Dr. Mohamed El-BrawanyDr. Mohamed El-Brawany

Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

Introduction to Medical EquipmentMED 201

Introduction: IIntroduction: I Late 19th and Early 20th centuries

– Measuring and recording biopotential– Electrosurgery (incisions by resistive

heating)– Heart stimulation (defibrillator and

pacemaker) X-Ray (Rontgen 1895) Electronic Acquisition of radiographic data Radionuclides (1948 : iodine , thyroid)

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Introduction: IIIntroduction: II Ultrasound MRI

– Principle and chemical application 1946, – Applied in human 1980.

Development of Electronics and computers made these technologies feasible.

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Origin of Medical Origin of Medical MeasurementsMeasurements

Internal Energy

External Energy

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Identifying Unknown SystemIdentifying Unknown System SSet of Input /Output equations et of Input /Output equations

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Black Box

Input Output

Living organism as a Living organism as a black boxblack box

Electrical, mechanical, acoustical, thermal, chemical, optical, hydraulic and pneumatic systems all interacting with each other

Powerful computer, Communication system, and Control System

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Difficulties of Bio-Difficulties of Bio-measurements: Imeasurements: I

I/O relationships are not deterministic

Accessibility problem Interaction among the variables Effect of measuring device Patient safety Pain and discomfort

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Difficulties of Bio-Difficulties of Bio-measurements: IImeasurements: II

Variability of the Data Lack of Knowledge Artifacts Energy Limitations

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Man-Instrument System: Man-Instrument System: ObjectivesObjectives

Information gathering Diagnosis Evaluation Monitoring Control

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Man-instrument System: Man-instrument System: ComponentsComponents

2004/20052004/2005 Dr. Mohamed El-BrawanyDr. Mohamed El-Brawany

Biomedical Instruments : Biomedical Instruments : TypesTypes

Clinical Instr. Used for:– Diagnosis – Care– Treatment

Must be:– Rugged – Easy to use

Used by nurse or physician

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Research Instr. Used for: Info gathering

Are:More complexMore specialised

Used by skilled person

Biomedical Biomedical Instruments: Instruments:

MeasurementsMeasurements

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In- Vivo In- Vitro