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RESERVOIR SIMULATION

Archaeological Imaging Through Oil Exploration Technologies

Zhangxing John Chen NSERC/AERI/Foundation CMG Chair

AITF Chair Director, Schlumberger iCentre Simulation

& Visualization, University of Calgary


Outline

• Brief History of China • Three Influential Dynasties • Traditional Archaeological Exploration Methods • Proposed New Exploration Methods • Feedback


Brief History of China

• Prehistoric China: 7,600 – 2,570 BC

• Ancient China: 2,852 BC (Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors ) – 246 BC (Eastern Zhou Dynasty)

• Imperial China: 361 BC (Qin Dynasty) – 1911 (Qing Dynasty)

• Modern China: 1912 – present


Brief History of China (cont’d)

• China had 231 emperors and one ruling empress.

• 79 of whom were buried in tombs near Xi’an in Northwest China's Shaanxi Province.

• The most famous, influential, and mysterious tombs are the Qin Shi Huang (Qin Dynasty), Han Wen Di (Han Dynasty), and Wu Ze Tian (Tang Dynasty).


Brief History of China (cont’d) Xi’an: It was called Chang’an (long peace).


Brief History of China (cont’d)


Three Influential Dynasties

• Qin dynasty: 221 – 206 BC

• First emperor: Qin Shi Huang (259 – 210 BC)

• Reforms: Unified laws, currency, words, national road system, measurement units, etc.

• Gigantic projects: Great Wall, Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, (7th and 8th World Wonders) etc.


Mausoleum of First Emperor

• Construction of this mausoleum began in 246 BC and involved 700,000 workers.

• The entire mausoleum is 56.25 km2.

• It was discovered in the spring of 1974.

• The life-sized figures vary in height 1.83–1.95 meters (6.0–6.4 ft), including generals, warriors, chariots, horses, officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians.


Mausoleum of First Emperor (cont’d)


Tomb of First Emperor


Three Influential Dynasties (cont’d)

• Han dynasty: 206 BC–220 AD

• Fundamental changes during this time helped to foster what we now call the Chinese culture.

• For the first time in history, China had contact with the West through the Silk Road.

• First emperor: Liu Bang (Han Gaozu) , total 24 emperors.


Tomb of Fourth King of Han Dynasty


Three Influential Dynasties (cont’d)

• Tang dynasty: 618–907 AD

• It was the most powerful and prosperous country in the world (economy, politics, culture, and military) during that time.

• Only ruling empress in Chinese history: Wu Ze Tian, 624–705 AD.


Tomb of Wu Ze Tian


Traditional Archaeological Exploration Methods

• Remote sensing

• Geophysical exploration


Remote Sensing

• Traditional remote sensing:

- Airborne scanning

- Satellite images

- Thermal imagery

- Airborne radar images

• Hyperspectral remote sensing


Geophysical Exploration • Potential methods:

- Gravity method

- Magnetic method

- Electrical method

• Diffusive methods

- Electromagnetic method

• Wavefield methods

- Georadar - GPR

- Elastic wave method (seismic)


Traditional Archaeological Exploration Methods (cont’d)

• Advantages:

- Easy and effective for objects near surface

• Disadvantages:

- Low resolution

- Only used near surface


Proposed New Exploration Methods

• Development of a comprehensive, scientific, and unintrusive technology to examine the cultural relics and archaeological information in historical sites worldwide without excavation.

Goal:


Proposed New Exploration Methods (cont’d)

• It must allow the protection of the artifacts and therefore, not allowing any air (oxygen) penetration.

• It must be an able to explore a chamber (for instance) with such clarity that a concise three-dimensional image can be modeled above the surface.

Requirements of the technology:



• Petroleum exploration methods: High resolution seismic method

• Petroleum production methods: Micro dry drilling


High Resolution Seismic Method

• Sound source: Vibroseis trucks

• Receivers: geophones

• Recording: Seismograph and computer

Seismic Source

Geophone




• Resolution: F=140 Hz

• Velocity: V=800 m/s

• Min thickness: H= 1m


Micro Dry Drilling Method

• Directional drilling

• Dry drilling

• Drill bit with diameter <1 inch

• Rotary motion < 375rpm

• Air-tight conditions

• With micro-sensors and video cameras



• Large scale: High resolution seismic method

• Local scale: High accurate micro-drilling with sensors and cameras.


Research Collaboration

• Alberta (University of Calgary, University of Alberta and Government of Alberta)

• Xi’an (Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Institute of Archaeology and Shaanxi Province)


Feedback

• Exclusive agreement with Xi’an government signed

• Still seeking funds to support this project.


Feedback

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