dr h. fearn csuf physics 1 nanotechnology 5 lectures for cle spring 2005 dr heidi fearn prof of...

Dr H. Fearn CSUF PhysicsDr H. Fearn CSUF Physics 11

NanotechnologyNanotechnology5 lectures for CLE Spring 5 lectures for CLE Spring

20052005

Dr Heidi FearnDr Heidi FearnProf of PhysicsProf of Physics

California State University FullertonCalifornia State University [email protected]@fullerton.edu

Phone (714) 278 2767Phone (714) 278 2767http://http://chaos.fullerton.edu/~heidichaos.fullerton.edu/~heidi

22Dr H. Fearn CSUF PhysicsDr H. Fearn CSUF Physics

Nanotechnology LecturesNanotechnology LecturesSummarySummary

Jan 24Jan 24thth No Lecture.No Lecture. MIT Prof’s DVD and handouts. MIT Prof’s DVD and handouts.Jan 31Jan 31stst Lecture 1:Lecture 1: Feynman’s 1959 talk from a 2005 Feynman’s 1959 talk from a 2005 perspective. What nanotech we have now?perspective. What nanotech we have now?Feb 7Feb 7thth Lecture 2:Lecture 2: What does the future hold & can we What does the future hold & can we tell Science fact from fiction? ( pros and cons of our tell Science fact from fiction? ( pros and cons of our nanotech future.)nanotech future.)Feb 14Feb 14thth Lecture 3:Lecture 3: Details on Micro-machines, motors Details on Micro-machines, motors and mechanical parts and nano-circuits. and mechanical parts and nano-circuits. Feb 28Feb 28thth Lecture 4:Lecture 4: Details on man made cells and AI Details on man made cells and AI micro robotics from the biology perspective. Review and micro robotics from the biology perspective. Review and Conclusions.Conclusions.


Further Lectures:Further Lectures:

Prof. Katherine Kantardjieff Dept of Chemistry and Prof. Katherine Kantardjieff Dept of Chemistry and bio-chemistry bio-chemistry March 7March 7thth and and April 4April 4thth Lectures. Lectures.

Hopefully, outside speakers for Hopefully, outside speakers for March 14March 14thth , , March 21March 21stst and and April 11April 11thth ,, from UCLA. from UCLA.

See UCLA page; See UCLA page; http://http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/mainpage.htmlwww.cnsi.ucla.edu/mainpage.html


Lecture 1.Lecture 1. Feynman’s 1959 Talk Feynman’s 1959 Talk“There’s Plenty of Room at the bottom”.“There’s Plenty of Room at the bottom”.

Updated for 2005 Updated for 2005http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

AND what nanotechnology is available today?AND what nanotechnology is available today?


““What I want to talk about is the problem of What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a manipulating and controlling things on a small scale.”small scale.”

As soon as I mention this, people tell me… As soon as I mention this, people tell me… about electric motors that are the size of a about electric motors that are the size of a finger nail, and that there is a device on finger nail, and that there is a device on the market which can write the Lord’s the market which can write the Lord’s prayer on the head of a pin. “But that’s prayer on the head of a pin. “But that’s nothing; that’s most primitive” I want to nothing; that’s most primitive” I want to discuss the staggeringly small world discuss the staggeringly small world below.below.


Scale in Pictures. Powers of 10Scale in Pictures. Powers of 10pictures taken from pictures taken from

http://www.powerof10.com/powers/poster.phphttp://www.powerof10.com/powers/poster.php


The scale of things:The scale of things:

1 nanometer (nm) is approx the width of 1 nanometer (nm) is approx the width of 10 hydrogen atoms, 30 metal atoms or 1 10 hydrogen atoms, 30 metal atoms or 1 sugar molecule.sugar molecule.

1nm = 1/1000 width of typical bacterium1nm = 1/1000 width of typical bacterium

1nm = millionth the size of a pinhead1nm = millionth the size of a pinhead

Why can’t I write the entire 24 vols of the Why can’t I write the entire 24 vols of the Encylopedia Brittanica on a pin head?Encylopedia Brittanica on a pin head?


A pin head is 1/16 inch acrossA pin head is 1/16 inch across

1 inch approx. 2.45cm (this is a rough estimate)1 inch approx. 2.45cm (this is a rough estimate)

Magnify the pin head 25,000 timesMagnify the pin head 25,000 times

area of pin head is then equal to the area of all the area of pin head is then equal to the area of all the pages of the Encylopedia Britannica.pages of the Encylopedia Britannica.

All you have to do is reduce the size of the writing by All you have to do is reduce the size of the writing by 25,000 times- that’s all !25,000 times- that’s all !

Each dot on a page of the Encyclopedia has a diameter Each dot on a page of the Encyclopedia has a diameter 1/120 inch roughly or 0.204mm. De-magnify 25,000 1/120 inch roughly or 0.204mm. De-magnify 25,000 times gives us a diameter 8.2nm or about 30 atoms times gives us a diameter 8.2nm or about 30 atoms across in a typical metal (which they use for pins).across in a typical metal (which they use for pins).

So there’s plenty of room to write Britannica on a pin So there’s plenty of room to write Britannica on a pin head. No problem!!head. No problem!!


““That’s the Encyclopedia Britannica on a pin head, That’s the Encyclopedia Britannica on a pin head,

but let’s consider all the books in the world.”but let’s consider all the books in the world.” Library of congress has approx 9 million vols.Library of congress has approx 9 million vols.British museum has 5 million or soBritish museum has 5 million or soNational Library in France has 5 million alsoNational Library in France has 5 million alsoThere are many duplications so lets guess at 24 million There are many duplications so lets guess at 24 million vols. of interest in the world. (no pulp fiction please!)vols. of interest in the world. (no pulp fiction please!)How much space would this take if I de-magnify by How much space would this take if I de-magnify by 25,000 times?25,000 times?It would take 1 million pin heads of course!! It would take 1 million pin heads of course!! INSTEAD OF INSTEAD OF 24 VOLS. WE HAVE 24 MILLION VOLS.24 VOLS. WE HAVE 24 MILLION VOLS.

1 million pinheads can be put together to form a flat 1 million pinheads can be put together to form a flat square 1000x1000 pinheads about 3906 sq inches or 36 square 1000x1000 pinheads about 3906 sq inches or 36 pages of 12x9inch paper. (36 pages is a small pages of 12x9inch paper. (36 pages is a small magazine- all the vols. in the world could be written on it)magazine- all the vols. in the world could be written on it)There’s room at the bottom indeed. But is there plenty?There’s room at the bottom indeed. But is there plenty?


Why write words when bits will do?Why write words when bits will do?

In the section on In the section on “Information on a small scale”“Information on a small scale” Feynman calculates the number of bits of information Feynman calculates the number of bits of information

there are in all the vols. in the worldthere are in all the vols. in the world (assuming they are all (assuming they are all as big as a vol. of Encyclopedia Britt.) as big as a vol. of Encyclopedia Britt.)

Bits of information in total. 6 or 7 bits per letter.Bits of information in total. 6 or 7 bits per letter.

Allow each bit 100 or 5x5x4 atoms. Using all the bulk Allow each bit 100 or 5x5x4 atoms. Using all the bulk volume of the material, not just the surface, then all volume of the material, not just the surface, then all information in all the vols. in the world can be stored in a information in all the vols. in the world can be stored in a cube of material 1/200 inch wide. This is the size of a cube of material 1/200 inch wide. This is the size of a small grain of dust. small grain of dust. There’s PLENTY of room at the There’s PLENTY of room at the bottom!!bottom!!

1510


IBM scientists have had some fun IBM scientists have had some fun manipulating atoms and making pictures!manipulating atoms and making pictures!

Viewed with an STM.Viewed with an STM.http://http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/atomo.htmlwww.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/atomo.html


Taken from Nanotechnology by Ratner and Ratner.Taken from Nanotechnology by Ratner and Ratner.


Foresight Foundation Offers $250,000 Foresight Foundation Offers $250,000 Feynman Grand Prize for major advances in Feynman Grand Prize for major advances in

molecular Nanotechnology.molecular Nanotechnology.

http://www.foresight.org/http://www.foresight.org/

Specifications of Prize:Specifications of Prize:Design, construct and demonstrate the performance of a Design, construct and demonstrate the performance of a robotic arm that fits inside a cube 100 nm wide. Should robotic arm that fits inside a cube 100 nm wide. Should be able to manipulate single atoms.be able to manipulate single atoms.

Design and demonstrate the performance of a Design and demonstrate the performance of a computing device that fits inside a cube no larger than computing device that fits inside a cube no larger than 50nm in any diameter. Must be able to add two 8-bit 50nm in any diameter. Must be able to add two 8-bit binary numbers.binary numbers.


How do we Write small ?How do we Write small ?

““We have no standard technique to do We have no standard technique to do this” Feynman guesses at some methods. this” Feynman guesses at some methods. that was then this is 2005! Scanning that was then this is 2005! Scanning probe devices feel the surface!probe devices feel the surface!The AFM -atomic force microscope- The AFM -atomic force microscope- moves individual atoms around using the moves individual atoms around using the tip of a sharp needle and dip-pin tip of a sharp needle and dip-pin lithography. STM can also move atoms lithography. STM can also move atoms around.around.


Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)


How do we Read small writing?How do we Read small writing?

Feynman “How could we read it today?”Feynman “How could we read it today?”Paraphrasing: The electron microscope is not quite good Paraphrasing: The electron microscope is not quite good enough, it has a maximum resolution of about 1 nm but we enough, it has a maximum resolution of about 1 nm but we would like to see more clearly than that- it would be best to would like to see more clearly than that- it would be best to have 100 times better resolution than that. “The wavelength have 100 times better resolution than that. “The wavelength of electrons in such a microscope is about 5 pm (pm=10 to -of electrons in such a microscope is about 5 pm (pm=10 to -12 power in meters) so it should be possible to see individual 12 power in meters) so it should be possible to see individual atoms.” this would aid biology and chemistry fields which atoms.” this would aid biology and chemistry fields which could advance rapidly if they could only “see” the molecules could advance rapidly if they could only “see” the molecules and chains and how they attach to each other.and chains and how they attach to each other.

In 2005, we have new improved devices, and we In 2005, we have new improved devices, and we readily “see” individual atoms. STM scanning readily “see” individual atoms. STM scanning tunneling microscope.tunneling microscope.


Scanning tunneling microscope STMScanning tunneling microscope STMhttp://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/STM_Gallery/stm_schematic.htmhttp://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/STM_Gallery/stm_schematic.htm


Other methods of writing and reading Other methods of writing and reading small, and new physics.small, and new physics.

Photolithography using hard uv or x-rays Photolithography using hard uv or x-rays (current microchip fabrication uses soft uv light)(current microchip fabrication uses soft uv light)AFM (laser/cantilever and tip, dip-pen AFM (laser/cantilever and tip, dip-pen lithography) and STM (piezoelectric and tip kept lithography) and STM (piezoelectric and tip kept a fixed distance away from sample- measure a fixed distance away from sample- measure current, electron beam from tip)current, electron beam from tip)Soft lithography: create elastic stamp to transfer Soft lithography: create elastic stamp to transfer nano-size features onto surfaces.nano-size features onto surfaces.Molecular beam epitaxy: SpintronicsMolecular beam epitaxy: Spintronics - see circuits later - see circuits later

Atom-by-atom manipulation (chemistry)Atom-by-atom manipulation (chemistry)And a partridge in a pair tree! Look ‘em up online folks. Good grief And a partridge in a pair tree! Look ‘em up online folks. Good grief I’m not explaining everything!I’m not explaining everything!


Some Problems in biology and chemistry Some Problems in biology and chemistry now answered!now answered!

Feynman asked what are the most pressing problems in biology Feynman asked what are the most pressing problems in biology today 1959?today 1959?

What are the base sequences in DNA?What are the base sequences in DNA?

What happens when you have a mutation?What happens when you have a mutation?

How is the base order in the DNA connected to the order of the How is the base order in the DNA connected to the order of the amino acids in the protein?amino acids in the protein?

What is the structure of the RNA; is it a single chain or double chain What is the structure of the RNA; is it a single chain or double chain and how does it relate to DNA?and how does it relate to DNA?

How are the proteins synthesized?How are the proteins synthesized?

Where do the RNA go? Where do the proteins sit? The amino acids?Where do the RNA go? Where do the proteins sit? The amino acids?

In photosynthesis, where does the chlorophyll go?In photosynthesis, where does the chlorophyll go?

What is the system for converting light into energy in plants?What is the system for converting light into energy in plants?


The human genome is now known.The human genome is now known.Atoms can be viewed and moved individually.Atoms can be viewed and moved individually.

http://www.doegenomes.org/


It is easy to answer some of these questions. It is easy to answer some of these questions. You just look at the thing!You just look at the thing!

In 1959, the microscopes where a bit too In 1959, the microscopes where a bit too crude- crude- not any more.not any more.

Can physicists do something about Can physicists do something about chemistry– namely explain synthesis? Is chemistry– namely explain synthesis? Is there a physical way to synthesize any there a physical way to synthesize any chemical substance?chemical substance?

Not in 1959, but now 2005 progress is Not in 1959, but now 2005 progress is being made in this area.being made in this area.


A few nanometer milestones reachedA few nanometer milestones reachedsee book “Understanding nanotechnolgy”see book “Understanding nanotechnolgy”

1959 Feynman’s talk- prospects for 1959 Feynman’s talk- prospects for miniaturization investigatedminiaturization investigated1968 Alfred Cho and John Arthur of Bell labs 1968 Alfred Cho and John Arthur of Bell labs invent molecular –beam epitaxy, a technique to invent molecular –beam epitaxy, a technique to deposit single atomic layers on a surfacedeposit single atomic layers on a surface1981 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer create 1981 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer create the STM which can image single atoms. Nobel the STM which can image single atoms. Nobel prize.prize.1985 Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard 1985 Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley discover buckyballs which are about Smalley discover buckyballs which are about

1 nm in diameter1 nm in diameter


……More milestones reached More milestones reached see book “Understanding nanotechnolgy”see book “Understanding nanotechnolgy”

1986 K. Eric Drexler publishes “Engines of Creation” a 1986 K. Eric Drexler publishes “Engines of Creation” a futuristic book about nanotechfuturistic book about nanotech

1989 Donald Eiger of IBM writes letters “IBM” using 1989 Donald Eiger of IBM writes letters “IBM” using single atomssingle atoms

1991 Sumio Iijima of NEC Japan discovers carbon 1991 Sumio Iijima of NEC Japan discovers carbon nanotubes.nanotubes.

1993 Warren Robinett of Univ N Carolina and R. Stanley 1993 Warren Robinett of Univ N Carolina and R. Stanley Williams of UCLA devise a virtual reality system Williams of UCLA devise a virtual reality system connected to an STM that lets users see and touch connected to an STM that lets users see and touch atomsatoms

1998 Delft Univ of Technolgy in Netherlands creates a 1998 Delft Univ of Technolgy in Netherlands creates a transistor from a carbon nanotubetransistor from a carbon nanotube


… … and still more milestonesand still more milestonessee book “Understanding nanotechnolgy”see book “Understanding nanotechnolgy”

1999 James Tour, now at Rice U. and Mark 1999 James Tour, now at Rice U. and Mark Reed of Yale demonstrate that single molecules Reed of Yale demonstrate that single molecules can act as switches. (snap a wire then put can act as switches. (snap a wire then put molecule between STM like tips)molecule between STM like tips)2000 The Clinton administration announces NNI, 2000 The Clinton administration announces NNI, the National Nantotechnology Initiative- large the National Nantotechnology Initiative- large funding now available for projects in nanotech.funding now available for projects in nanotech.2000 Eigler and other devise a quantum mirage- 2000 Eigler and other devise a quantum mirage- placing a magnetic atom at the focus of an placing a magnetic atom at the focus of an elliptical ring of atoms creates an mirage atom at elliptical ring of atoms creates an mirage atom at the other focus- transmitting info without wires?the other focus- transmitting info without wires?


Magic of the ellipseMagic of the ellipsehttp://http://ccins.camosun.bc.ca/~jbritton/jbconics.htmccins.camosun.bc.ca/~jbritton/jbconics.htm


Quantum Mirage phenomenon.Quantum Mirage phenomenon.http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/rsc.quantummirage.htmlhttp://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/rsc.quantummirage.html


Rapid BootstrappingRapid BootstrappingRapid BootstrappingRapid Bootstrapping

Basic design by R. Merkle, artwork by K. E. Drexler


The NanofactoryThe NanofactoryThe NanofactoryThe Nanofactory

Integrate large numbers of nanoscale chemical fabrication units

Combine nanoscale pieces into large-scale products

General-purpose manufacturing in a tabletop format

Extremely advanced products with compact functionality

Produce its own weight in hours; produce copies of itself


Exponential DoublingExponential Doubling Exponential DoublingExponential Doubling

DAY NANOFACTORIES

1 1 3 2 5 4 7 8 9 16

11 32 13 64 15 128 17 256 19 512 21 1,024 Thousand

Length of Time for Nanofactory ProliferationBased on conservative estimate of two-days doubling time


Exponential DoublingExponential Doubling Exponential DoublingExponential Doubling

DAY NANOFACTORIES21 1,024 Thousand25 4,096 29 16,384 33 65,536 37 262,144 41 1,048,576 Million45 4,194,304 49 16,777,216 53 67,108,864 57 268,435,456 61 1,073,741,824 Billion

Length of Time for Nanofactory ProliferationBased on conservative estimate of two-days doubling time


Gray -Goo scenario ?Gray -Goo scenario ?Artificial life, nanobots & Borg??Artificial life, nanobots & Borg??


Wait for the next Wait for the next presentationpresentation

on on Future prospects and Future prospects and

the the pros and cons pros and cons

of nanotechnology.of nanotechnology.

Dr H. Fearn CSUF PhysicsDr H. Fearn CSUF Physics 4040

The The EndEnd

See you on Feb 7See you on Feb 7thth for for Lecture 2:Lecture 2:

““What does the future hold?”What does the future hold?”

dr h. fearn csuf physics 1 nanotechnology 5 lectures for cle spring 2005 dr heidi fearn prof of...

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