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IPY20072008

Dr E. SarukhanianSpecial Adviser to WMO Secretary-General on IPY 2007-2008

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IPY20072008

Brief History ofThe First IPY was held in 1882-1883 with participation of 12 countries. At 13 stations in the Northern Hemisphere and at two stations in the Sub-Antarctic meteorological observations and observations of the Earth’s magnetic field were made.The Second IPY was held in 1932–1933. The hydro-meteorological network in polar areas has been expanded. The measurements have been made provided new representations of a polar atmosphere behavior. Many expeditions to the Arctic seas were made, ocean circulation and sea ice were studied.The International Geophysical Year in 1957-1958 - the first global experiment for observation of the Earth’s environment. Scientists from 67 countries began comprehensive observations of the global geophysical processes. International Polar Year 2007-2008 2003 May WMO Congress by Resolution 34(Cg- XIV) approved holding an International Polar Year in 2007-2008. 2004 February ICSU Executive Board approved holding of IPY in 2007-2008 and invited WMO to jointly sponsor the IPY. 2004 November, ICSU and WMO as sponsoring organizations have established Joint Committee on International Polar Year 2007-2008.

Polar station in the Polar night, 1957

Polar bear attacked the German scientistin the Arctic, 1870th

Ice-breaking steamer “Sybyrjakov”, Chukotka, 1933

Oceanographic measurements in the Arctic,beginning of the 1900th

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IPY20072008

OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR

2007-2008

IPY 2007-2008 should be an intensive burst of internationally coordinated, interdisciplinary,scientific research andobservations focused on the Earth´s polar regions.

IPY 2007-2008 is intended to lay the foundation for majorscientific advances in knowledge and understanding of the nature and behaviour of the polar regions and their role in the functioning of the planet.

Timeframe – 1st March 2007 to 1st March 2009

Geographic focus– Earth’s high latitude regions– Studies of any region relevant to the

understanding of polar processes or phenomena

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IPY20072008 Themes for the IPY 2007-2008

Theme #1 Current Status of the Polar Regions: To determine the present environmental status of the polar regions

Theme #2 Change in the Polar Regions:To quantify, and understand, past and present natural environmental and social change in the polar regions; and to improve projections of future change

Theme #3 Global linkages:To advance our understanding on all scales of the links and interactions between polar regions and the rest the globe, and of the processes controlling these

Theme #4 New frontiers: To investigate the frontiers of science in the polar regions

Theme #5 Polar Regions as Vantage Points: To use the unique vantage point of the polar regions to develop and enhance observatories from the interior of the Earth to the Sun and the cosmos beyond

Theme #6 Human dimensions: To investigate the cultural, historical, and social processes that shape the sustainability of circumpolar human societies, and to identify their unique contributions to global cultural diversity and citizenship

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IPY20072008

New Observational Initiatives

1. A synoptic set of multidisciplinary observations to establish the status of the polar environment in 2007-2008

2. The acquisition of key data sets necessary to understand factors controlling change in the polar environment

3. The establishment of a legacy of multidisciplinary observational networks

4. The launch of internationally-coordinated, multidisciplinary investigations into new scientific frontiers

5. The implementation of polar observatories to study important facets of Planet Earth and beyond

6. The creation of datasets on the changing conditions of circumpolar human societies

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IPY20072008 Observing component:

Re-activate existing meteorological stations, increase the number of drifting buoys, Voluntary Observing Ships, AMDAR

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IPY20072008

Observing component(cont): Use existing and new operational polar-orbiting satellite series, especially satellites with capabilities for polar regions, as well as other tools and platforms

SAR (RADARSAT)MODIS (TERRA) AVHRR (NOAA)

Airborne measurements

Satellite images

Automatic weather station

Meteorological ice drifting buoy using for IABP and IPAB

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IPY20072008

Courtesy WMO AREP

Global Atmospheric Watch

Multidisciplinary Obs

Stratospheric Ozone and Atmospheric Pollution Effects on Climate, Ozone Depletion, and the Environment: Enhance integrated monitoring of the ozone layer,Intensify measurement and modeling of the transport of greenhouse gases and aerosols to minimize the impact of chemicals on the polar ecosystems

Courtesy A. Geer

O3

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IPY20072008

Climate Assessment: Investigate teleconnections between polar regions and the lower latitudes, in an effort to improve climate prediction;assess and project future climate change in polar regions and develop climate products for application to the energy, health, tourism sectors at high latitudes.

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

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13

106 km 2

1 2

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Annual ice extent:1 - N H (C hapm an, W alsh)2 - N H (Johannessen e t a l., 2003)3 - A rctic O cean & N ord ic Seas (Zakharov, 2003)

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

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9

10

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12

13

106 km 2

1 2

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Annual ice extent:1 - N H (C hapm an, W alsh)2 - N H (Johannessen e t a l., 2003)3 - A rctic O cean & N ord ic Seas (Zakharov, 2003)

-1 .5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

1

2

C

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

1

2

C

Change of sea ice extent in the Northern Hemisphere and Arctic

Anomalies of annual surfaceair temperature :

1 – to the north of 62 N(Polyakov et al., 2003);

2 – in Northern Hemisphere

(Jones et al., 2003).

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IPY20072008

Cryosphere is part of a climate system, which includes:

• permafrost• ground ice• snow• sea ice• river and lake ice• glaciers• ice capsPermafrost legend

ContinuousDiscontinuousSporadicOffshore permafrost

Ice sheetIce extent in SeptemberIce extent in April

Climate and Cryosphere: Assess the impacts of past and future climatic variability and change on components of the cryosphere and their consequences

The Arctic region is an area of the most pronounced

climatic changes and manifestation of their

consequences such as a decay of the permafrost

coast of the Arctic Seas

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IPY20072008

Polar Oceanography:investigate physical and biological processes in Polar Oceans and establish observing systems in

Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean

Arctic Ocean in climate system

66°33’ 66°33’

Freezingmelting

P e r m a f r o s t

L a n dWorldOcean

ArcticOcean

Warm, salty water

OpenOcean deep

convection

Deepwater outflow

Runoff

FW

disc

harg

e

CO2

Aerosol

O Z O N L A YER

FW + ice outflow

Heat

Moi

sure

S U N

Accumulation melting

ICE CAPsnow; sheet; glacier

Shel

f C

onve

ctio

n

C L O U D S

Arctic in the Global climate system

66°33’ 66°33’

Freezingmelting

P e r m a f r o s t

L a n dWorldOcean

ArcticOcean

Warm, salty water

OpenOcean deep

convection

Deepwater outflow

Runoff

FW

disc

harg

e

CO2

Aerosol

O Z O N L A YER

FW + ice outflow

Heat

Moi

sure

S U N

Accumulation melting

ICE CAPsnow; sheet; glacier

Shel

f C

onve

ctio

n

C L O U D S

Arctic in the Global climate system

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IPY20072008

ANTARCTIC BOTTOM WATER

Physical processes in the Southern Ocean

(From Gordon & Comiso, 1988),

 

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IPY20072008 Global Ocean Observing System:

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IPY20072008

Ice Covered Ocean Observing System: tools and platforms

Drifting research ice camp for Central Arctic ocean investigations

Multipurpose research vessel for ice covered ocean investigations and supply operations in the Arctic and Antarctic

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IPY20072008

Electromagnetic Induction Techniques for Measuring Antarctic Sea Ice Thickness

EM31 and laser mounted on a boom which is approx. 10 m from the ship’s hull and 3 m above the ice.

EM data are recorded every second. Laser data are recorded at 27 Hz.

Pitch and roll data are recorded every second.

Courtesy I.Allison

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IPY20072008

Hydrology and Water Resources:observe and model the hydrological cycle of regions with cold climate,and achieve quantitative understanding of fresh water input to the Arctic Basin and the Southern Ocean

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2

1 1 2

3 4

Mackenzie

Lena

PechoraPasvic

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IPY20072008

IPY Organisational Structure

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IPY20072008 IPY Joint Committee (IPY JC)

• IPY JC consists of two Co-Chairs and 12 members appointed by ICSU and WMO. The scientific disciplines covered by the JC members include Meteorology, Climatology, Oceanography, Remote-sensing, Glaciology,Geology, Biology, Geosciences, and Social Sciences.

• In addition, the Executive Heads of ICSU and WMO each appointed an ex officio member of the Committee. Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR), International Arctic Science Council (IASC) and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) nominated ex officio representatives of their organisations.JC composition at www.ipy.org

• IPY JC will work closely with about 40 IPY National Committees and Consultative Forum

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IPY20072008

Project Steering Committee

The Project Steering Committee (PSC) will be self-organizing committee within IPY Core Projects, responsible for the detailed planning, execution and reporting of science activities of that project. Each PSC must have an identified leader who is the communication link to the Joint Committee and to leaders of other PSCs. The Project Steering Committee will have considerable autonomy. Members are expected to be active participants of the activities or responsible for critical elements, such as logistics, data management, or education, outreach and communication.

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IPY20072008

IPY Consultative Forum (IPY CF)

A Consultative Forum is established to provide a platform for IPY development, including dialogue among the various stakeholders, expressions of views on IPY, and a venue for exchange of information with the Joint Committee on IPY development

 

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IPY20072008 Time –schedule of the IPY Joint Committee

Activities

ICSU-WMO establish IPY Joint Committee – November 2004ICSU-WMO establish IPY IPO at BAS, UK - November 2004ICSU-WMO issue call for Expressions of Intent (EOI)-November 2004 (Deadline 14 January 2005 ) –989 Expressions of Intent were collectedIPY JC evaluated EOI - February 2005IPY JC First session, Paris, 7-9 March 2005(JC identified “lead” projects or projects of category 1 that may become Core projects for IPY, and projects of category 2 that should be connected with lead projects IPY) Consultative Forum – 10-11 March 2005 ( has been informed by JC on the results of EOI evaluation and next steps) IPY International Programme Office send out letters to all proponents by 30 March 2005 (guidance on combining EOI and preparation of full proposals )

Full proposal - Deadline 30 June 2005 Evaluation of full proposals by JC –Deadline 1 August 2005 JC Teleconference – 10 August 2005 (JC will identify initial “official” IPY projects)

•.

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IPY20072008 “Lead” projects related to Polar

Oceanography• Integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System

(Arctic Ocean Science Board)

• Role of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in past, present and future climate: a Strategy for International Polar year 2007-2008

(CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR WG on Southern Ocean)

• Synoptic Arctic Shelf-Slope Interactions Study

(iAnZone)

• Arctic and Antarctic Sea Level Network Development and Studies of Polar Sea Level Variability (GLOOS/JCOMM)

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IPY20072008

Establishment of a legacy of multi-disciplinary observational networks

The development and installation of international, long-term, multi-disciplinary observing networks could be a particularly significant legacy of IPY 2007-2008. These observing systems would provide scientists and decision-makers with real time information on the evolving state of the Polar Regions for decades to come. Stations that remain relatively fixed in place, such as on land or on stable ice sheets, as well as stations moving with the ice and the seas, should developed to integrate physical, biological, and chemical measurements.

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IPY20072008 Data Policy and Data management

StrategyData obtained during the IPY must be preserved over long periods of time so that the scientific records and observations obtained will be available for use in research in the future (this is particularly important for climate research). Considering the relatively short period until the start of the IPY field phase, the IPY data management strategy must make use of existing data infrastructures and services.

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IPY20072008

T  

The Ocean Observation Panel for Climate is invited to provide guidance to the Project Steering Committees (established within the IPY Core projects related to Polar Oceanography), in particular with respect to studies of the role of the ocean in climate change, establishment of observational networks and oceanographic data management issues.

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IPY20072008

Thank you!