dr. asli aslan
DESCRIPTION
Water Quality and Health: Current Technology and Global ApplicationsTRANSCRIPT
Water Quality and Health: Current Technology and Global Applica:ons
Dr. Asli Aslan
Michigan State University [email protected]
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Water Quality
Diarrheal diseases kill more children than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined, making it the second leading cause of death among children under five. 88% of deaths due to diarrheal illness worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene .
CDC, 2012
Cholera outbreaks reported by WHO (2008-‐2011)
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Country South Africa Kenya Togo Ethiopia Iraq Angola Guinea-Bissau Mozambique Zambia Malawi Congo Botswana Niger South Africa Zimbabwe Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria Pakistan Haiti Dominican Republic Congo
Cases 2348 1400 429 58 925 90 14228 10066 1759 370 119 5 35 68 46606 40468 99 60240 3 896 181
Deaths 13 3 225 113 21 13 1 3 2482 1879 1415 265 6
Report Date 11/1/2008 11/17/2008 12/1/2008 12/15/2008 12/17/2008 1/1/2009 1/2/2009 1/4/2009 1/6/2009 1/6/2009 1/7/2009 1/8/2009 1/11/2009 1/18/2009 6/09/2009 10/08/2010 10/25/2010 11/20/2010 07/20/2011 07/20/2011
In the United States, most waterborne disease in outbreaks have been listed as AGI with unknown eDology. Viruses are assumed to cause most of these outbreaks and therefore a significant porDon of outbreaks due to viral agents are neglected.
Drinking waters Recreational waters
CoullieMe, A.D., Aslan-‐Yilmaz, A., et al. (in press). Drinking Water Safety in the 21st Century, APHA (Book Chapter)
Burlingame, G.A., Rose J.B., Xagoraraki, I., CoullieMe, A.D. and Aslan-‐Yilmaz, A. (2009). Opflow Online, 35, 5. 4
How do we measure microbiological pollu:on in water?
Enteric bacteria have been used as ”indicator organisms” to link to the potenDal presence of waterborne pathogens. Easy to enumerate Fairly inexpensive
Total Coliforms Late 1880’s
Fecal Coliforms 1940’s-‐50’s
E. coli 1986
E. coli O157:H7
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• Do not correlate with viral and parasiDc pathogens • Re-‐grow in the environment • Can not idenDfy the source of fecal polluDon • Time needed to get the results: 18-‐24 hours (yesterday’s results)
Disadvantages of indicator concept
Polymerase Chain Reac:on (PCR)
} EnzymaDc reacDon that makes many copies of DNA from single molecule
} 2n copies of DNA from single molecule where n = # of cycles
} So, 35 cycles of PCR would yield 235 copies of DNA
CYCLE NUMBER AMOUNT OF DNA0 11 22 43 84 165 326 647 1288 2569 512
10 1.02411 2.04812 4.09613 8.19214 16.38415 32.76816 65.53617 131.07218 262.14419 524.28820 1.048.57621 2.097.15222 4.194.30423 8.388.60824 16.777.21625 33.554.43226 67.108.86427 134.217.72828 268.435.45629 536.870.91230 1.073.741.82431 1.400.000.00032 1.500.000.00033 1.550.000.00034 1.580.000.000
Quan:ta:ve PCR
• Fast PCR screening without gels.
• High sensiDvity and quanDficaDon.
• Instruments that can taken into the field.
• BeMer automaDon, less cross contaminaDon.
Time needed: 20 min to 3 hours: immediate acDon during outbreaks, beach closures Supplies: 5-‐15$ per sample IniDal set up: 35K Fully automated process, less cross contaminaDon and human error Detects source of polluDon
Advantages of qPCR :
What are the sources of fecal pollu:on?
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Microbial Source Tracking
Livestock Wildlife Companion Animals
Untreated wastewater
Treated water -Not treated efficiently?
-The distribution systems malfunction
Human Sewage
Diffuse pollution sources
Irrigation water
Microbial Source Tracking (MST), is a method used to determine the sources of fecal microorganisms and establish whether they are being introduced into water bodies through human, wildlife, agricultural, or pet wastes.
Evalua:ng a human specific MST marker
Bacteroides thetha0omicron alpha mannanese abundant in human, alpha mannanese presents one copy in a cell
Aslan, A. and Rose, J.B. (under review). EvaluaDon of the host specificity of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron alpha mannanese gene as a sewage polluDon marker (LeMers in Applied Microbiology).
Source (n) B .
thetaiotaomicronal
pha mannanese
Bacteroides 16SrRNA
HF183
B a c t e r o i d e s –
Prevotella 16SrRNA
Bovine (35) 0/35 7/35 35/35
Cats (6) 1/6** 2/6 NT*
Chickens (35) 0/35 4/35 NT
Dogs (1) 0/1 1/1 NT
Ducks (35) 0/35 6/35 NT
Geese (12) 0/12 4/12 NT
Gulls (25) 3/25** 11/25 NT
Horses (5) 0/5 2/5 NT
Sheep (35) 0/35 18/35 35/35
Swine (35) 3/35** 12/35 NT
Turkeys (6) 0/6 2/6 NT
Total (230) 7/230 67/230 70/70
Alpha mannanese 0.97 HF183 0.71
S=1-‐(a/b) where a is the false posiDves and b is the number of samples for each animal feces tested.
Water Availability
>10000 m3 water rich 3000-‐10000 m3 enough water 1000-‐3000 m3 water scarcity <1000 m3 water poor
(WHO, 2008) The per capita water resource is decreasing⇓ ⇓ 8509 m3 (1955), 3626m3 (1990), 1500 m3 (2004) and 1000 m3 (2030)
(DSI, 2005)
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1997
2000
2006
2030
2050
Years
Per cap
ita w
ater dem
and
(m3)/yea
r* Water stress zone
<1000 m3
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Turkey is not a water rich country.
Country-Continent Averages Water per capita
Syria 1.200 m3 Lebanon 1.300 m3 Turkey 1.430 m3 Iraq 2.020 m3 Asia 3.000 m3 Western Europe 5.000 m3 Africa 7.000 m3 South America 23.000 m3 World 7.600 m3
(WWF Turkey, 2006)
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3325 municipality, 92 marine oukalls PopulaDon connected to sewerage: 73% 69% of the wastewater is treated (was 44% in 2004). Out of 3225 municipaliDes, 29 have mechanical treatment, 158 have biological treatment and 32 have advanced treatment.
Wastewater
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Pasalimani: 58.173 m3/day Total: 750.000 m3/day
B2
M8M3
M1
B7
B12
B13
K2
K1
K3K0
M20
M11 MY1
MBC 1
M14
M23
BL1
MY2
B5
Aktif Derin Deşa rj Nokta la rı
KARADENİZ
MARMARA DENİZİ
MKC
Black Sea
Marmara Sea
Deep Discharging Points
16
17
18
CFU/100 ml
0 -100
100 -1000
1000 -2000
2000 -5000
5000 -10000
10000 -100000
100000 -1000000
1617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738
psu
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
Der
inlik
(m)
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
K0
KO
Okuş, E. Öztürk I., Sur H.I., Yüksek, A. Taş, S. Aslan-Yılmaz, A., et al. (2008), Desalination 226, 1-3, 231-248.
Date Salinity Fecal coliform (CFU/100 ml)
September 1996 21.8 1360
November 1996 23.2 3050
May 1998 25.7 2500
November 1999 21.9 2100
December 1999 23.0 34000
January 2000 20.9 2100
Microbiological Pollution Monitoring at the Coastal Areas of Istanbul
28.50 28.60 28.70 28.80 28.90 29.00 29.10 29.20 29.30
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.2
28 .3 2 8 .8 29 .3 29 .8
40 .8
41 .0
41 .3
41 .5
K A R A D E N İZ
MA R MA R A D E N İZ İ
145155
144139 132 135
64
68Büy
ükç e
kme c
e
Av c
ı lar
Be y
likdü
z ü
Kü ç
ükç e
kme c
eF lor
y a
Ye ş
ilkö y
74
80
90
Ah ırka p
ı
100
Şile
Ka r
a bu r
un
Siliv ri
Kily
os
Riva
Güz
e lc e
Sa r
ıye r
T opk
a pı
Ka r
a köy
94
114
1
T uz la
5
Pe n
d ik
10Ka r
tal
Ma ltepe
Bos
tanc
ı
24
Mod
a
35
45
Pa ş
a ba h
ç e
63
60 Ana
dolu F
e ne r
i
105
40
Ba k
ırköy
Kına lıad a
Bu r
g az a
daHe y
belia
daBüy
üka d
a
Se d
e f A
das ı
115
118126
131
152 sampling points Twice a month in summer Once a month in winter
Aslan-‐Yılmaz, A., Okuş, E., Övez, S (2004), Marine PolluDon BulleDn, 49 (11-‐12), 951-‐958.
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
%
A v rupa Y a ka s ı A s y a Y a ka s ı
November 2003 August 2007
EU guideline values
Asian Side 2003: 4 sites
2007: 25 sites
15/11/02
23/12/02
20/01/03
03/03/03
26/03/03
24/04/03
14/05/03
29/05/03
11/06/03
23/06/03
16/07/03
29/07/03
13/04/03
03/09/03
24/09/03
07/10/03
04/11/03
14/01/04
18/02/04
16/03/04
07/04/04
04/05/04
18/05/04
09/06/04
30/06/04
20/07/04
04/08/04
02/09/04
11/10/04
02/11/04
29/12/04
01/02/05
28/02/05
22/03/05
25/04/05
10/05/05
24/05/05
13/06/05
28/06/05
18/07/05
04/08/05
25/08/05
20/09/05
25/10/05
16/11/05
26/12/05
21/02/06
21/06/06
27/04/06
17/05/06
29/05/06
19/06/06
11/07/06
25/07/06
15/08/06
27/09/06
17/10/06
22/11/06
11/12/06
15/01/07
28/02/07
16/04/07
09/05/07
21/05/07
20/06/07
11/07/07
25/07/07
15/08/07
05/09/07
17/09/07
16/10/07
21/11/07
25/12/07
15/11/02
23/12/02
20/01/03
03/03/03
26/03/03
24/04/03
14/05/03
29/05/03
11/06/03
23/06/03
16/07/03
29/07/03
13/04/03
03/09/03
24/09/03
07/10/03
04/11/03
14/01/04
18/02/04
16/03/04
07/04/04
04/05/04
18/05/04
09/06/04
30/06/04
20/07/04
04/08/04
02/09/04
11/10/04
02/11/04
29/12/04
01/02/05
28/02/05
22/03/05
25/04/05
10/05/05
24/05/05
13/06/05
28/06/05
18/07/05
04/08/05
25/08/05
20/09/05
25/10/05
16/11/05
26/12/05
21/02/06
21/06/06
27/04/06
17/05/06
29/05/06
19/06/06
11/07/06
25/07/06
15/08/06
27/09/06
17/10/06
22/11/06
11/12/06
15/01/07
28/02/07
16/04/07
09/05/07
21/05/07
20/06/07
11/07/07
25/07/07
15/08/07
05/09/07
17/09/07
16/10/07
21/11/07
25/12/07
CFU/100
ml
11 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 0
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
F eka l ko lifo rm
F eka l s trep tokok
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
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Recreational Waters 28 provinces have shoreline. Half of the populaDon. 311 beaches have Blue Flag.
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OCEANOS
IMPACTS OF HUMAN USE ON THE BIODIVERSITY OF MARINE SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS
-‐Searching for threats on biodiversity and water quality -‐Over 1200 SCUBA dives -‐34 species introduced to the literature -‐Problems pointed out: aquaculture, solid waste, human health
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Y ü z e y F e k a l K o l ifo rm D a ðýlým ý ( C F U /100 m l)0 5 .0 7 .0 6
0 - 10
10 - 100
100 - 500
500 - 1000
1000 - 10000
Fecal coliform (CFU/100 ml)
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Climate Change and Health
Drought Accumulation & Concentration
Smaller scale risks
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Heavy precipitation Transport Larger scale risks
Total economic loses in North America from weather-related events were $253 billion in the period between 1985-1999 (IPCC, 2007).
New York Times, Sep. 9th, 2009
Flooding
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Building Beach Managers Capacity Using Rapid Tools
EPA is changing the criteria (Enterococci) for recreaDonal waters. Great Lakes RestoraDon IniDaDve (GLRI) “Training health departments in the use of qPCR rapid methods for beach monitoring and enable the implementaDon of fully funcDonal molecular laboratories at the local level” “How-‐to” manual for using rapid methods for beach monitoring Rapid Methods Workshop at USEPA NaDonal Beaches Conference Future applicaDons: source tracking
Healthier Great Lakes Beaches Through Improved Communica:on
hMp://greatlakesecho.org/2011/08/26/video-‐beach-‐monitoring-‐faster-‐more-‐accurate/
http://www.cws.msu.edu/ic-sewage/
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORY FOR SEWAGE
Developing a toolbox for water polluDon diagnosDcs Capacity building
Interna:onal Projects on Water Quality and Sanita:on
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORY FOR SEWAGE
Level I: Core labs Level II: Have resources to upgrade to molecular detecDon Level III: Doesn’t have resources but interested in capacity building
IC Sewage Projects: Capacity Building (Sibel Zeki, IU)
• Develop water quality monitoring programs using innovaDve tools in selected regions
• First summer study has been done with a graduate student from Turkey on collecDon, analysis and data reporDng
• Training on sample collecDon, DNA extracDon, qPCR analysis and data reporDng
• Joint project on the bacteriological polluDon of Golden Horn Estuary, Istanbul
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GeneZ: Low Cost Hand-‐held GeneDc Analysis Plakorm
Dr. Hashsham, MSU Civil and Environmental Engineering
