfhrsuf
pdudk xkwfonfrnf\/
5/ jynfhpG,fudk rcsKd;&m avQmuf&mrSm jynfBuD;tpG,fESifhwlaomrif;
nDrif;om;wkdYudk trsufawmf&SdvQif a&SUudk axmuf&Iawmfrrl? rsuf
awmfrljcif;onfum; jynfhpG,fudk csKd;onfrnf\/
6/ jynfhrsufESmudk rzsuf&m avQmuf&mrSm jynf\rsufESmESifhwlaom
rdbvifom;wkdY\aMu;rkHozG,fjzpfaom ol\om;orD;wkdYudk t
Ekdiftxuf ,lawmfrljcif;onfum; jynf\ rsufESmudk zsufonf
rnf\/
7/ jynfhem;udk rydwf&m avQmuf&mrSm jynf\em;ESifhwlaom olvQKd
wkdYudk r,kHrMunf[k vsifvsifxufxuf z,f&Sm;awmfrljcif;onf
(81)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
um; jynfem;udk ydwfonfrnf\/
8?9/ jynfhajc? jynfhvufudk rjzwf&m avQmuf&mrSm jynfol\ajc
vufjzpfaom ol&J? olcufwkdYudk trsufawmf &SdvQif oHo&m?
ypöKyÜefESpfyg;udkaxmuf&Iawmfrrl? owfjzwfjcif;onfum; jynfh
ajcjynfhvufukd jzwfonfrnf/(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 152?
356? 357)
bk&ifrif;wpfyg;[m rzsufqD;&maom ukd;rsKd;udk odvsuf? rod
vkdY zsufqD;rdNyDqkdvQif udk,fhysufpD;&mudk ukd,fyifjyKw,fvkdY ajymEkdif
ygw,f/
(c) om;awmftpOf ajr;awmftquf jrpfawmftnTefY t"GefY
&Snfatmif pdk;tkyfcGifh&&ef ay;wJhtMuHÓPfu rif;usifhw&m;(10)
yg;udk NrJ&r,fvkdY ajymw,f/
(10)yg;u-
(1) tvSLay;jcif;?
(2) ig;yg;oDv aqmufwnfjcif;?
(3) ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;?
(4) ajzmifhrwfjcif;?
(5) El;nHhjcif;?
(6) &Spfyg;oDv aqmufwnfjcif;?
(7) trsufrxGufjcif;?
(8) jynfolwkdYudk rn§Of;qJjcif;?
(9) onf;cHjcif;?
(10) jynfolwkdYESifh rqefYusifjcif;(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 53?
(82)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
68)
rif;usifhw&m;&Spfyg;vnf; &Sdao;w,f/
1/ odMum;rif;onf owå0gwkdYtm; ESdyfjcif;? csD;ajr§mufjcif;? jyKo
uJhodkY jynfolvlxktaygif;wkdYtm; ESdyfjcif;? csD;ajr§mufjcif;udkjyK
&m\/
2/ aeonf &Spfvwkdifwkdif rdrdta&mifjzifh a&udk cef;ajcmufapo
uJhodkY wkdif;EkdifiHwkdYü tcGeftwkyfwkdYudk jznf;jznf;cH,l&m\/
3/ avonf owå0gwkdY ukd,fwGif;udk0ifí oGm;ouJhodkY olvQKdjzifh
olwpfyg;taMumif;udk odatmif jyK&m\/
4/ ,rrif;onf cspfool? rkef;olra&G;bJ tavsmuf aoapouJh
odkY cspfol? rkef;olr[kwf tjypfESifhavsmfpGm 'Pfay;&m\/
5/ ork'&monf awmifhwjcif;r&dSí jrpfi,fwkdY pD;qif;&mjzpfouJh
odkY Opömpnf;pdrfudk rawmifhw&m/
6/ vjynfh0ef;udk jrifaom olwkdYonf ESpfvkd ukefouJhodkY cyfodrf;
aomolwkdYonf rif;\rsufESmudk jrifa,mifjyK&m\/
7/ ajrBuD;onf aumif; raumif;aom olwkdYudk tnDtrQ &Guf
aqmifouJhodkY wkdif;um;jynf&Gm Zeyk'fwkdYudk &Gufaqmif&m\/
8/ rkd;ewfom;onf rkd;av;vywfvkH; &GmapouJhodkY ol&J? olcuf
wkdYtm; rsKd;&du©mjzifh ESpfoufap&m\/
(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 53? 68-69)
(*) wkdif;EkdifiH pnfyifapzkdY ty&d[med,w&m;ckepfyg;udk vkduf
emoifhw,f/
1/ tBudrfrsm;pGm rjywfpnf;a0;jcif;/
(83)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
2/ tnDtnTwfpnf;a0;í tnDtnTwfxjcif;? jyKtyfaomudpö
udk tnDtnTwfjyKjcif;/
3/ a&S;rif;wkdY rynwfonfudk rynwf? ynwfNyD;onfukdvnf; r
zsuf? ynwfwkdif; usifhjcif;/
4/ BuD;olwkdYudk &kdaoylaZmfonf? BuD;olwkdYpum;udk emcH,ljcif;/
5/ trsKd;orD;i,fwkdYudk tEkdiftxuf rodrf;,ljcif;/
6/ jynfwGif;jynfyapmifhaomewfwkdYudk Avdewfpm ay;NrJay;jcif;/
7/ &[ef;ykPÖm;wkdYudk w&m;ESifhtnD apmifha&SmufvkHjcHKapjcif;/
(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 54? 69)
jynf&GmpnfyifapzkdY taMumif;av;yg;uawmh-
1/ v,fvkyfol rsm;apjcif;/
2/ ukefoG,frI rsm;apjcif;/
3/ oDwif;oDv&Sdaomtrwf rsm;apjcif;/
4/ rsm;aomtMum;tjrif&Sdaom oDv&Sdaom&[ef;rsm;apjcif;/
(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 63? 73)
(C) omoemudk csD;jr§ifhjcif;qkd&mrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;omoemt
ESpfig;axmif wnfzkdY ajymqkdNrJjzpfr,f/ omoemuG,f&zkdY w&m;ig;
yg;&Sdw,f/
yxrenf;uawmh t*kFwåKd&f? omoemuG,faMumif; w&m;
aygif;um; w&m;rem? pmayroif? EIwfwGifraqmif? odatmifrrSwf?
y#dywfuGm? þig;jzmwnf;/
'kwd,enf; aemufvmwkdYjyif? pmoify,favsm? us,fra[mMu
(84)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
us,frcsESifh? us,fpGmhrtH? rMuHrpnf? þig;rnfwnf;/
wwd,enf; cgwpfenf;rSm tu©&myk'fysuf? avhusufoifMu?
qkH;r r,l? pmcsol&Sm;? vmbfrsm;atmifMuH? ckduf&efuGJjym;? þig;yg;
onf bk&m;omoem uG,faMumif;wnf;/ (Mobmo 1975? 556)/
tckajymwJhtcsufawG r&Sdatmif vkyf&if? omoempnfyifjyefY
yGm;a&;vkyf&if? omoemcsD;jr§ifh&m a&mufygw,f/ ya'o&mZfacwf
u acwfopfudk ul;vmayr,fhtxufu avhvmwifjycJhwJhtcsuf
awG[m EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfolwkdif;twGuf aus;Zl;jyKEkdifw,fvkdYxifyg
w,f/ 'DtcsufawG tukefvkH;[m &mZ0ifusrf;awGrSmygNyD;jzpfvkdY
jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;awG&JUorkdif;[myJ? jrefrmwkdYtwGuf ypöKyÜefeJYt
em*wf qufoG,fNyD; oifcef;pm,lp&m tcsufawG trsm;BuD;ay:
xGufvmEkdifw,f/ tcsKyftm;jzifh rif;udkqkH;rwJhae&mrSm jrefrm&mZ
0ifawG[m txl;aumif;rGef jynfhpkHw,fvkdY xifygw,f/
(85)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
jrefrmpmayorkdif;tp
Ä
a&S;a[mif;jrefrm&mZ0ifudk ykHpHopfeJYa&;zkdY t&iftESpfav;q,f
avmufu uRefawmf pwifBudK;pm;wJhtcg OD;odef;[efu trsm;BuD;
ulnDw,f/ aemuf 1965 u 1982 xd uRefawmf tnmrSmae&awmh
OD;odef;[efu ukdoef;xGef; rEÅav;a&mufoGm;wm a&S;rSwfwrf;awG
pjzpfwmayghvkdY 0rf;ompum; ajymygw,f/ 'gawGaMumifh OD;odef;[ef
udk owd&atmufarhNyD; 'Dpmwrf;udk a&;ygw,f/
pma&;ynm rxGef;um;rD vlowå0gawG pum;pNyD; ajymwwf
MuwJhtcguyJ ykHjyifawG ajymw,f/ oDcsif;oDqkdw,f? a&S;a&S;uvl
awG ajymcJhqkdcJhwmawGpkNyD; pmeJYa&;jzpfwm odyfrMumao;ygbl;/
&Sif;&Sif;ajymcsifwmu jrefrmawG pma&;ynm rwwfcifuyJ jrefrm
pmay &SdESifhNyD/ pmudk ayrSm csa&;awmh bmudka&;MurSmvJqkd&if t
pOftquf a&S;a&S;u ajymcJhqkdcJhwmawGudkyJ a&;MurSmaygh/ t&if
awmifay:a'o orykdif;rSmaepOf jrefrmEkdifiH tv,fydkif; ajrjyefYudk
ra&mufcifu ajymcJhqkdcJhwmawGudk raysmufrysuf&atmif rSwfwrf;
wifMur,fvkdYvJ awG;qNyD; ajymEkdifygw,f/ jrefrmawG jrefrmEkdifiH
tv,fydkif;udk rvma&mufcifu b,frSmaecJhMuovJvkdYar;&if t
ar;om&Sdr,f? tajzray:bl;/ bmjyKvkdYvJqkdawmh ckdifcdkifrmrmajym
p&m oufaotaxmuftxm;r&SdvkdYygyJ/ rSef;qMunfhygqkd&if w
&kwfEkdifiHtaemufajrmufaxmifh jzpfaumif;&JUvkdYajymr,f/ t&ift
ESpfav;axmif(2000 bDpD)u awmifbufudk wjznf;jznf;wa&GUa&GU
Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? 'DZifbm? 1991 - {NyD? 1993
(86)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
ajymif;a&TUvmMur,f/ t&iftESpfwpfaxmif wpf&mavmufus
awmh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;udk a&mufvmNyD; twnftNrJ aeMuawmhr,f
qkdawmh rGefvlrsKd;? ysLvlrsKd;awGeJYawGYMuw,f/ 'DvlawGu tdEd,
"avhudk awmfawmfrsm;rsm; vufcHusifhokH;aeMuNyDjzpfvkdY jA[®P0g'?
Ak'¨0g'awGudk wwfuRrf;NyD;om; jzpfw,f/ jrefrmawGu 10 &mpkESpf
avmufrSm trsm;tjym; Ak'¨omoem0if jzpfvmp&m&Sdygw,f/ tdEd
,t&if;cHjzpfwJhtu©&mawG okH;NyD; pma&;enf;udk 11 &mpkESpf
avmufrSmyJ wwfajrmufvmMuygNyD/ pma&;enf;wwfwmeJY ted&k'¨
(1044-1177)EkdifiHcsJUwJhumveJY xyfwlavmuf jzpfr,fvkdYrSef;qyg
w,f/
jrefrmawG[m Ak'¨omoem0if rjzpfrDu ewfudk;Mur,f? olwkdY
taetxkdiftpprSm ewf,kHMunfrIudk a&SUwef;xm;NyD; pOf;pm;
aqmif&GufMurSmaygh/ 'Dawmh Ak'¨omoem0ifjzpfvmwJhtcg olwkdY&JU
taetxdkdifykHpH[m t&iftaetxkdifeJYvkH;0rwlawmhbl;vkdY rajym
Ekdifayr,fh enf;enf;uGJvmrSmawmh trSefyJ/ 'Dvkdqkd&if olwkdYjrefrm
EkdifiHajrjyefYa&mufNyD; Ak'omoem0ifjzpfrvmMucifu oDcsif;? ykHjyif?
pum;ykH? pum;xm? &kd;&m"avhusifhxkH;? w&m;pGJqkdykH? tjypf'Pfay;
ykHawG[mvnf; awmifay:rSmaewkef;u ewfukd;uG,folrsm;&JU"avh
eJYuGmjcm;oifhoavmuf uGmjcm;&r,f/ 'DvkdcRif;csufxm; ajym&wm
u Ak'¨omoemuvnf; ewft,ludk tpterSrusef&atmif tm;
vkH;ESdyfuGyfzsufqD;ypfvkdufw,fvkdY rawGY&bl;/ Oyrm - oDwif;wpf
ywfwpfcgavmuf ausmif;bk&m;oGm;NyD;awmh ig;yg;? &Spfyg;oDvcH
,lovkd aeYpOfvkyfief;usawmhvnf; wHigu ewfudk;NyD; ig;zrf;NrJ?
rkqkd;uvnf; ewfukd;NyD; trJvkdufNrJygyJ/ aeomatmifnd§(Ambivale-
(87)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
nce)NyD;aeMur,fhoabmaygh/ uaeYtxdvnf; a&S;xkH;eJYacwfo
abmudk nd§aeMu&ygw,f/ ewfqkdwmvJ ,kHwJhvltzkdY wpfu,f[kwf
aewmyJ/ ewfudk;&if ]]r}}w,f? raxrJhjrifvkyf&if ]]udkif}}w,fqkdwm
wpfu,f,kHNyD; rylaZmf ryobJ rae&Jbl;/
ewfudk a'otvkduf? vkyfief;tvkduf trnfwyfNyD; udk;&w,f
qkdawmh b,fewf[m b,fwkH;u pay:w,fqkdwm rSwfrdMuw,f/
olYtaMumif;ajymwJhykHjyifxJuyJ orkdif;aMumif;udk azmfxkwfEkdifw,f/
twdtus ray:awmif rSef;qvkdY&NyD/ vlYb0u wpfenf;wpfzkHpGrf;
wJhvlwpfa,muf[m a&m*ga0'emaMumifh r[kwfbJ &kwfw&uf]]t
pdrf;ao}}ao&wJhtcg ewfjzpfw,f/ ewf0ifonfuwpfqifh olbm
vdkcsifw,fqkdwm vlawGudk ajymawmh vkyfay;Mu&w,f/ oluvnf;
jyefNyD;aus;Zl;wkHYwJhoabm&Sdawmh yoNyD;qkawmif;wJhtay;t,l
oabm ay:vmw,f/ ewfcsif;qkdwmvnf; &Sdvmw,f/ 'Dewfcsif;
awG[m a&S;jrefrmawG&JUpmrwwfcifu &SdcJhwJhpmayjzpfygw,f/ vl
udk owfNyD; ewfyowJhtxd &Sdw,f/ aemufawmh vl? Muuf? iSuf?
0uf? uRJ? EGm;owfNyD; yowmudk ydwfyifwJhtrdefYawmfawG &Sdw,f/
v,f,mpdkufcif;rSm aumufpkdufcsdef? aumufodrf;csdefawGrSm yoMu
NrJjzpfovkd aemufawmh Ak'¨omoem&JU0g0if0gxGufyGJeJYnd§NyD; vkyfvm
Muwmvnf; &Sdr,f/ cHwyfwnfwJhtcg? &GmwnfwJhtcg vlpaw;&
w,fqdkwJhykHjyifawG Mum;zl;MurSmyg/ ewfudk;ovkd a>re*g;udkvnf;
udk;w,f/ waumif;bdk;awmfBuD;qkd&if a>re*g;vkdY,lqMuw,f/ opf
yifBuD;&ifvnf; ewf(&ku©pkd;)tapmifh&Sdw,f? ylaZmf&w,f/ Ak'¨om
oem0if jzpfvmMuawmh awmapmifhewf? awmifapmifhewfqkdNyD;trQ
a0wJhtcg xnfhNyD; a0vkdufMujyefw,f/ twkd;tyGm;udkvkdvkdY vdifyl
(88)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
aZmfwJht,lawmif toGifajymif;NyD; usefaumif;usef&m&SdOD;r,faygh?
rkd;ukdvkdvkdY ig;udka&avmif;? opfyifudk a&avmif;wmvJ tckawmh
Ak'¨omoem0ifykHpHajymif;oGm;NyD/ rkd;&Gmatmif vGefqGJwm? zm;yGJvkyf
wmuawmh toGifrajymif;ao;bl;qkdygawmh/ tJ'Dvkd toGifr
ajymif;bJ usefae&if tJ'Da'ouvlawG[m jrefrmawG Ak'omoem
0ifjzpfMuwmxuf olwkdY Ak'omoem0ifjzpfwm aemufuswmaMumifh
jzpfr,fvkdY xif&ygw,f/ aA'ifar;? ,Mwmajc? ewfudk;? acgpmypf
qkdwmawG tcktcg aq;&kHwifxm;wJhvlemtwGuf tdrfu rdom;pk
u vkyfay;aewm awGYMuao;w,fr[kwfvm;/ ewfudk;wJhtcg ajym
&qkd&wJhpum;udk jrefrmawG pmrwwfcifu&SdcJhwJhpmayvkdY,l&rSmjzpf
ygw,f/
jrefrm&mZ0ifawGxJu a&SUydkif;usus tjzpftysufawGudk rSwf
xm;ykHu ykHjyiftwkdif;yJ jzpfw,f/ tJ'DykHjyifawGxJu ewfe*g;bDvl;
z,fvkduf&if 'DykHjyifudkyJ wpfu,fhtjzpftysufvkdY,lqEkdifp&m &Sdyg
w,f/ jrefrmawG pmrwwfcifu ay:wJhtjzpftysufvkdYxif&wJhykH
jyifawGudk a&G;awmh wpfq,fhig;ykH &ygw,f/
1/ nDaemif tb&dkuf&m tBuD;tuJae&mudk vk&m nDuvdrfnm
NyD; tEkdif,l(uH&mZmi,f)
2/ vlpGrf;aumif;udk aMumufvkdY rD;&IdUowf(armifwifhw,f)
3/ trJvkdufwJhtcg ae&yfeJYodyfa0;wJhae&mudk a&mufoGm;awmh
ae&yfrjyefawmhbJ tajcopftaeopfwnfaxmif(acy'lw)
4/ awmae&aohu rdef;uav;wpfa,muf arG;pm;(aA'g&D)
5/ oGm;ygrsm;c&D;a&muf? ar;ygrsm; pum;&? rtdyfrae touf
(89)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
&SnfqkdwJhtMuHay;csufudk vkdufemvkdY raobJ tBuD;tuJjzpf
(armifaygufBudKif;)
6/ rsufuef;nDtpfudk azmifeJYjrpfrSm arQmvm&if; rsufpdjyefjrifNyD;
NrdKU&Gmwnf(r[morÇ0 plVorÇ0)
7/ ewfawG e*g;awG yoNyD; NrdKUwnf('Gwåabmif)
8/ pnfwD;ac:NyD; tcGefcH? vufeufjyNyD; tcGefawmif;
('Gwåabmif)
9/ rdef;rtBuD;tuJudk a,musfm;tBuD;tuJu wkdufcdkuf odrf;
ydkufwJhtcg rdef;ru aq;pD&ifNyD; vufpm;acs(yefxGmrif;orD;
eJY'Gwåabmif)
10/ tkyfcsKyfolawG tusifhysufvGef;vkdY vlawG txdwfwvefYae&
pOf aumvm[vaMumifh NrdKUysuf(okynme*&qdEévufxuf
oa&acwå&m)
11/ &efolBuD;av;rsKd;&SdvkdY NrdKU&GmrBuD;yGm;(ork'&mZfvufxufyk*H)
12/ vufeufqef;jzpfwJhav;jrm; uRrf;usifvkdY tBuD;tuJjzpf(ysL
apmxD;)
13/ vuf&SdtBuD;tuJudk owfolukd tBuD;tuJajr§muf(awmifol
BuD;rif;)
14/ uRefeJYr,m;aygif;NyD; vifBuD;udkowf? aemufvifi,fu rkqkd;
jzpfvkdY towfcH&(paviacG;)
15/ vufeufpGJNyD; vlwpfOD;csif; owfykwfMuum tEkdif&wJhvludkt
BuD;tuJajr§muf(pkuúaw;eJYtaemf&xm)
'DtjzpftysufawG[m jrefrmawG tdEd,"avhudk rawGYrMuHKzl;
cifu jzpfysufcJhr,fvkdY xifygw,f/ 'gayrJh aemiftdEd,"avh&JUt
(90)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
&dyfta,mif 0ifvmawmh ig;&mhig;q,f ZmwfawmfawGxJu t
aMumif;t&meJY,SOfNyD; wl&mwlaMumif;udk ukd,fvkdcsifoavmufjzwf
,l jznfhpGufjyifqifcsufeJY csa&;vkdufMuwmvJ &Sdygw,f/ Oyrm -
tbt&kduft&mudk &zkdY nDtpfudk vufeufeJY,SOfNydKifwkdufckdufMuwJh
tcg tpfudkao&if emrnfwpfcsKdUudk vkdtyfovkdjyifNyD; r[mZeu
(ZmwftrSwf 539)twkdif; a&;vkdufMuw,f/ rdzk&m;i,f&JUom;udk
xD;eef;vTJw,fqkd&if 'o&|(ZmwftrSwf 461)&JUwpfpdwfwpfydkif;udk
vkdtyfovkd wpfcsKdUemrnfjyifNyD; ul;a&;vkdufw,f/
jrefrmpum;ykHawGvJ jrefrmawG pmrwwfcifuyJ &SdESifhwJhjrefrm
pmayjzpfygw,f/ pum;ykHqkdwJhemrnf(a0g[m&)uyJ pum;eJYyJjzpf
NyD;om;taMumif;t&mwpfckudk ykHaqmifNyD; owday;csufeJYtMuHay;
csufwpfrsKd;rsKd;udk azmfjyxm;wmyJ r[kwfvm;/ ]]aqmif&ef}}eJY
]]a&Smif&ef}}awGudk ajymjyaeNyDjzpfvkdY tawGYtMuHKu ay;wJhrSwfom;
p&mpum;awGygyJ/ pum;ykHxJrSm t,loD;wJhtajymtqkdvJ ygvm
wwfygw,f/ tJ'gvJ acwfumv ae&ma'ovlrsKd;"avhawGeJY[yf
Munfh&if bmaMumifh 'DvkdajymMuqkdMu qkH;jzwfMuw,fvkdY odavmuf
ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh oufBuD;pum; oufi,fMum;qkdwmrsKd;udkvJ yg;
pyfpmayxJrS oGwfoGif;&ygw,f/ pum;ykH[m 0guswkdwdkeJYxdrdvkdYvJ
a&S;pum;jzpfzkdY rsm;ygw,f/ aemufrSay:wJhpum;ykHudkvJ a&S;ykHpHeJY
wkdwkd&Sif;&Sif; a&;Muygw,f/ 'Dtcg b,fpum;ykHu a&S;ykdusovJ?
b,fpum;ykHu aemufjznfhpGufcsufvJqkdNyD; cGJzkdYrvG,fjyefbl;/ 'gay
rJh acwfumv ydkif;jcm;Ekdifp&m vrf;jypepfwpfckawmh awG;vkdY&yg
w,f/ yxrtcsufu Zmwfig;&mhig;q,f(547)? [dawmya'o? "r®
y'xJu taMumif;t&mudk nTef;wJhpum;ykHudk rjzpfavwefqkdNyD;y,f
(91)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
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by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
oifhw,f/ 'kwd,tcsuf jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYjzpfwJhtylykdif;0ef;usif
qkdif&m tyifeJYtaumiftaMumif;ygae&if a&S;jrefrmawG awmif
ay:orydkif;rSm aecJh&pOfu ay:wJhpum;ykH rjzpfavwefqkdNyD; z,f
oifhw,f/ wwd,tcsufu jrpfaMumif;c&D;? yifv,ful;c&D;t
aMumif;t&m avS? orÁef? oabFmqkdif&ma0g[m&awGyg&ifvJ a&S;
jrefrmawG oGm;vmMu&r,fhMunf;aMumif; ajcvsif 0efwifvm;?
jrif;pD;c&D;ykHpHr0ifvkdY y,foifhw,f/ aemufqkH; pwkw¬tcsufu NrdKU?
EkdifiH? &kyf&Sifqkdif&mtkyfcsKyfa&;? qnfajrmif;eJYpyg;pdkufysKd;a&;qkdif&m
pD;yGm;a&;awGeJYvGwfrS a&S;jrefrmpum;ykH jzpfr,f/ bmaMumifh 'Dvkd
ajymovJqkdwm xyfNyD; &Sif;csifygao;w,f/
1/ jrefrmawG jrefrmEkdifiH ajrjyefYra&mufcifu ewfudk;olrsm;om
jzpfygw,f/
2/ awmifay:orydkif;rSmom aecJhMuygw,f/ ajrjyefYtylykdif;t
oD;tyGifheJYom;aumifawGudk rawGYzl;ao;bl;? rpm;zl;ao;bl;
3/ qnfa&aomuf pyg;pkdufenf;vJ rwwfao;bl;? yifv,f&yf
jcm; wkdif;wpfyg;eJYvJ tquftoG,f r&dSao;bl;/
4/ yk*HEkdifiH&,fvkdY 11 &mpkESpf aemufydkif; wpf0ufrS ay:vmav
awmh pnf;urf;pepfykHpHcsNyD; us,fjyefYwJhtkyfcsKyfa&; tavh
tvmawG r&Sdao;bl;/
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJqkdwJhpum;ykHu yk*HNrdKU(rif;ae
jynf)rjzpfao;cifu r&Sd? qdwfqdwfae axmifwef? (vSaz? jrefrm
pum;ykH? vef'ef 1962? pum;ykHtrSwf 44? qufNyD;azmfjywJhpum;ykH
&JUtrSwf*Pef;tm;vkH;[m vSaz 1962 pmtkyfyg trSwfawGjzpfyg
w,f/) tvum;&wJhEGm; oGm;NzJMunfh(vSaz? 1962? pmrsufESm 13)
(92)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
aMumifr&SdvkdY <uufjrL;(vSaz? 1962? pum;ykHtrSwf 472)awGu
t*FvdyfawGqDu &w,f/ wGifwJhpum;ykH? xGifwJhpum;ykH&,fvkdY t
okH;tenf;trsm; cGJjcm;zkdY rvG,fayrifh-
1/ ajymzkdYrSwfzkdYvG,fatmif um&efeab ajyjypf&if
Oyrm - wefvQifaq; vGefvQifab; (452)
2/ oabmt"dyÜg,fvGJ&if
Oyrm - 'DykwfxJu 'DyJ (2)
3/ trSwf&vG,f&if
Oyrm -uRrf;usif&m vdr®m(438)
vlokH;rsm;wJhpum; jzpfvmr,fvkdYqkdEkdifygw,f/ pum;ykHtrsm;
pk[m vloltrsm;eJYywfoufwJhtaMumif;udpöawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'g
aMumifh trsKd;tpm; ig;rsKd; tvG,fwul ydkif;jcm;&&if-
1/ vlYobm0
2/ vlYtrltusifh
3/ vlYqufqHa&;
4/ vlYywf0ef;usifeJY
5/ a,bk,svlom;
vkYdydkif;jcm;&ygr,f/ txufu ajymcJhwJh(1)ewfukd;ol (2)awmifay:
orykdif;aeol (3)qnfa&aomuf v,frpkdufol yifv,f&yfjcm;eJYr
qufqHoleJY (4)rif;trwf tkyfcsKyfa&; ykHpHrusao;olawG okH;rSm
jzpfr,f xif&wJhpum;ykHawGudk tckajymwJhvlYobm0? vlYtrltusifh?
vlYqufqHa&;? vlY0ef;usifeJYa,bk,s vlqkdif&m ig;rsKd;cGJjcm;csuft
wkdif; wpfrsKd;enf;enf;pD vlokH;rsm;r,fvkdY xif&wmawGudk &SmMunfh
ygw,f/
(93)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
vlYobm0
MuufrSmt&kd; vlrSmtrsKd; (1)
brsKd;bdk;wl (5)
tayG;jrif tyifod (9)
aq;aumif;&if oef;acgif; (20)
a,musfm;ysif; ausmcif; rdef;rysif; ajcqif; (22)
awmufcsifwJhrD; t&SdefeJY&J&J (26)
orD;ukef(í) orufr& (31)
rod&ifar; rpif&ifaq; (47)
rjynfhwJhtkd; abmifbifcwf (50)
jrif;pD;vkdY txD;rSef; trrSef;rod (54)
wHigudk ykdufxkd;oif rkqkd;udk om;xkd;oif (58)
tdrftkd usm;uef rdef;rtkd yef;yef (61)
vlYtrltusifh
aocsifwJhusm; awmajymif; (75)
iuJ&Sd(í)iwdtnTefYayguf (78)
olrsm;ESmacgif;eJY touf&SL (79)
tvSrf;us,f tv,fvyf (100)
oef;acgifxuf nOfhreuf (108)
tom;xJu avmufxGuf (114)
vl,kHoufao (119)
cJrSefzl;wJhpmoli,f (131)
rpm;&wJhtrJ oJeJYyuf (138)
(94)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
aMumufwwf 0efuif; (144)
olckd;ajy;rS xkd;uGif;x (148)
EGm;tkd jrufEkBudKuf (168)
vlYqufqHa&;
at;twl yltrQ (171)
wHigem;eD; wHig rkqkd;em;eD rkqkd; (180)
EGm;uGJusm;udkuf (186)
ocGm;oD;rS t&D;awmfcsif (187)
ta&;BuD;u aoG;eD;& (189)
tkd;csif;xm; tkd;csif;xd BudK;csif;xm; BudK;csif;Nid (192)
oD;csdefwefoD; yGifhcsdefwef yGifh (194)
ig;pdrf;jrif ig;uifypf (203)
tdrfomrS {nfhvm (205)
wpfyifvJ wpfyifxl (208)
om;orD;raumif; rdbacgif; (225)
0rf;eJYrvG,f om;rrnf
aiGeJYr0,f uRefrrnf (232)
vlY0ef;usif
tcsdefwefawmh EGm;ydefuef (258)
a&pD;wpfcg a&omwpfvSnfh (265)
t&dyfvm aeylu apmifh& (270)
ikdcsif&uf vufwkdY (273)
(95)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
xkdifaetaumif;om; xoGm;rSusKd;rSef;od (290)
ckwf&mwjcm; &S&mwjcm; (299)
idktm;xuf &,ftm;oef (311)
awmif,m&Sifudk ajr§mufvkduf (314)
rxkdifcif ajcqif; (320)
tarausmfa'G;awmfvGrf; (324)
usm;aMumufvkdY &SifBuD;udk; usm;xufqkd; (352)
olckd;vuf ol0Sufvk (373)
a,bk,s
orifarG;&if; usm;pm;&if; (381)
ppfra&mufcif jrm;ukef (399)
ckvifae ckoGm;arG;csif (410)
'D,kefjrifvkdY 'DcsKHxGifw,f (454)
temcHrS tompH& (422)
uRrf;usif&m vdr®m (430)
Mum&Snf0g;r,fhoGm; t&kd;Munfha&Smif (438)
{nfhonfnOfheuf ttdyfcuf (443)
wefvQifaq; vGefvQifab; (452)
ESvkH;aumif; 0efBuD; (458)
pum;rsm; trSm;yg (461)
rpm;&uf avmufwuf (468)
pmrwwfcifu jrefrmawG&JU]]yg;pyfpmay}}xJrSm jrefrmpum;
xmawGvJ ygw,f/ olwkdYudk a&G;xkwfwJhtcg awmifay:orydkif; t
(96)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
aetxm;eJYeD;pyfrSmudk pOf;pm;a&G;cs,fygw,f/ tylydkif;tyifeJYt
aumif vGwf&r,f/ vlysKdtysKd cspfwif;aESmwmeJYqkdifr,f? uav;
awGudk aysmfatmif ajymr,f? vlBuD;csif; ynmprf;r,fqkdwJhpum;
xm trsKd;tpm;awGudk a&G;ygw,f/ taMumif;t&mawGu (1)awm
awmifobm0 (2)aeYpOfokH;ypönf;qkdif&m (3)om;iSuf (4)vlYudk,f
cE¨meJY (5)tyifawG jzpfygw,f/
olYtyifu wpf&kHBuD;
olYtoD;u wpfvkH;oD;/ (qHyifeJYqHxkH;)
tpmudk ESpfa,mufujrif
ig;a,mufu,l? okH;q,fu 0g;
aumif;pm;awmh wpfa,mufwnf;/
(rsufpd? vufacsmif;? oGm;eJYvQm)
Munfhava0;av? a0;avMunfhav/ (rsufpdeJYem;)
acgif;BuD;vkdY vnfodrf? zifydefwJha,musfm;
rkd;ay:ysHumoGm;? ewfvm; (ykpOf;)
wufav;pif;eJY tjyif;avSmf
r,fawmf&Sifr aygif;xJu/ (vdyf)
oGm;awmh auGYaumuf jrifh&mu edrfh&ma&muf/ (jrpfacsmif;)
(97)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
EGm;EkdYwpfjrL jynfvkH;jzL/ (v)
ewforD;wHawG;ayguf MuufraumufEkdif/ (x&Hayguf)
tjrifeD; c&D;a0;/ (awmif)
pnfBuD;wD; rsufESmrnf;BuD;idk
aool&Sif ykef;olay:/
(rkd;usvdkY rkd;BudK;ypf? rkd;&Gm? jrufayguf? zm;atmf)
rwD;bJ jrnf (rkd;Ncdrf;oH)
ckwfvkdYrjywf owfvkdYrao/ (a&)
tdrf&dSayr,fh vlr&Sd
vl&Sdayr,fh toHrMum;&/ (ocsKØif;)
uefxJrSma& a&xJrSma>r
a>racgif;rSm a&T/ (qDrD;cGuf)
irJzif ieDvsuf/ (tkd;eYJrD;)
oGm;awmhacGacG aeawmhpif;pif;/ (acgif;ck)
(98)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
i,fpOfu &ifcGifydkuf
BuD;apvkdvkdY wkwfeJY&kduf
rmapvkdvdkY rD;eJYNrd§Kuf/ (tkd;)
om;u&kdufvkdY tarikd
0rf;AkdufwpfvkH; acgif;wpfvkH;/ (armif;)
oHomiSufBuD; &ifywfwD;
tNrD;cg;v,frSm/ (vif;uGif;)
ewforD;tdrfwkdif ydk;razmufEkdif
azmufjyefawmhvJ wpfaygufwnf;/ (tyf)
usKd;usKd;usnf jrnfvkdYvm
tdrfa&mufcgrS ar;axmufum/ (vSnf;)
vlysKdvSnfh
(u) (rlvpmykd'f vkH;aumuf t"dyÜg,fu tcspfeJYrywfoufayr,fh
um&ef,lNyD; aemufwpfyk'f qufawmh &nf;pm;pum; jzpfvmw,f)
uRefwkH;aMumifavQmuf
(vGrf;wkef; armifa&muf)/
y0g;yg;udkMuufom;xkyf&if pGef;wwfw,f
(wpf&Gmom;udk &nf;pm;vkyf&if vGrf;&w,f)/
(99)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
ydwfyifrSm azmh tif;rSm arQmh
(tdyfcsifygaygh qif;ygawmh)/
ra&mif;& tkd;eJYzsm
(waygif;v ckd;vSnfhyg)/
ta&SUawmif&kd; aeaysmufxkd;
ykqkd;b,fvkdumyghr,fh
(uRefrwkdYvkd t&kyfqkd; b,foltrsKd;awmfyghr,f)/
(2)(rlvpum;rSm 0Sufxm;wJhpum; &Sdw,f? yxrpum;0Sufudk azmf
NyD;rS pum;vdrfeJY teufaumuf)
ueftvS (Mum)
wHigvufeuf (ydkuf)
(Mumykduf-BudKufyg)/
aumif;uiftvS (Mu,f)
vlrvdr®m (rkduf)
Mu,frkduf-BudKufr,f)
*Pef;ocsFm pdwfwGuf
1/ uif;(pcef;)wpf&m a&mufNyD;rS opfoD;a&mif;wJhae&m a&muf
w,f? vSnf;wpfpD;rSm opfoD;wpf&myJ wifEkdifw,f? uif;wpfuif;
a&mufwkdif; opfoD;wpfvkH; taumufay;&&if opfoD;usefatmif
b,fvkdpDrHrvJ/
(100)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
tajz/ vSnf;ESpfpD;oGm;? vSnf;wpfpD; opfoD;wpf&mpDwifcJh?
uif;ig;q,fvGef&if vSnf;wpfpD;rSm opfoD; wpf&mpDwifcJh? uif;ig;
q,fvGef&if vSnf;wpfpD;rSm opfoD;ig;q,fyJusefr,f? opfoD;usef
orQ vSnf;wpfpD;wnf; aygif;wif? vSnf;wpfpD;udk tvGwfjyefvTwf?
usefwpfpD; opfoD;wpf&meJYaemufxyf uif;ig;q,fudk jzwfawmh t
aumufay;NyD; tdrfta&mufrSm opfoD; ig;q,f usefw,f/
2/ tawmifokH;q,feufwJha&wGif;wpfwGif;rSm zm;wpfaumifus
aew,f/ aeYwkdif;aeYwkdif; zm;u ESpfawmif ckefwufw,f/ 'gayrJh
wpfawmif wpfawmif jyefusw,f? a&wGif;u vGwfatmif b,fESpf
&uf ckef&rvJ/
tajz/ ESpfq,fhudk;&uf
3/ MuufOa&mif;wJhtrsKd;orD;wpfa,muf[m arSmufvkdYqkdNyD; O
tm;vkH; aMuoGm;awmh awmif;xJrSm MuufO b,fESpfvkH;ygovJar;
wmudk olu uRefrMuufOawGudk ESpfvkH;pD? okH;vkH;pD? av;vkH;pD? ig;
vkH;pD? ajcmufvkH;pDykH&if wpfvkH;wavrS twGJvGwf usefraebl;vkdY
ajymygw,f/
tajz/ Oajcmufq,f
4/ a&uefxJu Mum&Gufay:rSm pmuav;awG ysHvmNyD; em;zkdYqif;
vmMuw,f/ Mumwpf&Guf pmwpfaumifem;&if wpf&Gufvkdw,f/ Mum
wpf&Guf pmESpfaumifem;&if wpf&Gufydkw,f/ Mum b,fESpf&Guf pm
b,fESpfaumifvJ/
(101)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
tajz/ pmav;aumif? Mum&GufokH;&Guf
5/ oli,fwpfa,muf(u)rSm ckHnif;'kd;enf;enf;&Sdw,f? olYoli,f
csif;(c)qDu olYrSm&Sdoavmuf 'kd;eJYqwl+udk acwåiSm;,lcJhw,f/
aemufoli,fcsif;(*)u olYudk 'kd;&Spf'kd; ay;jyefw,f/ 'Doli,f(u)u
aemufoli,f(C)udk olYrSm&SdorQ 'kd;tm;vkH;&JUxuf0ufudk ay;NyD;
aemuf (c)qDu iSm;,lcJhorQ 'dk;tm;vkH;udk jyefay;vkdufawmh 'Dol
i,f(u)rSm 'dk;av;vkH; usefao;w,f/ 'kd;av;vkH;usefykHudk &Sif;jyyg/
tajz/ rlvu (u)udk (c)ay;orQ&JUxuf0ufom (u)rSm&Sd
w,f/ qkdvdkwmu av;vkH;yJjzpfw,f/
6/ qifawGudk (7)aumifpD wpfpk? (5)aumifpDwpfpk? (3)aumifpD
wpfpk pk&if tnDtrQ pkvdYk&w,f/ qifwpfpkpk b,fESpfaumifvJ/
tajz/ 105 aumif
7/ a&wGif;wpfwGif;xJudk a&iifzkdY BudK;wpfacsmif;udk csMunfhawmh
BudK;u a&wGif;teufxuf wpfawmifydkw,f? acgufwkHYcsKd;csawmh
wpfawmif vkdaejyefw,f/ a&wGif;teufeJY BudK;t&Snfudk ajymyg/
tajz/ teuf 3 awmif? t&Snf 4 awmif
8/ rdwfaqGESpfa,mufaygif; opfoD; 32 vkH;&Sdw,f/ (u)u (c)pD
udk 10 vkH;ay;&if opfoD;tnDtrQ wpfa,mufpD &Mur,f/ (u)rSm
b,favmuf (c)rSm b,favmuf&SdovJ/
tajz/ (u)rSm 26? (c)rSm 6
(102)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
9/ ajr;tbdk;om;tz tpkpkudk rkefYawG a0w,f/ tbdk;wpf
a,mufwnf; xuf0ufwdwd pm;ypfw,f/ usefwJhxuf0ufudk taz
pm;w,f? useforQ&JUxuf0ufukd om;pm;w,f/ useforQudk okH;ykH
tnDtrQ ykHNyD; pm;vkdufMuw,f/ rkefYtm;vkH;ukefa&m/ tpu rkefY
b,favmuf&SdovJ/
tajz/ 24
10/ ajray:rSm pmuav;wpfaumifu aumif;uifrSm ysHaewJhpm
wpftkyfudk ]]qlqlnHnHwpf&moH}}vkdYvSrf;ajymvkdufw,f/ aumif;
uifu pmuav;awGu ]]qwl? q0uf? quGJbuf? eifygygrS wpf&m
vkdY jyefajymw,f/ aumif;uifrSm b,fESpfaumifvJ/
tajz/ 36 aumif
trItcif;&JUt&if;rlvu ydkifqkdifrIygyJ/ csufcsif; pm;okH;r
ukefatmif xkwfvkyfEkdifwJhtcgu pNyD; ydkifqkdifrIjyóemay:chJw,f/
tJ'Dtcg touft&G,fBuD;wJholawGu trItcif;udk aphpyfzsefajz
ay;&if em,lNrJjzpfvkdY trItcif;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufawG[m pmr
wwfcif a&S;ya0oPDuyJ &SdcJhwJhpmayjzpfw,f/ 'DxkH;awGukdyJ wl&m
wlaMumif; pkpnf;NyD; rSwfom;xm;Muw,f/ ta&;MuHKwJhtcg tudk;
tum;jyKNyD; qufumqufum okH;vmMuw,f/ 'Dawmh rIcif;qkdif&m
vdkufemNrJjzwfxkH;(Oya')vkdYowfrSwfNyD; tpOftquf vkdufemMu
w,f/ vkdufemorQudk 12 &mpk ESpf0ufavmufa&mufumrS pmeJYcsa&;
Muw,f/ tav;tjrwfxm;MuwJhtaMumif;t&mawGukd ygVdbm
omeJYzwf&NrJumvjzpfvkdY pkaqmif;xm;wJhrSwfpkudk ygVdemrnfay;NyD;
(103)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
ygVdpum;eJYyJ a&;cJhw,fvkdY rSwfom;ajymqkdMuayr,fh tJ'DygVdbm
omeJYa&;cJhwJhjrefrm"r®owfusrf;udk &SmrawGYyg/ 'gaMumifh ajym
pum;wkdif; ,kHzkdYcufw,f/ 'gayrJh &kd;&m"avhOya'udk "r®owfusrf;
&,fvkdY ,aeYtxd ac:aeMuwkef;yJ/ Oya'udk pwifa&;ul;ay;cJhwJh
vl[m tdEd,rSm ]rEk}vkdYajymMuwmudk twk,lNyD; jrefrmh&kd;&mxkH;udk
vnf; ]]rEk"r®owf}}vkdYac:NyD; usrf;pmrSm rEkudk aus;Zl;&Sifjzpfw,f
vkdY xnfhoGif;ajymavh&Sdygw,f/ tJ'gtjyif aemiftcg Oya'qkdif&m
&Sif;p&m&Sd&if tdEd,usrf;(txl;ojzifh Zmwf 546)xJu qkdif&mudk
udk;NyD;ajymMua&;Muawmh wpfcgwpf&H jrefrmAk'¨bmom"r®owfvkdY
awmif ac:Muao;w,f/ usrf;&if;u i,fi,fyg? ppfuJarmifwuf
wkd;u wnf;jzwfNyD;? &efukeftpkd;&ykHESdyfwkdufu ]rEk&if;}trnfeJYxkwf
a0cJhygw,f/ ukvm;usrf;awG udk;um;NyD; tus,fw0ifh ajymMua&;
Muwmudkawmh ]rEkus,f}vkdYac:w,f/ ]rEk&if;}rSmyJ xkwfEkwfjznfh
pGufjyifqifwmawG &Sdygw,f/ xkwfEkwfppfwmudk tp&Smr&ayr,fh
wpfcsKdUjznfhpGufwmeJYjyifqifwmudk azmfxkwf&Ekdifr,fxifygw,f/
jznfhpGufcsuf? jyifqifcsufudk zwf&if rl&if;ay:vmr,f/
jrefrmh&kd;&m"avh[m 'gyJvkdYajymEkdifw,f/ 'DvkdajymEkdiforQudk
atmufrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
(uGif;puGif;ydwfeJYazmfjywJh*Pef;awGu wufwkd;wnf;jzwfNyD;
1875 u ykHESdyfwJh ]rEk&if;}pmrsufESmeJYtykd'fawGygyJ/)
tarGcef;rSm tarGcHom; ig;a,muf&Sdw,f/ (pmrsufESm 21? tykd'f
5)
om;&if;
uRefruarG;wJh om;&if;
(104)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
r,m;i,fuarG;wJh om;&if;
t&ifr,m;uarG;wJh om;&if;
todtMum; arG;pm;om;
rodrMum; arG;pm;om;
tarGrcHom; ajcmufa,muf&Sdw,f/ (22? 6)
olwpfyg;udk ay;NyD; om;
rdb&if;u aiGeJYa&mif;wJhom;
r,m; vifi,faeNyD; vifBuD;u jyefodrf;ydkufwJhtcg vifi,f
eJY&cJhwJhom;
r,m;trnfrcH&wJhrdef;ru arG;wJhom;
rdbpum;udk ypfy,fwJhom;
ckdudk;&mrJhjzpfvkdY 0ifaewJhom;
orD;awmif;wJhtcg ay;oifhay;xkdufw,fvkdY ,l&eftcsuf&Spf
csuf(23-4? 8)
trsKd;t&kd;aumif;
xdkufwefwJhcef;0ifypönf;ay;
tvkyfudpö ulnDvkyfaqmifr,fvkdY cH0ef
cufcJwJhwm0efukd,l
orD;ray;&if &efvkyfrSmaMumuf&
uRefcHr,f uwday;
usef;rma&;aumif;
orD;uvJ BudKuf
(105)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
r,m;qkd;ajcmufa,muf(25-6? 12)
uapmfBudKuf
tdrfrIudpörvkyf
vifi,f rMumcPae
vifBuD;udk aoaMumif;MuH
tdrfrSmaecsdefenf;
tdrf0rSmxkdifavh&Sd
vifqkd;ajcmufa,muf r,m;qJqkdydkifcGif&Sd (27? 15)
vlirGJ
vlrrm
vlcsnfheJY
vlrkduf
vlysif;
wjcm;rdef;rawGeJY rMumcPazmufjyef
vltkd
'ku©dw
uRefckepfrsKd;(29? 19)
uRefrdbuarG;NyD; tdrfaxmifwpfckrSm tpOftqufuRefcHol
i,fuRef
tarGuRef
vufaqmifuRef
ckdukd;&mrJh
(106)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
iwfrGwfol
zrf;rdzrf;&
om;qkd;udk qkH;r&ef tqifhig;qifh (32? 25)
pum;rajym
epfematmif ajymNyD;qkH;r
BudK;csnfaevSef;
temtusif&kduf
tdrfuESif
vlrsm;r,m;eJYazmufjyefw,fvkdY pGyfpGJzkdYtaMumif;ckepfcsuf(35-6?
27)
olrsm;r,m;vufudk qGJudkifaewkef;awGY
vifr&SdwJhtcg tdrfay:a&mufae
vif&Sdr,m;eJYwdwfwqdwfawGY
vif&Sdr,m;eJY tpGyfpGJcH&qJ qufvufqufoG,fae
olrsm;tdrf avSum;ajc&if;rSmawGY
olrsm;tdyfcef;rSmawGY
olwpfyg;taMumif; raumif;ajymayr,fh raumif;aMumif; ouf
aojyEkdif&if tjypfr& (38? 31)
eif pkef;r
eif olckd;
eif olrsm; ajrudk ckd;w,f
(107)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
eif b,fol b,f0gudk owfw,f
tdrfaxmifacgif;aqmif a,musfm;u atmufygjypfcsufawG usL;
vGef&if om;r,m;udk tjypfrwif(456? 46)
olwpfyg;udkqJ
olwpfyg;udk &kdufESuf
olwpfyg;udk owf
olYOpömudkckd;
olYr,m;ESifhazmufjyef
olYOpömudk vk,l
tBuD;tuJopf[m t&iftBuD;tuJawGvufxufu jzpfyGm;cJhaom
atmufygtrIawGudk rpD&ifydkif (49? 52)
r&oifhwJhtjrwftpGef;udk &vkdrIpD&if&ef
avmif;upm;a<u;udk &vkdrIpD&if&ef
vifckd;? r,m;ckd;rI tjypfay;&ef
EIwfuwdysufrI tjypfay;&ef
tyfESHaiGypönf; tvGJokH;pm;rI tjypfay;&ef
ckd;rIpD&if&ef
"m;jyrIpD&if&ef
rk'drf;rIpD&if&ef
vufa&mufrIudk vlolr&Sd? acsmifuswJhae&mrSm usL;vGefw,fvkdYpGyf
pGJ&if r,kH (69-70? 76)
(108)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
vufa&mufrIudk usL;vGefw,fqkdayr,fh-
usL;vGefolu rdef;r? cH&olu a,musfm;
usL;vGefolu vli,f? cH&olu vlBuD;
usL;vGefolu wpfa,mufwnf;? cH&olu ESpfa,mufjzpfae&if
udk,fpGrf;rrQvkdY r,kH/ usL;vGefolao&if cH&olawGu ]]ukd,fcH}}
twGuf owf&ygw,fajymvkdY tjypfrvGwf? vlowfrIjzpfw,f/
vufa0SYeyef; uRrf;w,fvkdY pdefac:&if ESpfzufNydKifqkdifxkd;owf
Mu&m b,folaoao bmrSrjzpf (84? 87)
trItcif;eJYywfoufNyD; ypönf;twGuf aiGay;avsmf&&if
ypönf;wefzkd;pm&if;udk ay;xm;w,f/ jrefrmawG jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefY
udk a&mufrS owfrSwfwJhwefzkd;awG jzpfr,fxifw,f/
tcsif;jzpfNyD;p a,musfm;av;tzkd; 3 usyf
tcsif;jzpfNyD;p rdef;uav;tzkd; 2 usyf
t0wfNrJwJht&G,f a,musfm;av;tzkd; 10 usyf
t0wfNrJwJht&G,f rdef;uav;tzkd; 7 usyf
t0wfNrJwJht&G,f vlysKdayguftzkd; 30 usyf
a,musfm;i,f t&G,fa&muf 16 ESpf
rdef;ri,f t&G,fa&muf 15 ESpf
(101? 106)
EIdif;,SOfEkdifzkdY wefzkd;aiGudk ajym&&if (101-2? 107? 102-3? 108)
Muufwpfaumiftzkd; 0. 125
ckdwpfaumiftzkd; 0. 05
acG;wpfaumiftzkd; 0. 05
(109)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
qifwpfaumiftzkd; usyf 100. 00
qdwfwpfaumiftzdk; usyf 1. 00
wHpnf;tBuD; wpfacsmif;tzkd; 0. 15
wHpnf;ti,f wpfacsmif;tzkd; 0. 125
xbDwpfxnftzkd; 0. 375
a'gif;wpfaumiftzkd; 0. 25
"m;rwpfacsmif;tzkd; 0. 50
EGm;wpfaumiftzkd; 2. 00
ykqkd;wpfxnftzkd; 0. 50
ykqdefwpfvuftzkd; 0. 25
bJwpfaumiftzkd; 0. 15
jrif;wpfaumiftzkd; usyf 50. 00
av;wpfpif;tzkd; usyf 0. 25
avSwpfpif;tzkd; usyf 1. 00
vSHwpfpif;tzkd; 0. 125
vSnf;wpfpD;tzkd; 1. 00
0ufwpfaumiftzkd; 0. 50
oefvsufwpfacsmif;tzkd; 1. 50
a&T aiG aMu; wefzkd; tcsKd; 1;10;500
]]jiif;ckHoHrsm;}}&Sd&if oufaorSm y"mejzpfayr,fh oufaot
axmuftxm; rwifjyEkdifwJhtrIESifhrsufjrifoufao r&SdwJhtrIawG
&Sdw,f/
rsufjrifoufao r&SdEkdifwJhae&mawGu (30? 31)
arSmifrkduf&m
(110)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
qdwfNidrf&m
awm
rsufjrifoufao r&Ekdifygbl;vkdY jiif;vkdYr&EkdifwJhae&mawGu-
NrdKU(cHwyf&SdwJhae&m
aps;(a&mif;0,folawGqkH&m)
Z&yf(vltrsm; 0ifxGufem;aewJhuGef;)
a&csKd;qdyf
oufaor&wJhtcg urÇmav;&yfxJu wpfckckudk vkyfcGifhay;r,f/
rD;NydKif
qH0g;
cJaxmuf
a&ikyf
tJ'Dav;rsKd;xJu yxrESpfrsKd;u vkyfolawG toufraoEkdif
bl;/ aemufESpfrsKd;u aowwfw,f/ 'gaMumifh BuD;us,fwhJtrIrSm
a&ikyfMu&w,f/ (wif? tkyfcsKyfykH(4) 1976 rSm pm-264 ydk'f 515^
9)/ rSefwJhvlzufu ewfulnDr,fvkdY ,kHw,f/ (&mZodyÜHowåusrf;BuD;?
tif;0NrdKUopf? OD;xGef;OD;? 1929 pmrsufESmrSm 127-42) a&ikyfrNydKif
qkdifcif ESpfzufvkH;udk tif; vufzGJYpwJhtultnDrvkyfatmif ppfaq;
&w,f/ (wif? tkyfcsKyfykH(4) 1976? pm-270? ykd'f 517^01)jrefrm
awGrSm ]]a&Smif&ef}}tcsufawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f/ (boif;? a&S;xkH;
pOfvm ememe,eda'´o? pm 147 rS tif;ay:BuD;nd§K;ukef;ausmif;
q&mawmf? okwoEdp,usrf;? 1973? pm 68-71)wm;jrpfw,fqkd
(111)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
wmvJ udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIeJYtaetpm; usef;rma&;qkdif&m qkH;r
pum;tMuHay;pum;rsKd;awGygyJ/ a&S;a&S;u &SdcJhwJh wm;jrpfcsufudk
a'oumvtvkduf enf;enf;jyKjyifwmvJ &Sdw,f/ Oyrm - &wem
okH;yg; q&mrdb rarh&qkdwm[m apmapmu q&mrdb rarh& jzpf
ygvdrfhr,f/ tckacwf jrefrmawGu 'gawG avmuDt,ltqawGyg?
edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; r[kwfbl;vkdY ajymcsifajymr,f? 'gayrJh olvJ
tenf;eJYtrsm; vkdufemaewmygyJ/ bmyJjzpfjzpf vkdufem&if udk,fh
twGuf aumif;w,fvkdY ,lqEkdifwmawG trsm;BuD;yg? 'gtrSefyg/
wpfcsKdUudk 'DrSmazmfjyygr,f/ vuFmoHaygufqefqef jzpfwmu rSwf
&wm vG,fatmif vkyfwJhoabmygyJ/ pmra&;wwfcifuyJ oDcsif;
&SdNyD;r[kwfvm;/ 'grSr[kwfvJ aemif pmeJYa&;? pmeJYvuFmoHayguf
jzpfvmr,fvkdYvJ ,lqEkdifygw,f/
1/ tdrfrSm vkH;pkH ywfvnftkH qDqkHr&Sdaumif;?
2/ y'kdif;cwåm yJBuD;0g eD;pGmrpdkufaumif;?
3/ arsmufESifhz&kH eD;pkdufwkH zsif;okOf;ysufwufaMumif;?
4/ tdrfa&SUrSmom EGm;xm;&m jrefpGmysufpD;aMumif;?
5/ xbDwbufvQif yckH;wif qGJiifr&kdufaumif;?
6/ om;ajr;wkdYudk aoG;oH,kd rsufvkdr&kdufaumif;?
7/ csKdusKd;uRJEGm; uefjim;qifjrif; pD;eif;jcif; a&SmifuGif;r0,f
aumif;?
8/ csKdwnf;vl;EGm; tdrfrSmxm; pD;yGm;qkwf,kwfaMumif;?
9/ &Gmjyiftdrfjyif aoavvQif &GmtdrftwGif; roGif;r,l&?
10/ romydkY&m tavmif;[m aemufrSmxm;í rydkYaumif;?
11/ romcsoGm; tdrfa&SUyg; &yfem;rjyKaumif;?
(112)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
12/ wHcGefukuúm; MuufvQmrsm; pdkufvTm;tdrfrSm rjyKESifh?
13/ tdrfa&SUorkduf x&Hü pkdufí av;udk rxm;ESifh?
14/ pm;zG,faomuf&H cGufyef;uef toHjrnfatmif rcsESifh?
15/ a&vJrnfwGif xbDvQif tdrfa&SUtjyif rvSef;ESifh?
16/ acgif;avQmfNyD;vQif xkdqHyif aewGif rvSef;ESifh?
17/ pm;zG,fydkYvm cGufa,mufrSm aq;um jyefí ray;ESifh?
18/ udk,f0efaqmifrdef;r pm;orQ ukd,fu,liif rpm;ESifh?
19/ udk,f0wfwpfoG,f om;oli,f "m;0,frajr§mufESifh?
20/ tkyfaqmif;yjcKyf OD;xkyfwpfjzm qefaumrSm ax;zmrokH;ESifh?
21/ oifjzL;tdyf&m acgif;aygif;rSm ax;zmrokH;ESifh?
22/ a&vJacgif;aygif; raumif;wpfvD tusÐ vnfcGH jywfpkwf rcsKyf
ESifh?
23/ Opömrmeftm; þokH;yg; ukd;pm;rjyKESifh?
24/ vlBuD;rdb rdwåwpfaxG rkd;ajrwpfoif; aevrif; rkef;wif;
pum; rqkdESifh?
25/ owif;t&Sdef pnf;pdrfynm BuD;olrSm 0ifum rckdoifh?
26/ ol\OD;acgif; wpfaMumif;usnfayGY ta&SUx&H þokH;wef ckef
ysHrausmfESifh?
27/ BudK;Budrfwef;ESifh wHcg;vufuwkH; okH;ckvkH; ukef;uG0ifvkdY rvQKd
ESifh?
28/ om;wpfoDzkdY rJwHpdkY axmifvkdYrxm;ESifh?
29/ c&D;a&mufcg tdyf&mxp a'gorsufyGm; þolrsm; pum;vkd&m
rar;ESifh?
30/ roefYjyefYwpfcef; vrf;v,fwpf&yf oljrwfae&m þokH;jzm
(113)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
wufum raeESifh?
31/ EIwfydkuf&Sdjim; rdef;rrsm; oGm;írcsDESifh?
32/ rdef;rarG;aeY oDwif;aeY aeYv,ftcg þokH;jzm umrjrL;xl;
rusL;ESifh?
33/ vkdr&Sdcg t*FgrrSef(ausmif;uefbk&m;) oGm;&ifwpfaxG oaE¨
&ifhrm þtcg umrjrL;xl; rusL;ESifh?
34/ q&mrdb udpöwpfaxG rD;ESifha& rxDav;pm; rjyKESifh?
35/ pavmif;wpfwef yef;uefwpfoD; þajrBuD; cwfwD;rjyKESifh?
36/ xrif;[if;tkd; arTxkd;a,mufr vufudkifu rD;rSmjyefumrxkd;
ESifh?
37/ rD;rawmufvQif pm;zkdcGif NydKif,SOfESpfa,muf rrIwfESifh?
38/ acgif;aygif;wpfrsKd; ykqkd;wbuf opf&Gmem;yef qHyifwpfvwf
þav;&yf jzwfwdrjyKESifh?
39/ vufqkHpm;ol tdrfaeol ukd,frlEIwfydkuf&Sd qifjrif;uRJEGm;ponf
rsm; 0,frSm;ab;'Pfxd?
40/ tOD;oD;opfOD; zvrdef;r rqGwfaumif;? rdef;rqGwfjim; opf
oD;rsm; ysufjym;odrfzsif;aMumif;?
41/ oaE¨&ifhrm rdwfo[m r*FvmvufzGJY rjyKESifh/
aetdrfaqmufwJhtcg a&Smif&r,fhudpöawGu?
(nd§K;ukef;ausmif;q&mawmf okwoEÅdp, 1973-pm 28-9)
42/ tdrftrkd;wGif xkyfudkvQif pGef;wifrxm;ESifh?
43/ Murf;xufarmufrkd wkdifwkdukd ydkvkdYrxm;ESifh?
44/ tdrfraqmufcif 0if;cwfvQif &efyifab;awGYoifh?
(114)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
45/ uGef;wkdifay:wGif 0g;udk0if qifjcifrjyKESifh?
46/ acgifavQmufcGwif rNyD;cif Murf;wGif razmufESifh?
47/ xkyfpGef;xufom pa&G;rSm &Snfum rxm;ESifh?
48/ tdrfopfNyD;ajrmuf taemufawmifyg; aemufajrmufyg; wHcg;
rjyKESifh?
49/ tdrfaqmufNyD;cg? atmuf0gjrifhrl xm;oifh[l aeolOpömyg;?
atmuf0gedrfhrl vdyfoifh[l aeola&m*grsm;?
tdrfopfaqmufzkdY opfpkaqmif;wJhtcg rvkyf&wmawG &Sdao;w,f/
50/ odrf;pGefcifykyf? aeawmtkyf? opfckwfrjyKtyf?
vif;wppGm iSuf,kwfrm? ae&mrckwftyf?
51/ ckwfcgwGJvJ? ay:rSmqGJ? qGJcsopf[krSwf? qGJcsopfrsm;?
okH;aqmifjim;? ysufjym;aoqkH;wwf?
52/ xufBuD;atmuf&SL; taexl;? bDvl;opf[krSwf?
bDvl;opfwGif okH;cJhvQif vifESifhr,m; aoqkH;wwf?
53/ vrf;udkvGefusL;? acsmif;udkul;? vrf;acsmif;ul;[krSwf?
vrf;acsmif;ul;rSm aecJhyg? ig;jzm&efawGYwwf?
54/ ckwfNyD;ay:wGif aevJhvQif? vlaumifwif[krSwf?
vlaumifwif&m? okH;cJhyg? romcs&wwf?
55/ udkif;cufay:wif? csdwfcJhvQif? rnfwGif opfarsmufrSwf?
opfarsmufudkvJ? okH;aqmifpGJ? cRwfvGJvdrfhuswwf?
56/ tv,furl? xkdopfrl? ac:,leykH;rSwf? eykH;opfrsm;?
okH;aqmifjim;? BuD;rm;ab;awGYwwf?
57/ EG,fywfwufoGm; xkdopfrsm; e*g;[lírSwf?
(115)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
e*g;opfrsm; okH;aqmifjim;? pD;yGm;&efawGYwwf?
zGwfwufAsKdif;em;? Oy'frsm; xif&Sm;jzpfvmwwf?
b,folawG? b,fvkdae&m? b,fvkdypönf;eJY bmrvkyfeJYqkdwm
tvG,fwul odatmif tu©&mpOftnTef; vkyfMunhfygw,f/
umvusL; 32? 33
udk;pm; 23
ukuúm; 12
udpö 34
ukd,f0wf 19
udk,f0efaqmifrdef;r 18? 31? 39
usL;vGef(umr) 32? 33
usnfayGY 26
BudK;wef; 27
MuufvQm 12
Murf; 43? 46
Budrfwef; 27
uGef;wkdif 45
uRJ& 39
c&D; 29
ckd rSD 25
cifykyf 50
acgif; 46
acgif;aygif; 21? 22? 38
cwåm 2
(116)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
ckefysHausmfvTm; 26
csDr 31
csKdusKd;^OD; 7
csKdwnfvl; 8
csKyfvkyf 22
acsmif;ul;opf 53
cGuf 14? 17
cGif pm;zdk 37
(cGef)tm; 23
iSuf,kwfrm 50
pum;vkd&m 29
pa&G; 47
pavmif;zkH; 35
pm;zdkcGif 37
pm;zG,faomufzG,f 14? 17
pD;eif; 7
pnf;pdrf 25
pGef 50
q&m 34
qDqkH 1
aq;aMum 18
qif 7? 39
qefaum 20
qHyif 16? 38
(117)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
qkHqD 1
qGJcsopf 50
qGwfcl;^opfoD;OD;^rdef;r 40
wbuf 5? 38
wd&pämef^0,f 7? 39
wD;cwf 35
wHcg; 48
wHcGef 12
wHpdkY 28
wHwm; 27
awmtkyf 50
wkdif 43? 45
wkdif^uGef; 45
xbD 5? 15
x&H 13? 26
ax;zm 20? 21
xkd;arT 36
xkyf 42? 47
a'gorsufyGm; 29
'Pf^ab; 39
"m; 19
e*g;opf 57
eykH;opf 56
em;yefopf&Guf 38
(118)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
ae 24
aexdkif 31
aeol^tdrf(tdrfolr,m;) 39
ae&m^roefYwJh 30
ae&m^oljrwf 30
aevSef; 15? 16
aeYv,f 32
aeY^oDwif; 32
ESpfa,muf,SOfNydKif 37
EIwfydkufrdef;r 31? 39
EGm; 7? 8? 39
EGm;wif;ukyf 4
EG,fywfopf 57
yckH; 5
yjcKyf 20
yef;uef 14
ynmBuD;ol 25
y'kdif; 2
ykqkd; 38
yJBuD; 2
yefopf&Guf^em; 35
z&kH 3
zmax; 20? 21
jzwf^qHyif 38
(119)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
zGwf 57
AsKdif; 57
bDvl;opf 52
ab;'Pf 39? 44? 56
raumif;pum; 24
rcsD 31
rxDav;pm; 34
r,m; 52
r&Sdckduf^tvkd 33
rom 10? 11? 54
roefYwJhae&m 30
rdb 24? 34
rD; 34? 36? 37
r*FvmvufzGJY 41
rif; 24
rkef;wif;pum; 24
rdk; 24
rdk;^tdrf 42
rmef^&mxl; 23
rdwfaqG 24? 41
rdef;r 40
rdef;rqGwfaomopfoD;OD; 40
rdef;r"r®wm&moDay:qJ 30
rdef;r^EIwfydkuf(ukd,f0ef&Sdckduf) 39
(120)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
rdef;rarG;aeY 42
rsufyGm;^a'go 29
arsmufopf 55
arsmufO 3
ajr 24
ajrBuD; 35
ajr; 6
jrif; 7? 39
jrifhwJhae&m 30
arG;aeY rdef;r 32
rSDckd 25
rIwf^rD; 37
arTxkd; 36
a,muf^cGuf 17
&mxl;rmef 23
a& 34
a&vJ 15? 22
&ifh oaE¨ 33
&efolrsKd;ig;yg; 13
&kdufESuf 5? 6
&Gm 9
&Gmjyif 9
v 24
vkd&mpum; 29
(121)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
vlaumif;xrf;opf 54
vl^vufqkHpm;(r,m;) 39
vlao 9
av; 13
vufuwkH; 27
vufqkHpm; vl(r,m;) 39
vufzGJY^r*Fvm 41
vif 52
vif;w 50
vnfcGH^tusÐ 22
vrf;ul;opf 53
vrf;v,f 30
v,f^aeY 32
v,f^vrf; 30
avQmuf 46
vQKd0if 27
0g 2
0g; 45
0g;tokH;taqmif 20
0if;^tdrf 44
0,f,l 8
oDwif;aeY 32
owif;t&Sdef 5
(122)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
orkduf 13
om; 6? 19
om;wpfoDwH 28
om;oli,f 19
oDwHom;wpf 28
olBuD; 24
oljrwfae&m 30
oifjzL; 21
opfckwf 50
opf^acsmif;ul; 53
opf^qGJcs 51
opf e*g; 57
opf eykH; 56
opf^EG,fywf 57
opf^bDvl; 52
opf^arsmuf 55
opf&Guf^em;yef 38
opf^vlaumifwif 54
opfoD;OD;^rdef;rqGwfcl; 40
aoG; 6
[if;tkd; 36
tuef; 7
trkd;^tdrf 42
t&yf^taemufawmif
(123)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
taemufajrmuf 48
t&Sdef^owif; 25
tvkdr&Sdckduf 33
tavmif; 9
tusÐvnfcGH 22
t*FgrrSef 33
tm;cGef 23
tkd;^xrif; 36
tkd;^[if; 36
atmuf0g^tdrf 49
tdyf&m 21
tdyf&mx 29
tdrfae 1? 4? 8? 9? 11? 12? 13? 15? 42? 44? 48? 49
tdrfaeol(r,m; 39
tdrfjyif 9
tdrfarG;wd&pämef 39
tdrfa&SU 11? 15? 26
tdrf0if; 44
OD;csKdusKd; 7
OD;xkyf 20
Oy'f 57
OD;acgif; 26
Opöm 23
tkyfaqmif; 20
(124)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
tckvkd pm&if;vkyfNyD; oabmtcsKyfudk jyefppfaq;Munfh&if
a&S;tcguyJ jrefrmawG[m
twkckd;jcif; - Oyrm - rkd;&GmvkdY aysmf&TifjrL;xl;ovkd
rkd;acgifwJhtcg jrL;&if rkd;&Gmr,fvkdYxifw,f/
pGJvrf;jcif; - rMumcif taumif;tqkd;jzpfvmzkdY BudKNyD;jzpf
wwfw,f? BudKNyD; Mum;wwfw,f? BudKNyD; tdyfrufwwfw,fvkdY,kH
w,f/
xdawGYwmeJYtusKd;&Sdr,f - Oyrm - tpGrf;xufwJhol&JUypönf;
udk udk,frSmaqmifxm;&if udk,fvJ olYvkdpGrf;r,fxifw,f/
BuD;ol&JUulnDapmifha&Smufr,f-aooGm;wJhrdbbkd;bGm;q&m
orm;awGudk &nfrSef;ylaZmf&if olwkdY udk,fh'ku©udk ulnDajz&Sif;ay;
r,f? rçpvdrfhr,fvkdY,kHw,f/
BudKwif umuG,fr,f-rvkyfeJY? rpm;eJYvkdYtawGYtMuHKt& wm;
jrpfwmawGudk vkdufem&if ab;Oy'fvGwfr,f ,kHw,f
qkdwJhtcsufawGudk awGY&ygw,f/ tawGYtMuHKuay;wJhoifcef;pm
awGudk rSwfxm;Muw,f/ 'DvkdrSwfxm;cJhwmawGudkyJ pmra&;wwf
cif pmayvkdY,lqygw,f/
aoqkH;jcif;? oN*ØK[fjcif;qkdif&m "avhawGuvJ trsm;vkdufem
zkdY xkH;pHawG wpfpwpfp rsm;vmNyD; rvkdufemjyef&if aoola&m &Sif
olyg raumif;bl;vkdY ,kHjyefawmh tJ'gawGvJ taotcsm rSwfom;
Mu&NyD; pmrwwfcifu ay:aygufcJhwJhpmayawG jzpfvm&jyefw,f/
jrpf? avmu[dw&moD? &efukef? AE¨Kv? 1956^12 BudrfykHESdyf?
(pm19)tavmif;udk tdrfacgifwef;twkdif; jyifxm;yg(pm 120)/
wpftdrfwnf;rSm vlrrmESpfa,mufjzpfae&if aooludk aemufwpf
(125)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
aeY t&kPfrvmcif oN*ØK[fyg/(pm102)/
wpftdrfwnf;rSm wpfa,mufaoqkH;NyD; qifhuJ aemufwpf
a,mufaojyef&if aemufrSaooludk t&ifoN*ØK[fyg/(pm-109)
tdrfwpftdrfrSm r,m;? orD;? acR;r? wlr wpfOD;OD; udk,f0ef
aqmifqJjzpfae&if tJ'Dtdrfu aooludk aemufwpfaeY t&kPfrvm
cif oN*ØK[fyg/(pm-103)/
wpfvukefqkH;wJhaeYrSm aoqkH;&if aeYrul;rD (vrul;rD)t
avmif;udk oN*ØK[fyg/(pm-97? 109)/ (aeYrul;apeJY? aiGtultyHh
r,leJY? pm-96? 97? 102? 103)/
tavmif;ajrrusrD ivsifvIyfvQif tavmif;udk &kd;&m"avh
jyifqifp&m&SdwmawG rNyD;ao;ayr,fh ivsifNidrfwJhtcg csufcsif;
ajrESHyg/(pm-98)/
aetdrfeJYvGwf&mt&yfrSm aoqkH;ol&JUtavmif;udk aetdrfudk
jyefo,frvm&/ (pm-99)/
&GmjyifrSmaowJh&Gmom;tavmif;udk &GmedrdwftwGif; roGif;&?
&Gmedrdwfudk odvkdvQif tpGefqkH;tdrfudk a&tdk;udk a&oGefwJhtcg a&
pD;aMumif;tqkH;udk &GmedrdwfvkdY,l/ (pm-100)/
aool[m opfyifay:u vdrfhusvkdY ao&if? EGm;uRJjrif;awG
udkufvkdYao&if? "m;vSHav;jrm; xdcdkufwJh'Pf&meJYao&if aeYrul;cif
ajrrSmjr§Kyf/ (pm-108)? ao&mt&yfrSmyJjr§Kyf(pm-109)/ rawmfw
qxdckdufvkdY aooludk b,fvkdjr§Kyf&rvJvkdY aemufwpfrsKd; ajymwm
awGvnf; &Sdao;w,f/(pm-93? 5)/ 'gayrJh wcsKdUtavmif;udk cRif;
csuftaeeJY rwfwyfjr§KyfygqkdwJhtcsufuawmh aemiftcg jrefrmawG
rvkdufemawmhbl;vkdYajym&r,f/
(126)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
a&epfaoqkH;oludk eEGif;a&azsmfNyD; ajczsm;u acgif;txd?
acgif;u ajczsm;txd tqeftpkef wpfBudrftpkpk ckepfBudrf okwf
vdrf;NyD;aemuf csufcsif;ajrjr§Kyfyg/ rD; roN*ØK[f&/
rkd;BudK;ypfvkdYao&if tavmif;udk 0ufpm;usif;rSm wifNyD; t
avmif;jyKusvmwJhtxd vIyfyg/ jyKwfusvmwJhtavmif;udk a&csKd;?
ta&SUawmifudk rsufESmrlNyD; rwfwyf ajrrSmjr§Kyfyg/
usm;udkufvkdYao&if 'Pf&mupNyD; a&aq;? aemuf tavmif;
udk a&csKd;ay;NyD; rD;oN*ØK[f/
vdrfhusvkdYao&if ajrrSmtavmif;udkxm;NyD; vlBuD;olrawGudk
okH;Budrfausmfckdif;NyD;awmh csufcsif;ajrrSm jr§Kyfyg/
udk,fhbmomowfao&if qHyifudk zm;vsm;cs? ta&SUawmifudk
rsufESmrlNyD; tavmif;udk rwfwyfajrrSmcsufcsif;jr§Kyf/
rvkyfygeJY? a&Smifygqkd&if ab;uif;atmif? uHaumif;atmif
wm;jrpfwmvkdY,lqoifhw,f/ tEÅ&m,fuif;atmif umuG,fay;
r,f/ ypfrSwfrxdatmif vrf;vTJay;r,f/ xdckdufayr,fh raygufrNyJ
tNyD;tpD;&w,f? vmbf&Tifw,f? u,fq,fol tcsdefrDa&mufvm
w,fqkd&if arSmfynmeJYqkdifw,f? usef;rmw,f? touf&Snfw,f? i,f
rljyefw,f/ umrtm;wkd;w,fqkd&if wkdif;&if;om;aq;ynmeJYqkdif
w,f/ tdEd,u &ku©aA'&,f? eu©wåaA'eJYenf;pyfwJhaA'if,Mwm?
"mwf&kdufqkdwmawG wGifus,fvmawmh wkdif;&if;om;arSmfynm[m
ododomomBuD; arS;rSdefyaysmufvkdufw,f? aumif;jrwfwJhtcsdeft
cgudk eu©wfaA'q&mu wGuf,lNyD; ajymjyvkdY odwJhtcg tJ'Dtcg
aumif;rSm rdrdvkyfcsifwJhtrIudpöudk jyKygrS atmifjrifr,fvkdY xifMu
w,f/ tcgaumif;rSm qkdif&mqkdif&mrEÅefvnf; &Gwf&ao;w,f/ 'D
(127)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
vkdqkd&if tEÅ&m,fuif;w,f? uHaumif;r,f/ tdEd,u wifoGif;vm
wJhaA'ifusrf; aq;usrf;awG&JUt&SdefeJY wkdif;&if;t,ltq jrefrm
wkdif;&if;om; aq;ukenf;awG arS;rSdefoGm;ayr,fh vkH;0aysmufroGm;
bl;? usefwwforQudk &vkd&if avmusrf;(aq;NrD;wkdvmusrf;? &ef
ukef? [Hom0wD? 1959)Munfh&r,fxifygw,f/ tcsKdUaq;enf;u
tjrpf? tyif? tacguf? toD;tyGifhawG&JUaq;zuf0ifykHudk wu,f
odvmvkdY aq;taeeJY okH;wwfvmMuw,f/ wpfcsKdUaq;u ,kHMunf
rIoufoufjzpfw,f/ Oyrm - qDref;? a&ref;udk aomufyg? vdrf;yg
qkdwmrsKd; jzpfygw,f/(uwdk;q&mjrihf? avmu[dw&moDusrf;? &ef
ukef? AE¨Kv? 1956^12 Budrfajrmuf? ykHESdyf? pm-9? 12)
1/ acgif;cJaomf tcHrcufavm? refusnf;rSnfhudk qm;ESifhazsmfí
&SLaomf? raysmufavm/
2/ &ifbwfemaomf tcHrcufavm? aumufn§if;udk pm;í a&csKd;
aomf raysmufavm/
3/ acsmif;qkd;aomf tcHrcufavm? vTpmrIefYudk [if;cg;csufí
aomufaomf raysmufavm/
4/ rsufpdemaomf tcHrcufavm? ESrf;avSmfí &SLaomf raysmuf
avm/
5/ temaygufaomf rcHrcufavm? xef;vsufudk pm;aomf
raysmufavm/
6/ ajcusOfaomf rcufavm? oHwlESifhESufaomf raysmufavm/
7/ udkufcJaomf rcufavm? ajreDvl;aomf raysmufavm/
8/ tifysOfxaomf rcufavm? csufrSm qm;ykHaomf raysmufavm
9/ avcsKyfaomf rcufavm? armif;usnfayGYESihfESufaomfraysmuf
(128)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
avm/
10/ pm;ít&omaysmufaomf rcufavm? ykpGefcsOfudkpm;aomf
raysmufavm/
11/ Murf;ydk; udkufaomf rcufavm? zGufxrf;xrf;ykd;udk tdyf&m
atmufu xm;aomf raysmfavm/
12/ rdef;r&moDvGefaomf raoavm? qD;oD;udk pm;í a&csKd;aomf
raysmufavm/
13/ rdef;r rD;rzGm;Ekdifaomf rcufavm? aygufyef;jzLtudkif; oifh
&m vuf0Jvuf,mukdifapaomf rzGm;avm/
14/ (rdef;r)rD;rzGm;Ekdifaomf rcufavm? ykpGefvufrudk aoG;í
aomufaomf raysmufavm/
15/ rdef;r rD;zGm;í om;tdrfwusnf;vGJaomf raoavm? zm;jyKwf
ajcmufudk rD;zkwfí ajcrSmokwfaomf rzGm;avm/
16/ rdef;rwkdY EkdYroufaomf rcufavm? EGm;om;ESifhcsOfaygifeD&Guf
udk [if;cg;csufí aomufaomf rxGufavm/
17/ ig;cl? ig;usnf;pl;aomf rcufavm? qD;jzLoD;udk pm;aomf
raysmufavm/
18/ 0rf;udkufaomf tcHrcufavm? xef;vsufeJYqm;udk pm;aomf
raysmufavm/
19/ oli,fxkH;udk pm;rdaomf ridkavm? 'Gm&udk a&aq;aomfraysmuf
avm/
20/ em;tlaomf rcufavm? qDudk usyfaomf raysmufavm/
aemufwpfae&mu aq;enf;awG xyf&ygao;w,f/(ausmf
&if? aq;NrDwkdvmusrf;? &efukef[Hom0wD? 1959)
(129)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
21/ jrm;qdyfoifhaomf rcufavm? vufbufudk 0atmif pm;aomf
raysmufavm/
22/ xdwfvefYaomf rcufavm? z&JoD;pm;aomf raysmfavm/
23/ ,pfaomufvGef;aomf rcufavm? {u&mZfjrpfudk aoG;íwkduf
aomf raysmufavm/
24/ abmuf&Sdaomf r,m;avm? yJhatmifazsmufí vlaovdrf;onfh
qDeEGif;tusefESifhqGwfaomf raysmufavm/
25/ tdyfíraysmfaomf rcufvm;? naeat;wkdif; vrf;avQmuf
aomf raysmufavm/
26/ pdwfaemufaomf rcufvm;? qD;,kdudkpm;aomf raysmufavm/
27/ "m;vSHxdjywf pl;&Svwfaomf rcufvm;? oref;usm;? 0ufacs;?
yeJ? uRJeaygif;? jrif;p*kHeD þtjrpf av;yg; tav; i&kwf
aumif; aygif;Budrfí tkHaomf raysmufavm/
aq;enf;tpkpk 260 &Sdw,f/(ausmf&if? aq;NrD;wkdvmusrf;?
pmrsufESm 51) 'DrSm a&;xnfhvkdufonfhenf;awG atmufpm&if;yg
a&m*ga0'emawGtwGuf jzpfygw,f/
udkufcJ 7
Murf;ydk;ukduf 11
acgif;cJ 1
acsmif;qkd; 3
ajcusOf 6
ig;cl? ig;usnf;pl; 17
pm;ít&omysuf 10
pdwfaemuf 26
(130)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
xdwfvefY 22
"m;vSHxdjywfpl;&S 27
em;tl 20
abmufx 24
rdef;rEkdYrouf 16
rdef;rrD;zGm;NyD; om;tdrfwusnf;vGJ 15
rdef;rrD;rzGm;Edkif 13? 14
rdef;r&moDvGef 12
rsufpdem 4
jrm;qdyfoifh 21
&ifbwfem 2
,pf(rl;)vGef 23
avcsKyf 9
0rf;udkuf 18
oli,fxkH;pm; 19
temayguf 5
tifysOfx 8
tdyfraysmf 25
jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ajrjyefYukd jrefrmawG ra&mufrD olwkdY
taetpm; t0wfeJY,kHMunfykH"avhawGudk &oí ppfaq;azmfxkwf
EkdifzkdY ykHjyif? pum;ykH? pum;xm? &kd;&mxkH;enf;Oya'? aqmif&ef? a&Smif
&ef? tdrfrI? aq;cef;vmusrf;awGudk wifjyNyD; 'gawGyJ pmrwwfcif
u jrefrmpmayygvkdY wifjyygw,f/
'Denf;uvGJvkdY wpfjcm;enf;uvJ rodyg/ jrefrmawG pma&;
(131)
a'gufwmoef;xGef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rg
wwfwJhtcg bmawGa&;ovJqkdwmudk qufvuf avhvm&ef &Sdyg
w,f/
(132)
jrefrmorkdif;ed'gef;
eboo
k is
cre
ated
by
ww
w.S
han
Yom
a.O
rgebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org