dr. bill mahanna - pioneer® brand products · pdf file1 pioneer nutritional sciences...
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1
Pioneer Nutritional Sciences Manager; co-leads a group
of Pioneer nutritionists from North America, Germany,
Italy and France.
He provides technical leadership for on-farm nutritional
troubleshooting, how Pioneer nutritionally profiles and
develops maize, lucerne and forage additive products
(inoculants) to meet the needs of the livestock industry.
Currently a collaborative faculty member in the
Department of Animal Science at Iowa State University.
His articles appear frequently in various dairy
publications such as Feedstuffs, Hoard’s Dairyman,
Dairy Today, Dairy Herd Management.
Dr. Bill Mahanna Nutritional Science Manager
Pioneer, A DuPont Business
Bill Mahanna, Ph.D., Dipl ACAN Nutritional Sciences Manager Pioneer, A DuPont Business [email protected]
515.229.3409 2
• To be a good silage hybrid, it
must start out as a good grain
hybrid because you can not
overcome lack of starch (>90%
digestible) with small increases
in fiber digestibility (60-70%
digestible)
• BUT…not every grain hybrid
makes a good silage hybrid
because they may be too short
and not deliver the desired
stover yields
3
Dr. Joe Lauer
UW State Maize Extension Specialist Pioneer corn silage presentation, January 31, 2012, Johnston, Iowa
4
Source: Dr. Joe Lauer, UW State Maize Extension Specialist, Pioneer Maize Silage presentation January 31, 2012, Johnston, Iowa
54K v. 99K per ha
395 v. 0 lbs N per ha
5
The Importance of Starch • Yield is roughly 50% grain (kernels)
• % Starch in the silage is a result of
– the ratio of grain to stover and
– the maturity of the kernel
• Maturity at harvest – Increased starch content is responsible for quality improvement
energy sources in corn silage 65% grain
10% cell contents
25% NDF (fiber)
– Prior to black layer, starch is still being laid down in the kernel
– Hybrids within a plot should be reasonably close in maturity
• look at harvest moisture as an indicator
6
Source: http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2011/2011Text.aspx
10 point range
in starch content
What are the
Possible Ranges in
Grain (starch) Yield
versus NDFD
4 point range
in NDFD
5.7 T DM/ha range in yield (16.2 tons/ha adjusted to 35% DM)
7
¾ ML
Harvesting too premature
will cost you starch yields
Starch
Germ
½ ML
It is not unusual for silage to dry down 0.2 points of moisture/day in cool weather and 0.5 point/day in warm weather.
Much of the reason for the dry-down is due to starch being deposited in the kernel (up to 0.5 points of starch/day)
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What is just 1 percentage point of starch worth for every hectare of corn silage you harvest?
9
96.1 95.2 94.1
27.530.9 33.4
18.0 16.7 15.3
41.2 39.3 38.4
47.2 45.3 44.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
30 32 34 36 38 40
Silage Dry Matter, %
Va
lue
, %
of
DM
or
of
Nu
trie
nt
Composition and Digestion Changes with Silage DM
Starch Digestibility (Processed)
NDF Digestibility declines only minimally
NDF Content
Starch increases by as much a 0.5% point per day
Sugar + Organic
acid Content
With the cost of grain today, increased starch content of hybrids with excellent late-season plant
health compensates for relatively minor decreases in NDF digestibility (and starch also dilutes NDF content)
Source: Dr. Fred Owens, Pioneer Senior Research Scientist.
Journal of Animal Science and Journal of Dairy Science literature review summary
Does Higher Harvest DM Impact Fiber Digestibility?
Rather than target
harvest DM in this
shaded area
Target harvest DM in
this area to capture
more starch with
little impact on NDFD
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Higher starch is a good thing…. BUT don’t let DM get too high
In NZ, unpredictable autumn weather and smaller, irregular shaped and contoured fields may contribute to slow harvest and silage that is too dry resulting in:
Difficulty to obtain good density (low porosity) in smaller stacks
Reduced silage palatability in non-TMR systems
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BMR Corn Silage Brown Mid-Rib corn derives the name from
reddish-brown coloration on underside of leaf
mid-vein (midrib), first visible at 4-6 leaf stage
Coloration eventually disappears in the leaves
but remains in the stalk
BMR is a single-gene, recessive trait which
must be in both parents
– First reported in dent corn at U of MN in
1924.
– Four mutants have been reported: bmr1
(Jorgenson,1931), bmr2 (Burnham &
Brink,1932), bmr3 (Emerson et.al.,1935)
and bmr4 (Burnham,1945).
•
BMR hybrid leaf midrib (left) and
conventional hybrid leaf midrib (right).
12
Cell wall lignin reduced by as much
as 10% (normally 2-4% lignin in corn
silage)
Reduced lignin and increased cell
wall fragility results in significantly
improved silage intakes
Advantages
BMR corn silage has been associated with
reductions in whole plant yield of upwards of
20% when compared to elite, conventional
silage hybrids
BMR hybrids have typically demonstrated poor
agronomics, especially standability and
potential for increased susceptibility to drought,
diseases, insects and cold temperatures
BMR hybrids must be harvested for silage and
do not have the flexibility of high-moisture corn
or dry grain harvest
Disadvantages
BMR Corn Silage
Pioneer released their first BMR hybrid in North America in 2012 (P1376XR), with excellent yield and drought/disease tolerance
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Extent of vitreousness best determined by: - Physical dissection
- Measuring absolute density (not test weight)
- Stenvert mill grinding method
Common Terminology
dent vs. flint grain
floury vs. vitreous starch
soft, porous vs. hard, dense
light vs. heavy test weight
floury vs. horny endosperm
opaque vs. translucent (glassy)
Floury
Vitreous
14
Hoard’s Dairyman February 25, 2010 pg 139
These trials were conducted with
“book-end” hybrids not typical of
commercially available corn. Don’t
expect these differences with
commercial hybrids.
15
Mestres et al., 1995
– Popularly referenced studies
often investigate starch digestibility using extremes in vitreousness ranging from 3% to 66% (Taylor and Allen, 2005a,b,c) or from 25 to 66% (Allen et al., 2008) of the starch being vitreous.
– This makes sense when investigating the mode of action of starch digestion.
– However, caution should be exercised when applying these observations to field situations with diets containing high yielding, commercial hybrids with more moderate density and zein-prolamin content
Extremely floury hybrids
typically lower in grain yield
and more susceptible to
damage from field
pests and handling
16
• An in vivo study by Corona et al. (2006) used four hybrids within the more typical range in vitreousness (55, 61, 63, and 65%)
– increasing vitreousness of dry rolled corn failed to
significantly impact ruminal disappearance of starch but surprisingly, tended to reduce post-ruminal digestion.
– as noted from other studies, differences in starch digestion due to vitreousness were obliterated when hybrids were steam flaked.
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Presented at the Tri-State
Nutrition Conference
April 25-25, 2006
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North American corn silage is typically chopped at
19mm and haylage about 13mm to ensure adequate
physically effective fiber (peNDF)
If the forage is too short from chopping, bagging or mixing, then we reluctantly add 0.5-1.0 kg of straw or grass hay to the TMR to help develop rumen mat matrix to stimulate cud-chewing Straw is dry, non-fermented and hollow-stemmed so it
floats well in the rumen.
the problem with straw is it is displacing higher energy feed needed by high production cows
Straw must not be chopped longer than 1-2 inches or cows can easily sort from the ration
Ration must contain adequate moisture or sorting will also occur
19
The problem with longer chop to achieve peNDF, is that kernel processing has to be closely monitored to prevent this
It is becoming increasingly popular to test for fecal starch levels (goal is <6%) to help determine if grain and corn silage processing was adequate.
20
You don’t have a Ro-Tap (used in the lab method) available at the time of harvest….so use this Pioneer Processing Cup to help
assure adequate kernel damage as the crop is being delivered to the storage structure
Best field test is a 32oz cup….if you see more
than 2-4 half or whole kernels in this volume of
silage, then chopper adjustments may be
called for:
Source: Dave Taysom, Dairyland Labs
Ask your Pioneer
Sales professional
for one of these cups
Ideal = 2 whole kernels or less
Adequate = 2 to 4 kernels
Inadequate = more than 4 kernels
Kernel Damage Guidelines (per Dr. Dave Mertens USDA/ARS)
Over 70% optimal
50-70 Average
Less than 50% under processed
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0 3 1 6 5 7 23
39
73
124
191
287
327
266
177
77
45
22 6 1 1 0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% More
% Coarse Starch Passing Screen 4.75
74% of all samples have average processing
N= 1682 samples
17% of all samples
are under-processed
9% of all samples are
optimally processed
Less than 50% Under processed
50%-70% Average
Greater than 70% Optimum
Plenty of Room for Improving our Kernel Processing
22
NZ Kernel Processing Field Survey Autumn 2012
Less than 50% Under processed
50%-70% Average
Greater than 70% Optimum
N= 83 samples
* 70% of the kernels
passing the 4.75mm
screen is very difficult to
attain. Most nutritionists
in the US are satisfied
with over 65% passing
this coarse screen.
*
23
Excellent Processing score of 70% (70% of starch small enough to pass the 4.75mm screen)
Inadequate processing score of 35% (only 35% of starch small enough to pass 4.75mm screen)
Extreme Examples from the NZ
Kernel Processing Field Survey
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Luiz Ferraretto and Randy Shaver
Dairy Science Department, UW Madison
25
Shredlage Rolls Normal KP Rolls
Scherer only made 25 shredlage processors this
year….and all are sold. They may make some more
this summer. They are currently working to see if
they can adapt them to John Deere choppers. John
Deere is rumoured to be offering a unique processor
in Fall 2012 26
Shredlage KP
Hybrid DKC 57-79 DKC 57-79
Planting date 5/7/11 5/7/11
Location UW - Arlington, WI UW - Arlington, WI
Row spacing 30” 30”
Seeds per acre 34,000 34,000
Harvest date 9/8/11 9/9/11
Acres harvested 9.1 8.9
As-Fed tons harvested 221.4 214.6
Harvester CLAAS Jaguar – Kutz Farms, Jefferson WI
JD 6910– UW ARS
Harvester Settings 30 mm (1.2”) TLOC; Half of the knives removed
2.5 mm Roll Gap
19 mm (¾”) TLOC; 3 mm or > Roll Gap
Silo Bag 10’ diameter 10’ diameter
27
Shredlage
KP
Processing score 75 +/- 3.3 Processing score 60 +/- 3.9
Kernels after water separation by Kevin Shinners, UW Madison
Screen, mm
Shredlage KP
19 31.5% 5.6%
8 41.5% 75.6%
1.18 26.2% 18.4%
Pan 0.8% 0.4%
Penn State data obtained at
feed-out from the silo bags
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10/20/11 – 12/28/11
UW – Arlington Dairy
14 pens of 8 cows each; 112 cows (pen is the experimental unit rather than the cow)
The feeding trial was conducted approximately 1.5 months post-harvest to reduce any influence from length of time in fermented storage (e.g. increasing ruminal starch digestion)
Cows stratified by breed, parity & DIM, assigned to pens, and pens randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments of Shredlage or KP
2-week adjust period with all cows fed 50:50 mix of Shredlage & KP in TMR
8-week treatment period with all cows fed their assigned treatment TMR
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Shredlage KP
Shredlage 50% ---
KP Silage --- 50%
Alfalfa Silage 10% 10%
Ground Dry Shelled Maize
10.3% 10.3%
Maize Gluten Feed 7.4% 7.4%
SBM 48%, solvent 6.9% 6.9%
SBM, expeller 9.3% 9.3%
Rumen-Inert Fat 1.9% 1.9%
Min/Vits 4.2% 4.2%
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Screen, mm Shredlage KP
19 15.6% 3.5%
8 38.2% 52.9%
1.18 38.9% 35.8%
Pan 7.3% 7.8%
TMR
Samples
Screen, mm
Shredlage KP P <
19 99.3 99.5 0.72
8 99.7 99.8 0.66
1.18 100.1 99.7 0.09
Pan 102.1 101.7 0.54
% of
Predicted
Intake
31
Shredlage KP P <
DMI, lb/d 55.8 54.4 0.08
Milk, lb/d 96.0 94.2 0.14
Milk/DMI 1.72 1.73 0.74
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For more info on shredlage processors, you can contact Bob Scherer directly at http://scherercorrugating.com/products/processors/
If you want to talk “cow experience” contact Roger Olson at http://www.shredlage.com/
Roger is a dairy specialist with ZinPro and his email is [email protected] or he has a second email on the shredlage website
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Inoculation
Is a Very
Common Practice
35
Pioneer Forage Additive Portfolio?
36
Estimated DM (shrink) Loss in Maize Silage (30-40% DM)
Silo type
Filling
Seepage
Gaseous
Surface
Feedout
Total
Bunker (uncovered)
2-6% 0-1% 9-10% 9-12% 3-15% 24-43%
Bunker (covered)
2-6% 0-1% 6-7% 3-4% 3-15% 16-31%
Stack (Pile) (uncovered)
3-7% 0-1% 11-12% 19-24% 3-15% 37-58%
Stack (Pile) (covered)
3-7% 0-1% 6-7% 4-6% 3-15% 17-34%
Bags 1-2% 0% 5% 2% 1-5% 9-14%
Source: Holmes and Muck, University of Wisconsin
37
C5H10O5 (xyl,arabin)
C3H6O3
(lactic acid)
C6H12O6
(glu,fru)
C2H5OH
(ethanol)
C3H6O3
(lactic acid)
C2H4O2
(acetic acid)
C2H4O2
(acetic acid)
Substrate End Products
+
+
CO2 +
C6H12O6
(glu&fru)
2 C3H6O3
(lactic acid)
3 C6H12O6
(glu,fru)
C3H6O3
(lactic acid)
+
+ 2 C6H14O6
(mannitol)
+ CO2
Sources of lost CO2 contributing to dry matter (shrink) loss
Continued plant respiration
CO2 losses from:
– Aerobic organisms active until oxygen is depleted
– Hetero-fermentative anaerobic bacteria found naturally on crops
– Aerobic organisms that again become metabolically active when silage re-exposed to air at feed-out
CO2
heat water
CO2
heat water
Homo-fermentative pathways.
Hetero-fermentative pathways.
38
Cost of dry matter shrink per MT when replaced with corn grain as an equivalent energy source
This is an incorrect approach to valuing DM loss
because you loose the most digestible nutrients (sugar,
starch) and concentrate fiber when incurring shrink
39
1. Reduces “front-end” fermentation losses from the homfermentative strains
2. Reduces heating at feed-out from the L. buchneri strain
3. Increased fiber digestibility
(NDFD) by an average of 4 % units From the Pioneer L. buchneri strain in
FT inoculants, not all L. buchneri strains
have this enzyme-producing capability
FT Benefits
40
1. Reduces “front-end” fermentation losses from the homfermentative strains
2. Reduces heating at feed-out from the L. buchneri strain
3. Increased fiber digestibility
(NDFD) by an average of 4% units From the Pioneer L. buchneri strain in FT
inoculants, not all L. buchneri strains have
this enzyme-producing capability
For the Cow - Increase rate of fiber digestibility
For the Dairyman - Ability to feed more forage
and reduce concentrates
FT Benefits
41
Lignin “binds up” cell wall constituents thus limiting the rate at which bacteria can access and digest the cell walls
FT products break this ester bond with an enzyme produced in the
bunker by our L. buchneri strain, allowing rumen bacteria to digest
the cell wall much faster because it is separated from the lignin.
42
Before FT
After FT
Another way to visualize FT
43
Control
CFT
A 2009 example using Fermentrics to compare
Control vs. CFT Maize Silage
(same hybrid put up same day, but one sample treated with CFT)
http://www.fermentrics.com/
4.21%/hr
5.40%/hr
44
Using FermentricsTM and CNCPS
to Quantify the Value of Fiber Technology
Inoculants in the Dairy Diet
Gas-production laboratory comparisons and field experience suggest that
carbohydrate pool digestion rates be increased as follows (if specific
carbohydrate digestion rates are not measured) to reflect the enzymatic activity of
FT products and their impact on altering rates and/or shifting nutrient pools (example:
FT-corn silage book value B3 rate of 3.4%/ hour should be increased by 35% to
4.6%/hour).
CFT/GFT AFT
B1 50% 60%
B2 30% 60%
B3 35% 20% 45
CS values directly from
CNCPS feed library
Feed library values for
11CFT corn CS with rates
directly measured by
Fermentrics
CHO-B3 Kd
You can download CNCPS V6.1.32 at:
http://www.cncps.cornell.edu/downloads.html
Example of how knowing digestion rates can impact diet
formulation by comparing average “book values” versus
the same corn silage inoculated with Pioneer ® brand 11CFT
46
CS directly from
CNCPS feed library
CHO-B1 Kd
CHO-B2 Kd
Feed library values for
11CFT corn CS with rates
directly measured by
Fermentrics
47
Balanced with
Feed Library
Maize Silage
Balanced with Fermentrics Evaluated 11CFT - Maize Silage
(B1, B2, B3 Kd’s per gas prod)
Metabolizable Energy Milk (kg) 40.9 41.8 (+0.9)
Metabolizable Protein Milk (kg) 42.6 45.0 (+2.4)
Microbial Protein (g) 1326 1422 (+96)
Example ration that came pre-loaded in CNCPS V6.1.32
balanced for 40.9 kg milk, and feeding 9.8 kg CS DM
This extra ME and
MP milk is what
could be expected
from about 0.7kg
cereal grain and
0.3kg of a 44%
protein supplement
48
Silage Compaction is Still a Top Priority!
Heating: Look for a heat layer 1–2 meters behind the
face (it quickly dissipates from the face surface)
Insufficient Compactation, High Porosity
Superior Compactation, Low Porosity
49
Correlation of factors with dry matter density adjusted for height of silage above cores (Rich Muck, ARS, USDFRC)
Factor Correlation Coefficient
Initial Layer Thickness -0.279
Average Packing Tractor Weight 0.262
Average Wheel Load 0.224
Dry Matter Content 0.209
Total Weight of Packing Tractor(s) 0.200
Tire Condition (1 = New, 3 = Bald) 0.195
Average Particle Size 0.194
Packing Time, min/t as fed 0.162
Speed of Packing (1 = >8 km/h; 4 = <1.6 km/h) 0.147
Number of Packing Tractors 0.146
Wheels per Packing Tractor (e.g. duals) 0.126
Slip during Packing (1 = none; 3 = frequently) 0.101
Tire Pressure 0.098
Crop (1 = corn; 2 = hay crop) 0.086
Packing Time, min/t DM 0.078
Front Wheel Drive (1 = front wheel drive, assist; 0.075
2 = rear wheel drive only)
Packing Method (1 = horizontal, 2 = progressive -0.068
wedge, 3 = distribute only)
Delivery Wagon or Truck Drives over Pile (1 = yes) 0.059
Positively correlated meaning higher DM actually increased density with the theory that plant cells are crushed easier, however, increasing DM also increases porosity, so don’t get too extreme with high DM’s.
Most important factor. Negative correlation meaning thinner layers produces higher pack densities. Recommend not >15cm layers
50
Spanjer Silage Compactor
• This dairy in Western Iowa was packing new-crop silage up against last year's bunker. Push tractors were pushing silage up toward the old pile.
• Drive over piles can be manageable if producers do these 4 things:
– not pack over 15cm at a time,
– use OB film,
– use L buchneri products like11C33 or CFT to prevent lower density "tails" from being susceptible to aerobic losses.
– focus on ways to improve compaction such as the machine pictured at right from Spanjer (Kitchner, Canada (http://216.19.69.211/silage.asp)
• Spanjer compaction machine weighed 10,000 lbs and costs about $10K
51
Vibrating Sheepsfoot
Swager Farms, Twin Falls, Idaho
Pictured L:R are Dean Swager, Pat Wiebe, Mike Sato, Dr. Wes Kezar
Experimenting with using a vibrating sheepsfoot (60K lbs of pressure)
versus typical pack tractor to pack silage (in this case, triticale)
52
NY dairyman who pulls a 10-ton
roller behind his pack tractor
53
Don’t over-pack the top of the bunker
• Don’t over-pack the top of the bunker.
– Some pack top for several hours after
done filling
– OK to level off and improve compaction
on the top, but no need to spend hours
doing this because very little effect to
improving compaction in the rest of the
silage
• May actually cause more top spoilage
because of excessive damage to
cells liberates nutrients and moisture
fueling the growth of aerobic spoilage
organisms.
54
Rain/melted snow runs down between wall and plastic and exits via drainage
tile providing enhanced preservation for silage against the wall
Making a “Bag out of a Bunker”
Put drainage tile on top of bunker walls
so plastic will not rip when you pull it
over the side walls.
1
2
Secure plastic with some feed and drape it over the wall. Lay down 4-6” drainage tile behind plastic. Don’t worry if you rip it a little when packing…it will still serve its purpose.
3
Pull plastic over walls and cover silage…lapping the sheets. OB Film can be used on the top under the
plastic for added protection (see next slide)
4
OB film 6-mil plastic
55
OBF is >10 time less permeable to
oxygen than normal 6-8 ml plastic
Oxygen Barrier Film (OBF)
can be used on the top (underneath the plastic)
for enhanced feed protection against oxygen penetration
www.silostop.com
56
Covering a “drive-over” pile of Alfalfa Silage with OB Film
and Plastic
OB film
6ml plastic
www.silostop.com
57
Forages/HMC are increasingly valuable – OBF helps improve bio-security of silages by further preventing mold growth in the
highly susceptible top areas most prone to oxygen penetration
– Use Pioneer ® brand Inoculants containing L. buchneri (11C33, 11CFT, 11B91) for
preserving the stability of the face and improving digestibility/consistency
Protected by OBF
Protected by Pioneer L. buchneri products
Plus delivering
improve fermentation, digestibility
and bunklife
58
Kontrolle Control
Thermal Imaging Helps Demonstrate
the Cost of Silage Face Heating
Caused by Yeast, Bacillus and Molds
Pioneer was the very first company to
use silage bunker thermal imaging to detect heating
59
60
61
62
More uniform, consistent and cool
Inoculated with Pioneer ® brand 11CFT
63
Tom Overton, Ph.D. Larry Chase, Ph.D.
Source: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/
Cornell University Feeding Recommendations
64
Remember that Starch Digestibility Increases by Upwards of 20% Over Time in Fermented
storage in both Maize Silage and
HMC (>26% moisture)
Benton et al., 2004
65
Total mixed ration composition from 14 commercial New York dairy herds feeding lower crude protein rations (Chase et al., 2009)
Item
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Cows 1550 108 270 920 140 100 700 60 180 45 220 45 250 53
Milk, lbs 88 88 85 116 89 85 89 60 95 80 75 85 85 72
Milk fat, % 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.2 3.65 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.85 3.7 3.56 3.64
Milk True Protein, % 3.05 3.2 3.07 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.03 2.9
MUN, mg/dl 10.6 12.0 -- 8.0 8-10 9.0 7-9 9.0 8-9 8-9 8-9 8-9 10 14
Ration CP, % 15.9 15.5 15.7 15.9 14.3 16.0 16.3 16.5 15.8 15.6 15.0 15.6 15.5 15.8
Microbial Protein (MP), g/cow
2625 2720 2961 3306 2599 3016 2792 1991 2744 2305 2256 2419 2739 --
Lysine, % of MP 6.60 6.23 6.40 6.74 6.42 6.17 6.64 5.63 5.77 6.32 6.23 6.31 6.29 6.40
Methionine, % of MP 1.94 1.96 2.05 2.71 2.10 1.77 2.79 1.78 1.85 1.91 1.88 1.91 1.93 1.90
Lys:Meth 3.4:1 3.18:1 3.12:1 2.5:1 3.05:1 3.5:1 2.38:1 3.16:1 3.12:1 3.3:1 3.3:1 3.3:1 3.3:1 3.3:1
NDF, % 28.9 30.8 30.7 30.9 31.4 31.5 32.2 30.5 32.3 29.3 31.5 29.3 31.5 33.7
Forage NDF, % of BW
0.88 0.86 0.86 0.94 0.99 0.91 0.88 0.78 0.99 0.89 0.78 0.89 1.02 0.94
NFC, % 43.4 41.9 40.6 41.5 42.4 38.1 39.1 40.0 39.3 41.3 40.7 44.4 42.5 40.0
Starch, % 28.5 27.1 31.6 28.7 29.3 24.0 27.6 26.3 28.7 28.6 27.6 29.5 28.6 29.0
Sugar, % 3.5 3.1 4.2 5.4 5.0 3.3 5.1 7.0 3.5 3.7 3.4 4.1 7.4 3.9
Fat, % 4.3 3.8 4.3 5.1 4.4 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.0 5.2 4.1
Forage,
% of ration DM 57 60.4 48 60 59 57 53 50 51 59 52 59 55 60
Maize silage,
% of forage 80 72 37 68 53 47 64 0 58 56 49 38 74 46
Milk N Efficiency, milk N as a % of N Intake
35 35 32 38 36 28 35 28 35 35 35 36 31 32
66
Thank You……
Bill Mahanna, Ph.D., Dipl ACAN Nutritional Sciences Manager
Pioneer, A DuPont Business [email protected]
515.229.3409
67