Editor-in-ChiefDr Peter N. SperrynMB, FRCP, FACSM, DPhysMed

EditorsSurgery: Mr Paul G.StableforthMB, FRCS (Bristol, UK)Science: Dr Ron MaughanPhD (Aberdeen, UK)Physiotherapy: Mr Julius SimBA, MSc, MCSP(Coventry, UK)

Statistical ConsultantsMr F.M. Holliday, MA, DLC, FSS(Loughborough, UK)Mr Simon Day, BSc (London, UK)

Regional Corresponding EditorsBelgium: Prof. M. Ostyn,MD (Leuven).

Brazil: Prof. Eduardo H. DeRose,MD (Porto Allegre).

Bulgaria: Dr Virginia Michaelova,MD (Sofia).

Caribbean: Dr Paul Wright,LMSSA (Kingston, Jamaica).

Cote D'Ivoire: Prof. Constant Roux,MD (Abidjan).

France: Dr Pierre Berteau,MD (Rouen).

Groupement Latine:Dr Francisque Commandre,MD (Nice).

Editorial BoardDr David A. Cowan,

BPharm, PhD, MRPharmS (London, UK)Dr Wendy N. Dodds,

BSc, MRCP (Bradford, UK)Dr Adrianne Hardman,PhD (Loughborough, UK)

Mr Basil Helal,MCh(Orth), FRCS (London, UK)

Dr G.P.H. Hermans,MD, PhD, (Hilversum, Netherlands)

Prof. Ludovit Komadel,MD (Bratislava, Czechoslovakia)

Prof. W.P. Morgan,EdD, (Madison, Wisconsin, USA)

Prof. Tim D. Noakes,MD, FACSM (Cape Town, South Africa)

Hong Kong: Dr K.M. Chan,FRCS (Hong Kong).

Hungary: Dr Robert Frenkl,MD (Budapest).

India: Dr D.P. Tripathi,MB, BS, MCCP (Patna).

Indonesia: Dr Hario Tilarso,MD Jakarta).

Malaysia: Dr Ronnie Yeo,MB (Kuala Lumpur).

Maroc: Dr Naima Amrani,MD (Rabat).

Prof. Qu Mian-Yu,MD (Beijing, China)

Dr Allan J. Ryan,MD (Edina, Minnesota, USA)

Prof. Roy J. Shephard,MD, PhD (Toronto, Canada)

Prof. Harry Thomason,MSc, PhD (Loughborough, UK)

Prof. K. Tittel,MD (Leipzig. DDR)

Dr Dan S. Tunstall Pedoe,MA, DPhil, FRCP (London, UK)

Prof. Clyde Williams,PhD (Loughborough, UK)

Dr William F. Webb,MB, BS (Sydney, Australia)

New Zealand: Dr Chris Milne,MB, ChB, DipSportsMed (Hamilton).

Pakistan: Dr Nishat Mallick,FPMR, FACSM (Karachi).

Spain: Dr J. J. Gonzalez Iturri,MD (Pamplona).

Thailand:DrCharoentasnChintanaseri,MD (Bangkok).

Uganda: Dr James Sekajugo,MB, Dip.SportsMed. (Kampala).

USSR: Dr Sergei Mironov,MD (Moscow).

Publishing Director: Charles FryManaging Editor: Sarah Graham-Campbell

Advertisement Information: Displayadvertisement space is offered within theBritish Journal of Sports Medicine with acomprehensive range of advertisementoptions available. Loose and bound-ininserts are also invited. For furtherinformation please contact Mark Butler atMTB Advertising, 11 Harts Gardens,Guildford, Surrey GU2 6QA, UKTel: 0483-578507, Fax: 0483-572678.

The British Journal of Sports Medicine ispublished quarterly in March, June,September and December by Butterworth-Heinemann Limited on behalf of the BritishAssociation of Sport and Medicine,Editorial Office, Butterworth-Heinemann,59/60 Grosvenor Street, London W1X 9DA,UK Tel: 071-493 5841 x395,Fax: 071499 3384, Telex: 27278.Reprints, Butterworth-Heinemann, LinacreHouse, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 6DP, UKTel: 0865-310366, Fax: 0865-311270,Telex: 83111 BHPOXFG.Registered office: Butterworth & CoLimited, 88 Kingsway, London WC2 6AB,UK

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Copyright: All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system or transmitted, in anyform or by any means (electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise) without the written permissionof the Publisher. Readers who requirecopies of papers published in this journalmay either purchase reprints or obtainpermission to copy from the publisher. Forreaders in the USA, permission to copy isgiven on the condition that the copier paythe stated per copy fee through theCopyright Clearance Center, Inc., 21Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970 forcopying beyond that permitted by Sections107 and 108 of the US Copyright Law. Feesappear in the code that appears at the footof the first page of each paper.

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116 Br J Sp Med 1992; 26(3)

Brti~sh Journalof

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Comparison of the martial arts with other sports: Kevin Daniels and Everard Thornton

martial arts are not for them), leaving a group withlow hostility. This hypothesis was tested in aretrospective study4, and gained little support.The results may be due to the use of self-report

instruments, with expert martial arts practitionersbeing keen to present a socially desirable image.However, the use of an anonymous self-completionformat discourages respondents from faking9.

Finally, it is possible that the results are due totransitory decreases in hostility brought about by theshort-term effects of training, which disappear in amatter of hours. Evidence for this view comes fromresearch which demonstrates that exercise leads toshort-term decreases in state anxiety but not long-term decreases in trait anxiety'0-'2. Hostility maydecrease after exercise, since exercise leads toshort-term decreases in arousal13. However, theBuss-Durkee Hostility Inventory asks the respondentto rate usual behaviour, rather than present moodand therefore the results are possibly more enduringthan suggested by a transitory mood hypothesis.The issues raised above clearly need to be

investigated before courses in the martial arts can berecommended as a means of increasing ability todefend oneself without increasing one's dispositionto harm people. In particular, a longitudinal study ofbeginners in the martial arts needs to be under-taken4 5, that examines both the short-term transitory'state' effects and longer term 'trait' effects.

References1 Fuller JR Martial arts and psychological health. Br J Med

Psychol 1988; 61: 317-28.2 Rothpearl A. Personality traits in martial artists: a descriptive

approach. Percep Motor Skills 1980; 50: 395-401.3 Nosanchuk TA. The way of the warrior: the effects of

traditional martial arts training on aggressiveness. Hum Rel1981; 34: 435-44.

4 Nosanchuk TA, MacNeil MLC. Examination of the effects oftraditional and modem martial arts training on aggressive-ness. Aggr Behav 1989; 15: 153-9.

5 Daniels K, Thornton EW. An analysis of the relationshipbetween training and hostility in the martial arts. J Sports Sci1990; 8: 95-101.

6 Bandura A. Social learning theory of aggression. In: KnutsonJF, ed. The Control of Aggression. New York, USA: Aldine,1973.

7 Buss AH, Durkee A. An inventory for assessing differentkinds of hostility. J Consult Psychol 1957; 21: 343-9.

8 Cohen J, Cohen P. Applied Multiple Regression/CorrelationAnalysis for the Behavioural Sciences. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey, USA: Erlbaum, 1983.

9 Oppenheim AN. Questionnaire Design and Attitude Measure-ment. London, UK: Heinemann, 1966.

10 Berger BC, Owen DR Stress reduction and mood enhance-ment in four exercise modes: swimming, body conditioninghatha yoga, and fencing. Res Q Exerc Sport 1988; 59: 148-59.

11 Plante TG, Rodin J. Physical fitness and enhanced psycholo-gical health. Curr Psychol Res Rev 1990; 9: 3-24.

12 Steptoe A, Moses J, Mathews A, Edwards S. Aerobic fitnesspsychophysiological reactions to mental tasks. Psychophysi-ology 1990; 27: 264-74.

13 Zillman D. Transfer of excitation in emotional behaviour. In:Cacioppo JT, Petty RE eds. Social Psychophysiology. New York,USA: Guilford, 1983.

BASM MerchandiseBASM ties Single motif £6 + £1 p/p

Multi-motif £6 + £1 p/pBASM blazer badge Wire, 4" high £5 + £1 p/pLadies head scarves White, blue border, square, single BASM logo £5 + £1 p/pBASM sweatshirts Navy blue, BASM logo, Hood; medium only £11 + £1 p/p

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All enquiries and orders (with cash!) to National Sales Officer: Mr John Clegg, Birch Lea, 67 SpringfieldLane, Eccleston, St. Helens, Merseyside WA10 5HB, UK. Tel: (0744) 28198

120 Br J Sp Med 1992; 26(3)

Br. J. Sp. Med 1992; 26(3)

From the journals

Sports medicine current awareness service

Prepared by Kathryn Walter and Nancy Laurenson at the National Sports Medicine Institute(NSMI) Library

The following summaries are takenfrom a selection of recent journalsindexed in the NSMI database. A fulllisting is published monthly in SportsMedicine Bulletin.

Copies of the complete artides areavailable (price 15 pence per sheetsubject to Copyright Law) from theLibrary, NSMI, c/o Medical College ofSt Bartholomew's Hospital, Charter-house Square, London EC1M 6BQUK (Tel: 071 251 0583).Although it is theoretically possiblethat transmission of HIV could occurin sports such as wrestling, football orrugby in which bleeding and skinabrasions are common, no such trans-mission has been reported in thesesports. In the few instances where ithas been suspected, the reports re-main undocumented. This promptsconcern among coaches and medicalpractitioners. Should an athleteknown to be infected with HIV beallowed to participate in competitivesports, and should the universal pre-cautions recommended for healthcareworkers be used when handlingathletes' blood and body fluids? Anew policy statement - HIV andsports by the American Academy ofPediatrics (Physician and Sportsmedicine1992; 20: 189-91) is similar to thatdeveloped by the World Health Orga-nization. Both statements say thatgiven the large amount of informationalready available on the epidemiologyof HIV infection, it is reasonable tocondude that an infected athlete posesat most a minute risk to others, even incontact sports with dose personalcontact and frequent bloody injuries.However, further recommendationsand precautions are outlined with therecognition that HIV transmission inthe athletic setting may be possible.While amino acid preparations

appear unnecessary to supplement thenormal dietary protein intake, recentdaims suggest that amino acid supple-ments, particularly arginine, stimulatethe release of human growth hormone(hGH) that in turn stimulates proteinsynthesis in skeletal muscle. Clinicalevidence is controversial, especially in

arginine-only oral preparations. Oncereleased hGH can have a number ofeffects on the body, including growthof tissue and organs through en-hanced protein synthesis and gluco-regulatory actions. Growth hormonealso has diabetogenic actions in hu-mans and can cause insulin resistanceby impairing both the ability of insulinto suppress glucose production and itsability to stimulate glucose use. Thus,chronic elevation of hGH can result inelevated blood glucose levels andhyperinsulinaemia. The implied bene-ficial effects derived from amino acid-induced hGH release may therefore becountered by the detrimental conse-quences of its diabetogenic effects.David R Gater and colleagues (Effectsof argiineflysine supplementationand resistance training on glucosetolerance Journal of Applied Physiology1992; 72: 1279-84) investigated theeffects of oral arginine/lysine supple-mentation (AL) and resistance training(RT) on changes in glucose toleranceto determine whether alterations wereassociated with changes in selectedhormonal parameters. Resistancetraining as a form of physical activityhas been directly correlated withfavourable effects on insulin actionand/or oral glucose tolerance. Resultsfrom the 10-week programme of 30male subjects controlled for bodyweight, body fat and nutritional statusand assigned to one of four groups(placebo/control; placebo/RT; AL/con-trol; AIRT) found that oral glucosetolerance parameters did not signifi-cantly change after intervention. Itwas conduded that neither arginine/lysine supplementation nor, surpris-ingly, resistance training had a signifi-cant effect on oral glucose tolerance.

In the most recent volume of Medi-cine and Sport Science (1992; 34: 131-9),M. J. Jackson reviews Damage toskeletal muscle during exercise: rela-tive roles of free radicals and otherprocesses. Musde pain, as an indica-tor to musde damage, can be demons-trated to occur following differentforms of musde exercise, one occur-ring during or immediately after high-intensity exercise, suggesting concen-

tric muscular contraction, the otherwith delayed onset pain developingmore than 24h after exercise suggest-ing eccentric use of the muscle. A rolefor oxygen in the pathogenesis ofmusde damage during exercise hasbeen under recent debate. Firm accep-tance or rejection of the many hypoth-eses has not been possible due to alack of suitable analytical techniques tostudy free radicals in biological tis-sues. In addition, the role of vitamin Eas a lipid-soluble antioxidant to influ-ence exercise-induced musde damageis also under debate. Other mechan-isms by which musde may be dam-aged during exercise include: (1)mechanical trauma; (2) depletion ofmusde energy stores following sub-stantial exercise; (3) failure of intra-cellular calcium homoeostasis. Theauthor concludes that there is noconsensus concerning the nature ofthe mechanisms underlying damageto skeletal musde during exercise andof the relative importance of freeradicals in these processes.

In the past decade a number ofstudies has shown that athletic indi-viduals exhibit a high incidence ofsecondary amenorrhoea - intensetraining has been directly implicated.However, little is known about men-strual cycle function from recreationallevels of exercise training. In Recrea-tional exercise does not impair men-strual cycles: a prospective study(International Journal of Sports Medicine1992; 13: 110-20) A. Bonen was able toconclude that recreational exercisetraining of up to 30 miles of runningper week over a 4-month period doesnot alter the menstrual cycle length,nor the luteal phase lengths, despitechanges in follicle-stimulating hor-mone (FSH) in some of the menstrualcycles in two of the six groups ofwomen who trained. Failure to observechanges in the menstrual cycle seemsto be attributed to the fact that weightlosses were minimal, the women weregynaecologically mature, and thetraining volume each week was belowa critical threshold.Although ankle taping is widely

used among athletes, both after injury

Br J Sp Med 1992; 26(3) 177

to support the weakened ankle whenexposed to possible reinjury or toprevent reinjury, the role and mecha-nism behind the function of externalankle support is not dearly defined,ie. does tape affect mechanical orfunctional ankle instability, or both?Jon Karlsson and Gunnar Andreasson(The effect of external ankle supportin chronic lateral ankle joint instabil-ity American Journal of Sports Medicine1992; 20: 257-60) evaluated the effectof external ankle support (taping) onfunctional ankle joint instability inpatients with radiologically verifiedmechanical instability. Reaction timefor the peroneal musde response wasestablished and used to assess theeffect of external ankle joint support.The reaction time was significantlyslower in the unstable ankles of 20athletes with unilateral, chronic ankleinstability than in the stable contrala-teral ankles. With tape, the reactiontime was significantly shortenedalthough not back to normal. Thegreatest improvement in reaction timewas achieved in ankles with thehighest degree of mechanical instabil-ity. Thus, the mechanism behind thefunction of ankle tape may be torestrict the extremes of ankle motionand to help shorten the reaction timeof the peroneus muscles by affectingproprioceptive function of the ankle.An understanding of The bio-

mechanics of sprint running (A.Mero, P. V. Komi and R J. GregorSports Medicine 1992: 13: 376-92) isuseful because of its critical value toperformance. The principal knownvariables which contribute to thebiomechanics of sprint running in-dude: reaction time; technique; elec-tromyographic (EMG) activity; forceproduction; neural factors; musdestructure. The reaction time of goodathletes is short but it does notcorrelate with performance levels.Although fast and economical sprintrunning is a complex event, sprinttechnique has been well analysedduring acceleration, constant velocityand deceleration of the velocity curve.At the beginning of the sprint run, it isimportant to produce great force/power and generate high velocity inthe block and acceleration phases.During the constant speed phasewhich can be submaximal, maximal orsupramaximal, the events immediate-ly before and during the braking phaseare important in increasing explosiveforce/power and efficiency of move-ment in the propulsion phase. Little isstill known regarding force productionin the sprint deceleration phase. TheEMG activity pattern of the mainsprint muscles is well described ineach sprint phase. The skeletal musclefibre characteristics are related to the

selection of talent as well as thetraining-induced effects in sprint run-ning. Efficient sprint running requiresan optimal combination between theexamined biomechanical variables andexternal factors such as footwear andground and air resistance. This reviewstresses the need for further researchespecially in the measurement ofsprinting economy.An important factor in the preven-

tion and management of runninginjuries is the selection of appropriateshoes. The range of shoe designscurrently on the market has compo-nents which help compensate for thebiomechanical abnormalities whichpredispose to certain injuries. In arecent article by Barbara Heil (Run-ning shoe design and selection relatedto lower limb biomechanics Phy-siotherapy 1992; 78: 406-12) the rangeof materials used in running shoeconstruction is discussed in relation tothe properties they confer - for exam-ple, shock absorption and cushioningin the midsole and wedge, andbreathability in the upper. The designfeatures which help accommodateproblems such as overpronation andpes cavus foot and prevent injuriessuch as Achilles tendinitis are alsoreviewed.The cushioning properties of run-

ning shoes may also influence thedegree of 'footstrike' haemolysis asso-ciated with distance running. RudolphDressendorfer and colleagues com-pared haematological responses ofmale runners during and following a17-day period of increased trainingmileage. Each runner was assigned toeither a firm-sole group or a soft-solegroup according to the heel impactattention character of their shoes.(Effect of shoe cushioning on thedevelopment of reticulocytosis in dis-tance runners American Journal of SportsMedicine 1992; 20: 212-16). Althoughmarked reticulocytosis occurred inboth groups it was significantly morepronounced in the firm-sole group.This indicates that rearfoot shoecushioning can affect the erythropoie-tic response to a sudden large increasein endurance training mileage. Iferythropoiesis is partly dependent onheelstrike force, wearing shoes withbetter cushioning should help high-mileage runners maintain their normalred blood cell turnover rate.The compulsive goal-directed be-

haviour typically seen in athletes mayplace them at special risk for thedevelopment of depression or chronicfatigue. A rational approach to treat-ing the athlete who presents withthese diagnostically complex com-plaints is described by James Pufferand John McShane in Depression andchronic fatigue in athletes (Clinics in

Sports Medicine 1992; 11: 327-38). Theauthors differentiate depression andfatigue by viewing fatigue as a physic-al phenomenon and depression as apsychological phenomenon. The phe-nomenon of overtraining can manifestitself as fatigue and depression and isthe most common cause of fatigue inotherwise healthy athletes. The moni-toring of mood states by the clinicianmay help predict those at risk from thedevelopment of staleness and thechronic fatigue/depression syndrome.Endocrine or metabolic diseases suchas hypothyroidism and hyperthyroid-ism, infection and anaemia can alsomanifest as fatigue and should beexcluded by careful evaluation anddiagnostic testing. Depression withoutconcomitant fatigue may also occur. Itis important to differentiate situationaldepression (which may occur for ex-ample as a reaction to injury) from trueendogenous depression which has amore serious prognosis. Eating dis-sorders are commonly associated withdepression and should not be over-looked, especially in young femaleathletes. Severe depression may alsoaccompany anabolic steroid withdraw-al.

Lifestyle changes to combat fatigueare advocated by Frances Munnings inWhy is your active patient tired?(Physician and Sportsmedicine 1992; 20:173-8). Once medical causes havebeen ruled out, correcting impropersleep, eating and training practicesmay be all that is needed to helppatients shake fatigue.The ergogenic value of phosphate

loading has long been advocated -however, early literature was discre-dited due to poor experimental con-trol. Well controlled contemporarystudies have indicated that phosphateloading may improve the physiologic-al responses to exercise. One suchstudy using six male cyclists andtriathletes as subjects, investigatedwhether tribasic sodium phosphatesupplementation affected perform-ance of a maximal cycling test andsimulated 40-km time triaL RB. Kreid-er et al. (Effects of phosphate loadingon metabolic and myocardial re-sponses to maximal and enduranceexercise International Journal of SportNutrition 1992; 2: 20-47.) Results indi-cate that phosphate-loading attenu-ated anaerobic threshold increasedmyocardial ejection fraction and frac-tional shortening, increased maximaloxidative capacity, and enhanced en-durance performance.A related article by Mariana Pop and

Scott Gordon describes the workingmechanisms of buffering systems inrelation to anaerobic exercise perform-ance. (The potential ergogenic effectof buffer loading on anaerobic exer-

178 Br J Sp Med 1992; 26(3)

cise performance National Strength andConditioning Association Journal 1992;14: 78-82.) A major factor causingmuscle fatigue may be the accumula-tion of hydrogen ions and the associ-ated decrease in intracellular pH.Buffering systems in blood and musclereduce the rise in hydrogen ion con-centration and therefore delay thefatigue associated with anaerobic exer-cise. Two major intracellular bufferingsystems are the phosphate buffersystem and the protein buffer system,whereas the bicarbonate buffer systemserves as the primary extracellularbuffer.

Stress fractures are a common injuryamong runners but their aetiology isnot well established. A number offactors such as training volume, nutri-tion, body composition and ovarianfunction may affect bone function but

the roles of these as risk factors forstress fractures per se and studies onthe possible relationship betweenbone mineral density and stress frac-ture risk have yielded equivocal re-sults. Anecdotal evidence suggeststhat female athletes are particularly atrisk a theory attributed to the lowoestrogen levels associated with athle-tic amenorrhoea which can lead tobone mineral loss. However, studiescomparing evidence of stress fracturesin amenorrhoeic and eumenorrhoeicathletes have again been inconclusive.These issues are reviewed by KateCameron and colleagues in Stressfractures and bone loss - the skeletalcost of intense athleticism? (Excel1992; 8: 39-55).The benefits of exercise support the

case for its promotion in the commun-ity although as yet this is relatively

untested and the long-term benefitshave yet to be determined. The short-term benefits, however, provide asolid rationale for further community-based efforts and the challenge re-mains to encourage people at all stagesin their lives to participate in physicalactivity. Encouraging the communityto exercise requires a programmewhich involves the workplace, schoolsand community centres. A program-me needs to be educative to ensuremaximum participation. Conceptsunderlying community approaches tohealth behaviour changes in the USAand their limits and challenges arereviewed by Abby C. King in Com-munity intervention for promotion ofphysical activity and fitness (Exerciseand Sport Sciences Reviews 1991; 19:211-59).

British Association of Sport and Medicine

The British Association of Sport and Medicine holdsIntroductory, Intermediate and Advanced Courses inSports Medicine yearly. The Introductory Courseheld at Lilleshall Hall National Sports Centre is aone-week intensive course designed primarily forgeneral practitioners and physiotherapists althoughsuitable for all doctors with an interest in sportsmedicine. It is a prerequisite for the Intermediate andAdvanced Courses; these courses provide the acade-mic training necessary to sit the Society of Apothe-caries Diploma in Sports Medicine, PGEA approval isgiven for 5 days.The Intermediate Course concentrates on the

proper examination of normal joints with regard tothe management of sport specific injuries. There is astrong focus on the coaching and training involved ineach sport. PGEA approval is given for 5 days. Thesix Advanced Modular Courses comprise three injurymodules which focus on the clinical examination,diagnosis and management of both acute and chronicinjuries. Treatment and rehabilitation programmesare also outlined. There are two Exercise Physiologymodules which look at training with respect tocardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal physiologyand a final module which explores the PhysicalMedicine of Sport and Exercise, concentrating on arange of topical issues from 'Exercise in the Elderly'and 'Osteoporosis' to 'Update on Nutrition' and'Diabetes and Exercise'. PGEA approval is given for 2days.

Forthcoming courses

Introductory Sports Medicine Course, 27 September- 2 October 1992.Cost: £315.00 (BASM member) or £355.00 (Non-member) inclusive of tuition, accommodation andfood. Lilleshall Hall National Sports Centre,Shropshire.

Advanced Injury: Acute and Chronic Injuries to theLower Limb, 18-20 September 1992.Cost: £175.00 (BASM member) or £195.00 (Non-member); non-residential. RAF Wroughton,Swindon.Advanced Injury: Acute and Chronic Injuries to theHead, Neck, Spine and Pelvis, 23-25 October 1992.Cost: £175.00 (BASM member) or £195.00 (Non-member); non-residential. Postgraduate Centre,Milton Keynes General Hospital.Intermediate Sports Medicine Course, 1-6November 1992.Cost: £100.00 inclusive of tuition, accommodationand food in conjunction with Rhone Poulenc Rorer.Lilleshall Hall National Sports Centre, Shropshire.Advanced Physiology: Cardiorespiratory System,22-24 January 1993.Cost: £175.00 (BASM member) or £195.00 (Non-member); non-residential. Department ofCardiology, Bradford Royal Infirmary.

Applications and enquiries concerning courses andmembership:

Nancy Laurenson, Education Manager, NationalSports Medicine Institute, St. Bartholomew's MedicalCollege, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ.Tel: 071-253 3244 or 071-251 0583

Br J Sp Med 1992; 26(3) 179

BASM Education Programme

BASM's current annual programme of Sports Medicine courses includes two introductory courses

following the FIMS basic course outline and six advanced courses in physiology (cardiorespiratory),physiology (musculoskeletal), injury (head, neck, back and trunk), injury (lower limb), injury (upper limb),and advanced medicine of PE and sport.

Current Programme for 1992

Date

January 10-12

February 28-March 1

March 27-29

April 26-May 1

September 18-20

September 27-October 2

October 23-25

November 1-6

November 16-17

Course

Advanced Physiology: musculoskeletal

Advanced Medicine of Physical Exercise and Sport

Advanced Injury: Acute and Chronic Injuries to theUpper Limb

BASM Introductory Sports Medicine Course

Advanced Injury: Acute and Chronic Injuries to theLower Limb

BASM Introductory Sports Medicine Course

Advanced Injury: Acute and Chronic Injuries to theHead, Neck, Spine and Pelvis

Intermediate Course: Sports Specific InjuryManagement and Normal Examination of Joints

Joint Annual Weekend and Meeting

Venue

BOAMC

NSMI

RAFWroughton(Swindon)

Lilleshall

RAFWroughton(Swindon)Lilleshall

MiltonKeynes

Lilleshall

Bruges,Belgium

184 Br J Sp Med 1992; 26(3)

Br. J. Sp. Med 1992; 26(3)

BASM news

BASM North West Region Committee 1992-1993

Chairman and Postgraduate Tutor:

Vice Chairman:

Secretary:

Treasurer:

Dr P. J. M. MilroyBrook House Farm, Mill Lane, Kingsley, Warrington, Cheshire WA6 8HH;Tel: 0928 33249Mr J. Clegg JP67 Springfield Lane, Eccieston, St. Helens, Merseyside WA10 5HB;Tel: 0744 28198Miss Carole Atkinson, 51, Two Bridges Road, Newhey, Rochdale,Lancashire OL16 3RP, UK;Tel: 0706 882955Miss A. Johnson2 The Rake, Ramsbottom, Lancashire BLO 9HD; Tel: 0706 826650

Br J Sp Med 1992; 26(3) 185

BASM

Acute and Chronic Injuries tothe Head, Neck, Spine and Pelvis

23-25 October 1992This is a non-residential intensive advanced sports medicine course designed for medical practitioners, butopen to chartered physiotherapists. Previous experience in sports medicine is necessary. Requirementsinclude completion of the BASM Introductory Sports Medicine Course or a suitable recognized alternative.The course will focus on acute and chronic injuries to the neck, back and pelvis caused by, or affectingparticipation in sport. Emphasis will be placed upon cases most likely to present to the general practitionersuch as disc, facet and sacroiliac joint pathology. Examination techniques and biomechanical assessmentwill be covered making use of sample patients.

Treatments such as physiotherapy, osteopathic manipulation and spinal injection therapy will bedemonstrated. The use of imaging in injury diagnosis will also be discussed. Recommended readingmaterial and journal references will be circulated before the course.

Course Fee: £175.00 BASM members; £195.00 non-membersLocation: Postgraduate Centre, Milton Keynes General HospitalCourse Tutor: Dr Simon PetridesSchedule: Friday 23 October 19.15-21.00 hours; Saturday 24 October 09.00-18.00 hours;

Sunday 25 October 09.15-16.00 hours

Applications and enquiries should be sent to:

Nancy Laurenson, National Sports Medicine Institute, St. Bartholomew's Medical College, CharterhouseSquare, London EC1M 6BQ UK Tel: 071-253 3244 or 071-251 0583

The number of delegates will be kept to 20, so early booking is advisable. A non-refundable deposit of£50.00 is required when booking a place on the course. The closing date and any remaining balance will bedue no later than 30 September 1992. Please make cheques payable to British Association of Sport andMedicine. PSEA approval has been applied for for this course.

BASM Courses in Sports Medicine

1. British Association of Sport and MedicineOne week/weekend introductory and advancedcourses in sports medicine for medicalpractitioners and physiotherapists.Contact: Ms Nancy Laurenson

BASM Education OfficerLondon Sports Medicine Institutec/o Medical College of

St. Bartholomew's HospitalCharterhouse SquareLondon ECiM 6BQ UKTel: 071-253 3244 and 071-251 0583;Fax: 071-251 0774

2. London Sports Medicine Institute

Three-year part-time course in sports medicinefor general practitioners.Contact: Academic Secretary

London Sports Medicine Institutec/o Medical College of

St. Bartholomew's HospitalCharterhouse SquareLondon EC1M 6BQ UKTel: 071-251-0583; Fax: 071-251 0774

3. The London Hospital Medical CollegeOne-year full-time diploma course in sportsmedicine for medical practitioners.Contact: Mrs Dot Blake

The Diploma Course in Sports MedicineDepartment of Sports MedicineLondon Hospital Medical College1st Floor Fielden HouseStepney WayLondon El 1BB, UKTel: 071-377 7389

4. University of Nottingham Medical SchoolTwo-year part-time MSc in sports medicine formedical practitioners and charteredphysiotherapists with a first degree orequivalent.Contact: Professor E. Idris Williams

Department of General PracticeThe Medical SchoolQueens Medical CentreNottingham NG7 2UH, UKTel: (0602) 709396; Fax: (0602) 709389

5. The University of BathA modular course in sports medicine by distancelearning for medical practitionersContact: Mrs Sally Jeffries

Distance Learning UnitCentre for Continuing EducationUniversity of BathClaverton DownBath BA2 7AY, UKTel: (0225) 826342; Fax: (0225) 826849

6. Association of Chartered Physiotherapists inSports MedicineSix-month practical course leading to certificatein sports physiotherapy and a two-year part-timeacademic course leading to a diploma in sportsphysiotherapy.Contact: Dr Ian Roberts

Assistant DirectorCrewe and Alsager College of HigherEducation

Hassall RoadAlsagerCheshire ST7 2HL, UKTel (0270) 882500

7. Diploma in Academic and PracticalPhysiotherapy for SportsOne-year part-time course in sports medicine/physiotherapy for chartered physiotherapists.Contact: Joanne Marshall

Department of Sports MedicineLondon Hospital Medical College1st Floor Fielden HouseStepney WayLondon El 1BB, UKTel: 071-247 7636

8. Edinburgh Post-Graduate Board for MedicineOne-week introductory course in sportsmedicine for doctors and physiotherapists.Contact: Dr Elizabeth McSwan

Moray House College of EducationCramond CampusCramond Road NorthEdinburgh EH4 6JD, UKTel: 031 3126001

9. Diploma in Podiatric Sports MedicineTwo-year part-time course in sports podiatry.Contact: Dr Ian Roberts

Assistant DirectorCrewe and Alsager College of HigherEducation

Hassall RoadAlsagerCheshire ST7 2HL, UKTel: (0270) 882500

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