dr. b. jayarama bhat[a] and sowmya k. [b] abstractmoradabad 2. aligarh 3. saharanpur 4. bareilly 5....

Acme Intellects International Journal of Research in Management, Social Sciences & Technology ISSN 2320 – 2939 (Print) 2320-2793 (Online) Let your Research be Global search– An ultimate search of Truth- Reforms through Research Vol- 25 No. 25 Jan 2019

”Aanobhadraa krathavoyanthu vishwathaha”-"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.1 Acme Intellects Research Center- A wing of Help to Help Charitable Trust®

Role of Urban transport in Smart city: A study

by Dr. B. Jayarama Bhat[a]

and Sowmya K. [b]

Abstract

Smart City scheme is one of the most ambitious programmes of the Government of India.

This, if implemented, in the way Prime Minister Narendra Modi envisages, may change the face

of entire India in the global platform. This scheme is an urban renewal and retrofitting

programme by the Government of India with a Mission to develop 100 cities all over the country

making them citizen-friendly and sustainable. Urban Transport Systems that are able to

efficiently carry thousands of people within cities would be the key enablers for the success of

Smart Cities. This paper attempts at analyzing the role of urban transport in making city a Smart

City. The issues related with the challenges of implementing the Smart City have also been dealt

with in the paper. The paper is depended on secondary sources of information.

Key Words : Smart City, Urban Transport, Salient Features, JNNURM, Challenges [a]

Dr. B. Jayarama Bhat,

Professor of Economics,

Dept. of P.G. Studies and Research in Economics,

Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri,

Shankaraghatta – 577 451, Shivamogga District,

Karnataka, INDIA.

[b]Sowmya K,

Research Scholar,

Dept. of P.G. Studies and Research in Economics,

Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri,

Shankaraghatta – 577 451, Shivamogga District,

Karnataka, INDIA.

1.0. Introduction

SMART stands for Self Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology. „Smart City‟ is

a developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of

life by excelling in multiple key areas like economy, mobility, environment, people, living and

government. Excelling in these areas can be realized through strong Human Capital, Social

Capital and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Infrastructures.

Smart City is mainly concerned with smart governance, smart energy, smart environment,

smart people, smart transportation, smart information technology and communications, smart

buildings and smart living at large. Smart is not just about technology enabled, but also about

power, water, transportation, solid waste management, sanitation and others.

The Government of India has launched the Smart Cities Mission on 25th

June 2015. The

objective is to promote sustainable and inclusive cities that provide core infrastructure and

enabling a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and

application of „Smart Solutions‟ to the problems encountering.

With the target of 100 Smart Cities and the rising urban population, the scenario of public

transport and urban mobility needs improvement and further investment. The National Transport

Development Policy Committee formed under the aegis of the Government of India which

presented its Report, entitled India Transport Report- Moving India to 2032, on behalf of the

Planning Commission, Government of India, said that the total passenger traffic is expected to

grow at about 15 per cent per annum to reach 1,68,875 billion passengers per kilometer by 2031-


”Aanobhadraakrathavoyanthuvishwathaha”-"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.2 Acme Intellects Research Center- A wing of Help to Help Charitable Trust®

32 from 10,375 billion passengers per kilometer found in 2011-12.1 The statistics also forecast

that the growth in rail passenger traffic is expected to be around 9 per cent per annum, and the

road traffic is also expected to grow at 15.4 per cent. This kind of expansion requires the support

for government and private funding and proper infrastructure. In absolute terms, the fund

requirement would be of about ₹ 30 trillion (U$ 570 bn) by 2031-32.2

One of the major components of Smart Cities initiative is development of an efficient

urban mobility and public transport system that provides a variety of transport options. Towards

this objective, within the ambit of the urban infrastructure development, especially in road

transportation, close to 90 projects in the roads and fly over development segment around 10 in

Mass Rapid Transport (MRT), some in Intelligent Traffic Management and Integrated Multi-

Modal Transport have already been initiated. The envisaged Smart Transportation and Smart

Infrastructure would further increase the economic activities in automotive sector in the next

decade.

Smart Cities Mission drive would give better momentum to economic growth and

improve the quality of life of people by enabling local development and harnessing technology

as a means to create smart outcomes for citizens. It would be appropriate here to give a list of

proposed Smart Cities in the country short-listed by the Government of India. Table 1 below

provides the list. The Table is followed by a Map showing the location of Smart Cities across the

country.

Table 1 showing List of 98 Cities selected under Smart Cities Mission

Sl.

No. Name of State/UT

No. of cities

short-listed Names of selected Cities

1. Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1 1. Port Blair

2. Andhra Pradesh 3 1. Vishakhapatnam

2. Tirupati

3. Kakinada

3. Arunachal Pradesh 1 1. Pasighat

4. Assam 1 1. Guwahati

5. Bihar 3 1. Muzaffarpur

2. Bhagalpur

3. Biharsharif

6. Chandigarh 1 1. Chandigarh

7. Chhatisgarh 2 1. Raipur

8. Daman & Diu 1 2. Bilaspur

9. Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 1. Diu

10. Delhi 1 1. Silvassa

1 See, India Transport Report – Moving India to 2032 (2014), Vol. 1, Published on behalf of the Planning

Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, Page No. 4. 2 Ibid, p. 9.



11. Goa 1 1. New Delhi Municipal Council

12. Gujarat 6 1. Panaji

13. Haryana 2 1. Gandhinagar

2. Ahmedabad

3. Surat

4. Vadodara

5. Rajkot

6. Dahod

14. Himachal Pradesh 1 1. Karnal

2. Faridabad

15. Jharkhand 1 1. Ranchi

16. Karnataka 6 1. Mangaluru

2. Belagavi

3. Shivamogga

4. Hubballi-Dharwad

5. Tumakuru

6. Davanagere

17. Kerala 1 1. Kochi

18. Lakshadweep 1 1. Kavaratti

19. Madhya Pradesh 7 1. Bhopal

2. Indore

3. Jabalpur

4. Gwalior

5. Sagar

6. Satna

7. Ujjain

20. Maharashtra 10 1. Navi Mumbai

2. Nashik

3. Thane

4. Greater Mumbai

5. Amravati

6. Solapur

7. Nagpur

8. Kalyan-Dombivali

9. Aurangabad

10. Pune

21. Manipur 1 1. Imphal

22. Meghalaya 1 1. Shillong

23. Mizoram 1 1. Aizawl

24. Nagaland 1 1. Kohima

25. Odisha 2 1. Bhubaneshwar

2. Raurkela



26. Puducherry 1 1. Oulgaret

27. Punjab 3 1. Ludhiana

2. Jalandhar

3. Amritsar

28. Rajasthan 4 1. Jaipur

2. Udaipur

3. Kota

4. Ajmer

29. Sikkim 1 1. Namchi

30. Tamil Nadu 12 1. Tiruchirapalli

2. Tirunelveli

3. Dindigul

4. Thanjavur

5. Tiruppur

6. Salem

7. Vellore

8. Coimbatore

9. Madurai

10. Erode

11. Thoothukudi

12. Chennai

31. Telangana 2 1. Greater Hyderbad

2. Greater Warangal

32. Tripura 1 1. Agartala

33. Uttar Pradesh** 12 1. Moradabad

2. Aligarh

3. Saharanpur

4. Bareilly

5. Jhansi

6. Kanpur

7. Allahabad

8. Lucknow

9. Varanasi

10. Ghaziabad

11. Agra

12. Rampur

34. Uttarakhand 1 1. Dehradun

35. West Bengal 4 1. New Town Kolkata

2. Bidhannagar

3. Durgapur

4. Haldia

Note : * Jammu & Kashmir has asked for more time to decide on the potential Smart City.

** 12 Cities have been short-listed from Uttar Pradesh against 13 cities allocated to that state.

Source : Smart City Mission, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi, smartcities.gov.in.



Location of Smart Cities

Source : Smart City Mission, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, smartcities.gov.in. Data

downloaded on 25th

February 2018



1.1. Features of Smart City

According to National Institute of Urban Affairs, Smart City Lab (CIDCO), the features

of a Smart City are categorized as i) Salient Features and ii) Prescribed Features, which are

listed below, to be more informative.3

i. Salient Features

Area based approach

Strategic planning

Citizen engagement

Scenario planning

Replicability

Competition

Convergence

ii. Prescribed Features

* Creating Walkable Localities

Reduce congestion, air pollution and resource depletion,

Boost local economy, promote interactions and ensure security,

The road network is created or refurbished not only for vehicles and public transport, but

also for pedestrians and cyclists,

Necessary administrative services are to be offered within walking or cycling distance,

* Preserving and Developing Open Spaces

Parks, playgrounds and recreational spaces in order to enhance the quality of life of

citizens,

Reduce the urban heat effects in areas and generally promote eco-balance,

* Promotion of Variety

Transit Oriented Development (TOD),

Public Transport, and

Last mile para-transport connectivity

1.2. Review of Literature

A brief review of literature is carried out here below, though many studies have come out

on the issue.

A paper entitled Smart City and the Applications by Kehua Su et al. (2011), focuses

mainly on the recent research on the concept of Smart City, also the relationships between the

Smart City and Digital City are described in the paper.4

3 4

th Annual Conference on “India Smart Cities and Urban Transport Connect Karo” (2016) by

National Institute of Urban Affairs, Smart City Lab, City and Industrial Development Corporation

(CIDCO), Mumbai. 4 Kehua Su, Jie Li and Hongho Fu (2011), “Smart City and the Applications”, International

Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC), published in IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), Ningbo, China.



In their article on Smart Transportation for Smart Cities, Vishvesh Prabakar et. al.

(2015) stated that city transportation is an important pillar for quality of life of citizens in a city.

Currently, in most of the cities, public and private road transportation are the key modes of

commuting and logistics. Some large and mega cities have metro and local train network as the

backbone transportation mode.5

A paper entitled Smart Mobility in Smart City by Clara Benevolo and Penata Palao

(2016) states that, the smart mobility is a multifaceted topic involving all the smart city

paradigms and generating a set of heterogeneous benefits for all the Smart City stakeholders.

They can act like agents of the smart mobility initiatives, that is, to be the movers of the actions

or gain the resulting benefits or both.6

Sunita Sanghi and Jeetendra Singh (2016), in their article Smart and Sustainable Urban

Transport Solutions for Our Cities, found that in urban areas efficient and affordable mobility is

important so as to ensure easy access for citizens to labour markets and places of education and

leisure. Lack of proper mobility can make cities non-inclusive as the poor and vulnerable

sections would not be able to access the labour markets. Efficiently managing the mobility of

people in a sustainable manner would be key challenge for Indian cities.7

During the year 2015-16, the total road network in India stood at 56,03,293 kilometers.8

Around 65 per cent of the total freight and 80 per cent of passenger traffic is carried by the roads,

yet the quality of road infrastructure is a matter of concern. Apart from infrastructure, other

challenges are road congestion, air pollution due to automobiles running on combustible fuel,

inadequate means of public transportation, under utilization of water transportation and low

usage of technology in transportation systems.9

1.3. Research Gap

There are other research papers related to smart technologies, Smart City and Digital City

and others. Keeping the time and resource constraints in view, such studies/papers have not been

reviewed in the present study. There is no particular study related to the issue of role of urban

transport in the development of Smart City. The present paper focuses on the role of urban

transport and challenges of Smart City.

5 Vishvesh Prabakar, Sanjeev Gupta and Rajul Mehrotra (2015), “Smart Transportation for Smart

Cities”, The Economic Times, published on 2nd

September, 2015, Page No. 4. 6 Clara Benevolo and Penata Palao (2016), “Smart Mobility in Smart City”, Springer,

http//www.springer.com/978-3-319-23783, Page No. 16. 7 Sunita Sanghi and Jeetendra Singh (2016), “Smart and Sustainable Urban Transport Solutions for Our

Cities”, provided by National Institute of Transforming India (NITI) Aayog, Government of India. 8 Basic Road Statistics of India, 2015-16, Ministry of Road Transport And Highways, Transport

Research Wing, Government of India, New Delhi, Page No. 02. 9 Three Days Conference on “Smart Transportation Transforming Indian Cities” (Transport Sector

Reforms and Development in India). Smart Transport India-2016 Expo. Organized by the exhibitions India group, 13

th May 2016. Grant Thronton India Publishers, New Delhi, Government of India.



1.4. Objectives of the Study

The present paper has set the following objectives:

1. A brief discussion about the programme and guidelines of Smart Cities Mission (SCM),

2. A brief analysis of the role of urban transport in Smart City, and

3. A brief description of the issue of challenges of Smart Cities.

1.5. Paper Scheme

This paper is analytical and descriptive in nature. In the paper, the features and guidelines

of Smart City (SC) are briefly discussed. A brief review of literature has also been carried. Based

on the review the research gap has been identified. The role of urban transport has been analyzed

based on the secondary data. The paper also deals with the challenges of Smart Cities in India,

analyzed with suitable sub-headings. The authors have provided a few suggestions to meet the

challenges of Smart Cities. At the end a formal conclusion has been arrived at.

1.6. Role of Urban Transport

In 2011 nearly 350 million people of India lived in cities. It is expected that more than

300 million new residents will join them over the next few decades to become part of the new

urban India. This population boom will stress the already pressured urban infrastructure system,

especially with regard to transportation. Indeed, Indian cities have become synonymous with

congestion, noise and air pollution. Each year 135,000 people die in traffic crashes on Indian

roads. Currently, India has 230,031 million vehicles, a number that is steadily growing since

2010. Out door air pollution contributed to more than 620,000 pre-matured deaths and urban

transport energy use and green house gas emission are set to increase almost seven-fold in the

next 20 years, which will be an alarming urban feature in India.10

If the above trend continues, it will be difficult for the urban residents to lead a quality

life in the future. This will necessitate the scaling of sustainable transport which should be

integrated with land development.

All this would require increased investment in the urban infrastructure. These

investments will define liveability of the cities. At present, 70-75 per cent of modes of

commuting in most of the Indian cities comprise of walking, cycling and public transport, despite

the sky rocketing number of motorized two wheelers and motor cars in the last two decades. This

variation in modal shares among the above mentioned modes has a relationship between size of

the city and its per capita income. Small and medium sized cities have a lower income than the

mega cities and thus dependency on private modes in such (small and medium) cities is

comparatively lesser.

The World Health Organization (WHO) now classifies disability, unproductive life years

and pre matured deaths that are related to road injuries as a significant health impact of

motorization. According to the Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, close to

10

www.CEICdata.com/Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, New Delhi.

http://www.ceicdata.com/Ministry



4,80,652 road accidents were reported in the year 2016 and as much as 11 per cent of global road

injury deaths occur annually in India alone.11

Urban transport reforms have taken roots in India. The momentum for this has come from

the national policies as well as state government programmes. With the introduction of new

Mission, 100 Smart Cities and 500 cities in India will be rejuvenated and transformed with an

allocation of close to Rs. 1 lakh crore for a period of five years. The union cabinet has already

cleared Prime Minister Narendra Modi‟s cherished projects – Smart Cities spread across the

country and a new urban renewal mission named after Atal Bihari Vajapeyi, replacing the

existing one named after Jawaharlal Nehru. Smart Cities aspirants will be selected through a

„city challenge competition‟ intended to link financing with the ability of the cities to perform

and achieve the Mission objectives. Each state was asked to shortlist a certain number of „Smart

City aspirants‟ as per the norms that will be indicated and will prepare Smart City proposals for

future evaluation to seek support from the centre.

The move is expected to recast the urban landscape of the country to make it more

liveable and inclusive but how do they tend to achieve that is important as this is not the first

urban renewable mission launched in India to improve the urban infrastructure.

A similar Mission was launched in India in 2006, known as Jawaharlal Nehru Urban

Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and was a reform driven central assistance programme for

development of infrastructure to provide fast track and planned development for the 65 targetted

cities in India. Funding was tied to a set of mandatory and optional reforms targeted at municipal

governance and sectoral. It envisaged a total investment of US$20 billion over seven years,

which is equal to funding in the Smart City Mission.

While the overall JNNURM reforms had targetted all urban infrastructure sectors, the

transport sector had hogged about quarter of the JNNURM funds. Eventhough, about 30 states

and union territories qualified for the JNNURM funds, transport sector funding was allocated

majority to Delhi, with mega cities bagging the maximum number of projects. For getting

approval for transport projects, the guidelines recommended that the transport infrastructure

improvement schemes should in compliance with the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP)

that had laid down the guiding principle for sustainable mobility with clear thrust on public

transport, non-motorized transport and Transit Oriented Development. The project analysis,

however, showed that the identified and approved projects were not in sink with the spirit of the

NUTP. The actual speed has been locked in car centric infrastructure.

In JNNURM, under the transportation reforms the roads and flyovers category dominated

with as much as 70 per cent of the total number of projects and 15 per cent were mass transit

projects. In the name of promoting public transport, cities came up with a new public transport

systems such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Rail Based Systems like Metro, Light Rail Transit

(LRT) and monorail. In many cities, BRT and bicycle inclusive plans were approved by the

centre with less focus on space for pedestrians and cyclists. This was despite the fact that nearly

11

Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India.



50 per cent trips are made on foot, by bicycle or by intermediate public transport systems in

Indian cities.

The focus during JNNURM mission and now in Smart Cities approach is introducing

new technologies as the argument is that it will solve the traffic chaos and will serve the high

density demands expected on a few corridors in the cities. But the Indian cities have high density

developments in the form of urban slums. This is one of the reasons why efficient integrated

system is more in demand. However, most of the cities which have developed Metro systems

have really not looked into a holistic approach of planning which fails the system in a city and

thus pushing people to depend on private transport.

When Smart Cities come to creating a city, mobility is one of the key issues that needs

utmost attention. After all, people need to get from one place to another, be it for work or

personal reasons. This necessitates investing in smart and sustainable transport solutions, old

vehicles must be replaced with the new ones by those that are efficient, conserve energy and save

costs. Digital technology must be leveraged to create smart parking systems that make economic

use of space and free up blocked spaces. Increased traffic is the bane of public life, instead

controlled traffic should help reduce chaos, waiting time of vehicles and transit time in general.

1.7. Challenges of Smart Cities

Increased urbanization necessitates increased programmes for cities in terms of enhanced

infrastructure, which should meet the existing environmental targets, thereby bring wealth and

property to a city. In the Mumbai based IndiaInfoonline Finance Limited (IIFL) blog, Varinda

Garg (2017) writes on major challenges for upcoming Smart Cities in India, where the author

lists these challenges facing the Smart Cities Mission in India. The challenges are:

Financing

Smart Cities project is not smartly privileged, unfortunately, when it comes to funding.

Financing is said to be one of the biggest challenges when it comes to the Smart City challenge.

The total investment approved under the Smart City plans of 90 cities has gone upto Rs 1,91,155

crore. Now, this is whopping. With the presence of state-sponsored companies also the project

seems to have no good start. Banks financing these projects as of now is the major reason of a

considerable increase in the number of non performing assets. The government is recently taking

steps to finance these projects by making changes in the budget and we hope the problem is

addressed soon.12

Lack of Center-State Co-ordination

Fruitful implementation of a project can be done only if there is a co-ordination between

various government bodies. There is a need for proper regulation when it comes to planning for

the development of Smart Cities. Both horizontal and vertical co-ordination is a requisite right

now.

12

Varinda Garg (2017), “Major Challenges for Upcoming Smart Cities in India”, IndiaInfoonline

Finance Limited (IIFL), IIFL Centre, Kamala City, Senapati Bapat Marg Lower Parel (West), Mumbai - 400 013.



Master Plan

Most cities in India do not have their master plans and development plans in place. This

is a tragic situation if we talk about developing them into Smart Cities. The presence of both the

requisites (Master Plan and Development Plan) is the key to the implementation and

encapsulation of the Smart City project as that is where the changes would be monitored and

there is no other way to make it simple, better and efficient. Unfortunately, most cities in India

lack the presence of proper plans which is a challenge.

No Time Figure Attached to the Plan

The entire Smart City plan is a unique big plan which should get all the clearances, if not

before time, but atleast on time. Everything should be online and timely which, unfortunately is

not happening in these cases. The most important step to be taken in this context would be of

setting up an angle regulatory body which monitors all the requisite approvals for the project.

Doing this will address two major issues one of co-ordination and the other of timely execution.

Also, the body should be solely responsible to cater to the financial requirements.

Availability of Facilities

We are very much aware of the unfortunate fact that India, as of now, is not that equipped

when it comes to skilled manpower and advanced technology requirements for developing 100

Smart Cities. This requires lot of skilled efforts. If we talk about creating skilled labor and

capacity building, not much funds have been allocated either by the center or by the states in

such initiatives. Such projects involve training, research and a hefty database for execution. This

is a worrying problem in our country as it is an area which has not been focused upon as of now.

These programs help in many ways like time bound completion of the projects.

Corruption

This point probably was meant to be from the first as this is the root cause for all the

above challenges. But if we talk about it solely this is also a major challenge. Both at the center

and at the state levels corruption is responsible for all the co-ordination mismatch and time lag

happening. The financial constraint also somehow creeps in because of this issue. Corruption in

India is a challenge which has always been a reason for non-execution or ineffective execution

of most of the big projects in the country across.

All the above points are examples of the fact that the Smart City project, although being a

dream project, has many implementation challenges. The project had been launched with

different names many times but the final outcome is still awaited.

Current State of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)

ULBs are not financially self sustaining. Low tariff and inadequate cost recovery are the

reasons for ULBs not being self sustainable. Furthermore, the human resource capability of

ULBs is also not adequate which calls for an additional training programme to equip workers

and labourers. This may mean that extra allocation of budget in training and capacity building, a

challenge.



Human Resource

In this context, human resource refers to the workers and staff required to implement the

project. There is an urgent need for skilled workers and professionals. It is not an easy task to

build 100 Smart Cities (some cities need to be built from the scratch) in India. It is necessary that

adequate training programmes to be conducted for the workers employed in this project. The

challenge is that only 5 per cent of entire budget is allocated for training and upskilling.

Inadequate resource allocation is a challenge facing the project.

Availability of Utility Services

Smart Cities need uninterrupted access to electricity and water. Considering the power

generation and distribution systems, in the existing states and union territories, this seems

to be a challenge in meeting the growing energy demands. The states must resort to non-

conventional energy resources to meet the energy shortage.

The fact of the matter is that the government must factor-out the above challenges and

look for a Smart City to overcome these challenges for this project to be successful.

Implementing Smart Cities Mission is a prestigious project of the Government of India. It is a

very important milestone to achieve for the existing government as this was one of the major

promises made by the central government. No doubt, the future of urbanization in India lies in

the success of this project.

1.8. Suggestions

With the above brief analysis of the issues, the following suggestions can be given:

1. The financial assistance needed for construction of a Smart City should be provided

without delay.

2. The Government should encourage increased Pubic Private Partnership (PPP), for better

implementation of the project.

3. The Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) should actively engage in the implementation of Smart

City Mission.

4. Proper management of human resources needed to build a Smart City should be done.

1.9. Conclusion

It can now be conducted that, India‟s Smart City programme hopes to revolutionize city

life and improve the quality of life for its urban population. Smart City would require smart

economy, bright people, smart organization, smart communication, smart engineering, smart

transit, fresh environment and bright living. Today, from large amounts of untreated sewage to

mind blowing high levels of population, urban India is caught in a maze of problems. Therefore,

to cope with increasing urbanization, India is in dire need of smart, cost effective and efficient

solutions, as the current urban population is about 31 per cent of the country‟s total and over a

period of time this may reach 60 per cent of the total population contributing as estimated 75 per

cent of the GDP. In this context, making the city smart is both a necessity and a challenging task

indeed! All that required is a whole-hearted involvement of all the stakeholders in successful



implementation of any project including the Smart City Mission. Let us all hope for the best at

the earliest.

1.10 References

1) Clara Benevolo and Penata Palao (2016). “Smart Mobility in Smart City”, Springer,

http//www.springer.com/978-3-319-23783, Page No. 16.

2) India Smart Cities and Urban Transport Connect Karo (2016). National Institute of Urban Affairs, Smart

City Lab, City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO), Published in Government and Non-

Profit, Mumbai.

3) India Transport Report – Moving India to 2032 (2014). Vol. 1, Published on Behalf of the Planning

Commission, Government of India, National Transport Policy Committee (NTDP), Page No. 4.

4) Kehua Su, Jie Li and Hongho Fu (2011). “Smart City and the Applications”, In: International Conference

on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC), Published in IEEE (Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers).

5) Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India.

6) Mission Statement and Guidelines on Smart City. Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India,

June 2015.

7) Riccardo Mangiaracina, Alessandro Perego, Giulio Salvadori and Angela Tumino (2017). “A

Comprehensive View of Intelligent Transport Systems for Urban Smart Mobility”, International Journal of

Logistics Research and Applications, Vol. 20, Issue 1.

8) Rijurekha Sen and Bhaskaran Raman (2012). “Intelligent Transport Systems for Indian Cities”, 6th

USENIX/ACM Workshop on Network Systems for Developing Regions (NDSR12).

9) Smart Cities, Mission Statement and Guidelines, Government of India, Ministry of Urban Development

(2015).

10) Smart Transportation Transforming Indian Cities. Smart Transport India-2016 Expo. Organized by the

exhibitions India group, 13th May 2016. Grant Thronton India Publishers.

11) Sunita Sanghi and Jeetendra Singh (2016). “Smart and Sustainable Urban Transport Solutions for Our

Cities”, provided by National Institute of Transforming India (NITI) Ayog, Government of India.

12) Varinda Garg (2017). “Major Challenges for Upcoming Smart Cities in India”, IndiaInfoonline Finance

Limited (IIFL), IIFL Centre, Kamala City, Senapati Bapat Marg Lower Parel (West), Mumbai - 400 013.

13) Vishvesh Prabakar, Sanjeev Gupta and Rajul Mehrotra (2015). “Smart Transportation for Smart Cities”,

The Economic Times, published on 2nd September, 2015, Page No. 1-4.

14) Websites

i. www.CEICdata.com/Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

ii. www.smartcity.co.in

iii. www.mygov.co.in

iv. www.google.co.in

v. www.amrut.com

vi. www.makeinindia.com

vii. www.moud.co.in

http://www.ceicdata.com/Ministry

http://www.smartcity.co.in/

http://www.mygov.co.in/

http://www.google.co.in/

http://www.amrut.com/

http://www.makeinindia.com/

http://www.moud.co.in/

dr. b. jayarama bhat[a] and sowmya k. [b] abstractmoradabad 2. aligarh 3. saharanpur 4. bareilly 5....

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